Hmong Case Study

Hmong Case Study
1. How is this family "constituted in the world? What customs, practice, beliefs and views of the
health are important to them?
Lia's family is constituted in a way of life that is deeply rooted to spirituality, rituals, food, animals,
a connection to the earth (mountains & farming) and a deep importance of family that is built upon
previous generations of Hmong people. The Hmong are group of people who are deeply committed
to maintaining their "ethic identity" (pg. 229) and way of life. There is no modern technology,
western practices or beliefs that (previous to arriving in the USA) that influence their ways of
"being", "doing" or "believing". Moreover, a connection ingrained by generations of other Hmong
people, their surroundings and ... Show more content on Helpwriting.net ...
They believe their children "were the most treasure possession a person can have" (page 23) and the
Lee family truly believed they could provide the best care for their daughter Lia, and that her illness
held her of a higher status in the Hmong community (Txiv neeb "person of healing spirit", page 32).
Moreover, the act of removing Lia from her family by the caregivers and government who took Lia
from their care was both incomprehensible and upsetting for their entire family. The clash in this
particular situation is where Dr. Neil (page 79) felt his best form of care to Lia was what he believed
through his own constitudedness and situatedness (American society and western medicine
practices). As well, in the refugee camps, many of the Hmong came to believe that "Western"
medicine was a "form of coercion" (page 37) and in fact not a practice of healing. The Hmong used
food (water, plants, herbs, vegetables, animals, ceremonies, traditions and shamans to heal) (page
37) and were not accustomed to being touched, exposed, given pills, poked with needles, have their
blood withdrawn, and many other practices normal to American healthcare. This one–sidedness did
not align with the Hmong either (particularly because they held such high value of their own
culture), as it insinuated that they are to give up all of what they know, ways of being and
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Hmong Religion Essay
For my Religion Research Project, I decided to research the religion of Hmong. To me the Hmong
religion is very interesting and I have always wanted to know more about them. The Hmong people
were believed to have come from the Yangtze River basin area in southern China. They were
originally known in China as the Miao. These days there is debate on the usage of that name by
Hmong in the west because they believe it to be derogatory, even though it is still used by the
Hmong in china to this day. It is said by Chinese scholars that the Hmong people were a proud and
independent people. The history of the Hmong people is hard to trace, they have their oral traditions
but there are no written records of them. Rites and rituals of the Hmong people are an interesting
topic. They are known for their rituals including the soul of a living being. The Hmong religions is
traditionally animist. Animism is the belief in the spirit world and in the interconnectedness of all
living things. The center of the Hmong culture is the Shaman, literally meaning "Father/Master of
spirits" (PBS, 2013). The Hmong believe that the body is the host for a number of souls and that the
separation of these souls from the body can cause many things including disease, depression, ...
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Rice is usually eaten during every mean along with the usual traditional meats, fish, and vegetables.
Here in the U.S. families will grow their own fruits and vegetables in a garden. It is traditions for
Hmong families to eat all together around a table. There is no such thing as a beverage in traditional
meals. A plain vegetable soup is served with meals and acts as the beverage for that meal.
Traditionally the men would eat first and when they finished then the women would eat. These days'
families will have a table for the young men and older men and another table for the young woman
and older woman so they can all eat at the same

The Hmong In The Vietnam War
In the 1960s, to the 1970s, the U.S. entered the war with the South Vietnamese against the Vietcong
(which is known as the Vietnam War), but there was also an unknown ally that backed the United
States during this time. They were the Hmong. "For thousands of years, the Hmong" was a self–
sustaining, remote group of people who lived in the mountains of Laos ("The Split Horn: The
Journey"). The Hmong were able to stay out of conflicts with others until the Vietnam War literally
reached their doorsteps, in which forcing the Hmong people out of their homeland and had them
seeking refuge in the U.S.
During this war, the Americans asked the Hmong people to aide in fighting communism that was
tearing apart their land (Hmongs' land). Because they sought

Hmong Thesis Statement
Jarod Her
Beth Baker
COM 100
September 28 2014
Title: What is Hmong?
Specific Purpose: I will Educate the audience about the Hmong Culture and Who we are.
Thesis Statement: One of the least known cultures in this world is the Hmong culture and myself as
a Hmong person the history and the culture has shaped to what we as Hmong people are today.
INTRODUCTION
I. (Attention Getter): [write the word "Hmong" and ask the audience "whoever can pronounce this
word right I'll give them a dollar"}
II. (Reveal Topic): Today, I will be talking about a culture that many of you probably have not been
introduced to, Hmong culture.
III. (Credibility Statement): You guys are probably like why should I listen to this guy, "he 's
probably making this up or something" but hey why would i lie about my culture.
IV. (Listener Relevance Link): So I hope it won 't hurt you guys to get to know something new.
V. (Thesis Statement/Preview of Main Points): The Hmong culture and people are one of the least
known Asian cultures, so I hope you guys enjoy this. I 'll start with the history of the Hmong culture,
then the culture of the Hmong people, and how the Hmong people contribute to today 's society.
TRANSITION: Let 's start by getting to know the history of the Hmong culture.
BODY
I. (Main Point #1): Background history of Hmong people
INTERNAL PREVIEW: The Hmong origins has been really confusing because of conflict between
the Hmong and Chinese. But this is some of what I got. A.

Hmong Culture Research Paper
This research paper focuses on the identification of Hmong culture, elucidating specific generational
differences in America that are considered the major division of the Hmong community
appropriately. There are a few distinguishing common, yet complex challenges of living between the
older and younger generations. Based on the studies of psychosocial perspectives today's modern
Hmong group and their distinctive views of socialism, activities and everyday life that affect his or
her lifestyle. This essay will cover three important topics: Culture clash between generations of
Hmong in America; How traditional culture is still significant in older generations' modern life, and
the disagreements they have to face within their community.
It wasn't until around the early 1800s when the first wave of Hmong people entered northern Laos.
(Xiong 11) Many Lao Hmong war refugees resettled in the US following the North Vietnamese
invasion of Laos and Laotian Civil War during the Vietnam War. Most of the first to second
generation Hmong parents that moved to America from Laos or Thailand would ... Show more
content on Helpwriting.net ...
Even though there is a slight gap between acculturation, the younger groups still maintain their
traditional Hmong lifestyle that their ancestors withhold by attending Hmong New Years, weddings,
speaking the native language and eating Hmong food. Most parents aren't accustomed to their
children's lifestyle and create fear that their children will completely disregard their Hmong heritage.
Most adolescent to younger adults identify themselves American compared to their parents because
they were born in America and been exposed to institutionalization. While their parents are still
holding on to Hmong cultural beliefs and values, they feel as though it doesn't apply to them.

Hmong In America
On the other hand, the U.S. Hmong community has experienced a drastically different history,
resulting in a socioeconomic status well below the Asian American averages. Hmong Americans
arrived in the United States as political refugees escaping communist forces in Laos, Vietnam, and
Thailand. During North Vietnam's invasion of Laos, the U.S. CIA began recruiting and training
indigenous Hmong men to fight in General Pao's Secret Army. 60% of Hmong men in Laos received
financial assistance from the CIA in exchange for their service. After the takeover of pro–U.S.
governments in South Vietnam and Laos, Hmong soldiers escaped to Thailand where they were
forced into refugee camps. The first wave of Hmong who arrived in the U.S. in 1975 were primarily
... Show more content on Helpwriting.net ...
Hmong report below average English proficiency, educational attainment, and household income.
Due to the model minority argument, Hmong and other struggling Asian American subgroups don't
receive substantial government assistance despite their alarming statistics. In their native countries,
Hmong lived in isolated, rural regions with little traditional schooling functioning primarily as
farmers. As a result of the Hmong coming to the U.S. as refugees as opposed to immigrants, they
didn't undergo the same self–selection process which favors educated and wealthy professionals.
Because the majority of Hmong came to the U.S. for survival rather than economic gain they were
unprepared socially and economically for life in the U.S. In 2015, 60% of the foreign–born Hmong
population reported their level of education as high school or less. Additionally, only 40% of the
foreign–born Hmong population reported being proficient in English. These statistics indicate that a
large portion of Hmong refugees arrived in the U.S. with minimal education and spoke little English
making assimilation even more difficult. Hmong Americans report a median household income of
$48,000 while the U.S. average is $57,000. This statistic is particularly troubling because although
Hmong are only slightly behind the U.S. average 32% of them live in multigenerational households
and average greater than six individuals per household. However, life is improving for Hmong
Americans notably

Hmong Culture Case Study
There are several hindrances that immigrant's population encounter when they migrated to a new
country. For sure, obtaining a good quality of health care is one of the most difficulties that the
immigrants will be faced in the new country due to several reasons such as language barrier, cultural
beliefs and lack of education. These elements could absolutely complicate the medical system. One
of the immigrant population who began to migrate gradually to the United States in the 18th century
is the Hmong. They arrived in the United States with their traditional customs. Hmong culture, in
general, is entirely different from the way of life in the United States. In particularly, Hmong's
health care has completely different systems of health in the America. Their health care depends
extremely on their traditional beliefs which are seeing illness as animism matter. On the other hand,
the Western medical system is rationalism that means the medical system relies primarily on
biomedical beliefs. As I result, the contrast between Hmong traditional beliefs and Western
biomedical beliefs built a lack of understanding of both sides
Lees family was one of the Hmong families that migrated ... Show more content on Helpwriting.net
...
On account of the conflicts between the family and doctors, the psychosocial complications of Lia's
care overwhelmed dramatically not just for Lia but also for everyone who was surrounded her. First
of all, the severity level of epilepsy in Lia's case had increased dramatically over the years. The
treatment was such a hindrance to Lia. The Lees family and healthcare staff both were prejudiced,
and that made it worst. From the family view, distrusting the American medical system contributed
to did not cure well. on the other hand, American doctors, thought they had advanced education and
training system, they are the best and they only know what is the better for

Hmong And Immigrants In America
"I have nothing with which to start a family. I am all alone in this life and land." The common
thoughts of Hmong refugees as they began to settle in refugee camps and America are that of deep
alienation and uncertainty. When the Hmong first entered the U.S., they were strategically dispersed
across the country to promote faster assimilation. However, the stark contrast between the Hmong
and America's cultures has made this move backfire. The integration of the Hmong has been
especially difficult when compared with other immigrants, leading some Americans to believe that it
is the fault of the Hmong. In reality, the problem was that their culture was unlike any of the other
immigrants that the America has been exposed to. In order to examine any transition that the Hmong
have undergone in America, we first must define, what it means to be Hmong and what it means to
be American. Several texts have attempted to answer these questions and I will use them to correct
the prevailing misconceptions of the Hmong. It is common belief that Hmong's culture is one of
primitivity, dependency, and close–mindedness; I will show that these beliefs are not only false but
also propagated by cultural oppression and ineffective resettlement policies. Before we go into
greater detail as to why these misconceptions are false we should address their source. Some people
believe that underlying reason behind the Hmong's slow assimilation is that the they are inherently
primitive. It is often

Hmong Vs. Hmong Languages
Belonging to one of the largest ethnic groups in Asia, the Hmong language has an ample number of
speakers, however the distance between the communities has prevented the widespread use of the
language and has also created several distinct dialects. In order to prevent this language from
unnecessarily going extinct, moving forward with preventative preservation measures, specifically
in regards to education, is imperative. Such measures may include immersion schools, computer
programs, and bilingual education.
Background and History
Hmong is a minority language of the ‎
Hmong–Mien‎language family and it is spoken by
approximately three million people. It has no official status in the countries in which it is spoken,
which include China, Vietnam, Lao, Burma, Thailand, France, and the United States. The language
consists of a number of dialects due to the widespread speaker–base, many of which are immensely
distinct from one another and thus could be considered separate languages.
The two major dialects of Hmong are White Hmong [Hmong Daw] and Green Hmong [Hmong
Njua]. Green Hmong [Hmong Njua] is spoken primarily in southwestern China, Northern Vietnam,
and Laos, while White Hmong [Hmong Daw] is spoken in countries to which people of the Hmong
language immigrated such as France and the United States (Hmong Language).
Diaspora
Hmong villagers worked alongside the U.S. Central Intelligence Agency in their fight against North
Vietnam in what has been called a "secret

My Hmong-American Experience
Being a Hmong–American in the United States was hard. Growing up in a community that was full
of Americans, and being in a private school in my early years, (consisting mostly of Americans and
little diversity) was difficult. In that kind of environment, I never saw each person differently. The
characteristics that I saw were our skin color, and another distinction that I saw was our religious
and cultural backgrounds. I started to lose touch of my own culture and identity as a Hmong–
American girl. My family told me that in the stages of my toddler years, I used to be good at
speaking my native tongue until I started school. Going to a school that consisted of speaking
English all the time, required me to rewire my brain into understanding ... Show more content on
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I only stayed in that school for about two years until I changed schools again. Entering my eighth
grade year in a public school system was very new to me. I was lucky enough to have cousins that
went to that school and introduce me to their friends. I was happy that I had Hmong friends, that I
was able to speak in my own native tongue again, and being more intuitive with my culture, but I
still felt out of place when I was with them. Some things that I'd say or do, just didn't click with
them. I never gave up being friends with them due to them being my first real non–American
friends. I had partially made connections with them, but I was also making, progress making friends
with other ethnicities, trying to understand their culture, and how they lived their life. A lot of things
changed within that year and as the years continued, I started to gain more friends. I know now that
I will always have an equal amount of American and Asian friends with a view of how I'm in a
world where I know that I will always feel at home. The other is how theses life experience has
changed me. I will always be in between these two worlds, but one thing for sure is that I found my

Hmong Literacy Club
But this division is not inevitable; Pamela Cotant's article concerning a Hmong Literacy Club in
Wisconsin is proof. The literacy club sends home Hmong homework for students to complete with
their parents (Cotant), allowing parents the ability to take an active role in their children's
educational lives. No longer useless or inferior, the simple act of a parent and child working on
homework together can bridge divides gouged by the American school system. The literacy club
also helps Hmong American children connect with their relatives by teaching them their shared
language and culture (Cotant). It is obvious that a language barrier can obstruct connection and
communication, and that common language and community are essential to success. Due

The Hmong Culture Essay
The Hmong Culture
The Hmong Culture of South Asia is a very interesting ethnic group. Between 300,000 to 600,000
Hmong live in Southeast Asian countries, such as Vietnam, Laos, Thailand, and Myanmar. About 8
million more live in the southern provinces of China. Since the Vietnam War ended in 1975, Hmong
refugees from Southeast Asia have settled in Australia, France, Canada, and the United States. The
largest Hmong refugee community lives in the United States with a population of about 110,000.
The U.S. Department of state has tried to spread Hmong refugees out across the country to reduce
the impact on any one region. Because Hmong families tend to be large in numbers, the community
grows rapidly. ... Show more content on Helpwriting.net ...
By erecting alters in homes and placing shrines in fields and along trails, they try to drive away the
evil spirits that infect their people. If a treatment from a Shaman does not work, the people do not
blame the shaman. Instead, they see that the evil spirits could not be driven from the person's body.
Symbols and patterns were decorating on the clothing that the Hmong women made from hemp.
These patterns and symbols were created from dyes that came from vegetables and were used to
drive away evil spirits and attract friendly ones.
The Hmong had trouble adapting to American life. With no driver's license or bank account, they
had to make a living doing whatever they could. Not knowing the language in a foreign land doesn't
help either. The Hmong women adapted much more quickly than the men did because of the fact
that they interacted more with English–speaking people. While the men were at work, the women
were spending time interacting. The Hmong men also refused to change more that the women did.
This shift of power caused a lot of changes in Hmong households. What even caused more of a
power shift was the fact that the Hmong children learned about the culture easier than the women
did. Instead of the father having control over the family like it was back in Southeast Asia, the
children now had the upper edge. The children could communicate, interact and even drive with
Americans. You could see a 16–year–old Hmong

Hmong Case Study
Based on the issues described early the Hmong population needs to understand the benefit treatment
offer the individual, families and their communities. It helps with alleviates stigmas to the family
and their culture when becoming aware of how mental and substance use may influence negative
change in a population. Since ethno–culturally diverse individual, families, nation, and communities
may have different beliefs, religions, and economic–status. May cause treatment challenges when
counseling both the individuals and their families to encounter variation amongst the professionals
and the client. Since their conditioned and may have instilled afflictions, fear, anger, and distrust
when it comes to the introducing the American way of life,

Hmong Vietnam War Essay
The Hmong were a tremendous Help to the Americans in the Vietnam war, they had shown the
Americans where to go and aided them in gunfights, they helped heal some men who had injuries.
Many Americans who were injured had aided by the Hmong people. The Hmong who consequently
supported the American Military was called a terrorist. In return, they helped the Hmong, the bomb
called the yellow rain dropped and killed a huge amount of innocent Hmong and died. The Yellow
Rain was designed to kill the northern Vietnam army but had a large widespread killed radius
(BOFFEY). The U.S couldn't stop the war and brought some of the Hmong to America to help and
ignited a new life trying to free them from their misery, hell, and torture. The Hmong held a parade

Hmong Culture: A Case Study
Through his diagnosis, it was as if the doctor was forcing Sam to accept a new culture. As we saw
for the Hmong people who came to the United States, many of whom actively rejected any forms of
assimilation, desiring instead to replicate the same life they had previously in Laos. When
assimilation became necessary in order to improve their lives, they had no one to help them to
harmonize American and Hmong culture which led to disastrous results. Here we can see a parallel:
Sam wants to stick to his image of being strong and there was no one to tell him that his image of
strength can incorporate feeling sad. There was no one to tell him that one can still be considered a
strong person but have depression, no one to tell him that the stigma ... Show more content on
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As we can see, a large part of his cure was made possible after he admitted to those around him he
had depression. What prevented him from doing so earlier was his fear of being stigmatized which
he showed in his statements regarding fear of those being ashamed of him. A large part of Sam's
stigma actually happened to be self–produced acquired from the lofty expectations he had laid upon
himself, expectations from his family, and even his culture. In the beginning, Sam fought against
both depression and stigma. Sam believed whole–heartedly in his strength and could not see
anything changing this stubborn image as even remotely possible. Stigma held Sam back in fear but
once Sam found out that the self–perceived expected stigma from others was not reality, it helped
him deal with the illness and accept help from those around him. If more people can overcome
internal stigma, if more people aren't held captive by the fear of stigma then more people will be
able to overcome their illness like Sam and more people will be able to reconcile their desired
images of self with

The Importance Of Hmong Culture
I do not think that there are cultural or linguistic factors, as many Hmong are gifted in mathematics,
and have passed the scientific baccalaureate in France. (Hua)
It was interesting to note that while many participants believed that Hmong culture plays a role in
the ability to learn mathematics, they were divided as to whether the role was positive or negative.
Advocating the latter, some stated that there are elements of Hmong culture and heritage that make
it more difficult to learn the subject:
Laos is one of the poorest countries in Asia, much more so than China or Thailand, so there is a
generational gap, and we have to give the younger generation time to adjust to a country that is not
our own. (Kajsiab)
Hmong culture is traditionally an oral culture, without writing, whose basic skills are agriculture and
crafts. This may explain why the second generation still have problems with writing and
mathematics. (Hli)
However, Npaim disagreed, putting forward a view that the ability to learn mathematics is personal:
The factor of culture does not affect the ability to learn mathematics because it depends on the
person and their character. (Npaim)
Eve and Kauj went further with their contrary opinion, implying that the fact that the Hmong
originate from a poor region of Asia gives them a greater incentive to learn mathematics:
I think mathematical ability is linked to the development of the country. The more one is in a rich
country the more people are happy to live with

Hmong Vs. Hmong Language
For many years now, Hmong clan leaders have felt that the Hmong language is slowly deteriorating
throughout newer generations. First, it began with the writing, and then it slowly advanced to the
loss of speaking the language altogether. The loss of this beautiful, perishing language hasn't slowed
down as the English language continues to globally dominate the world. I have watched this dispute
occur throughout my life as distant relatives question my parent's way of raising my siblings and I
too not speak Hmong, therefore creating tension within my sense of self, and culture.
Imagine being a child, and not being able to communicate with your grandparents in what is labeled,
the native tongue. Growing up in a traditional–to–modernized ... Show more content on
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However, alternating between Hmong and English at school confused this crowd of people I went to
school with, thus creating a boulder of stereotypes of the Hmong language. In fifth grade, it was my
first time I ever heard, "Do you speak Chinese?" Trying to be in an environment where learning and
diversity should be welcome it only confused my sense of self because now I felt that I couldn't
express who I am at school in words that could've been explained properly in Hmong. This idea that
alternating between languages can produce stereotypes of one's culture made me aware of how I can
speak to others in the public.
For some time, I had no opinion on preserving the Hmong language. I believed if the eighteen
Hmong clan leaders were going to do something about, then they will. Neb hais tias vim kuv tsis
hais lus hmoob kuv tsis muas suab nrov qhia tig neeg kuv xav dabtsi tias. This changed when my
family decided to move out of my grandparent's house in 2011 to North Minneapolis, Minnesota.
When we moved, it just felt like the whole world became whole again. In the beginning, I attended
Hmong International Academy to finish my middle school years with no hopes gaining anything
from this academy, however, this being a charter Hmong school it was required for all students
attending to take Hmong language classes, and like a flower blooming in the Spring I came back
alive with

Essay On Hmong People In Vietnam
According to an article by http://classroom.synonym.com titled; The Hmong People's Involvement
in the Vietnam War, this group of people were effected during the war by the loss of more than 25%
of its people. After the loss of so many people in order to continue this "secret war" they began
recruiting children as young as thirteen years of age. After the war that really never ended many
migrated to the United States and lived in refugee camps. However, many remained and continued
fighting the war as late as 2010. The reason many continued this fight is that they believed
according to an article in the ""The Independent," George described them as a tiny force of
desperate people clinging to the hope that the CIA would come back to rescue them.
Todays impact I believe would be; the loss of trust towards government as well as a large part of a
generation lost, homeless children and poverty based on the fathers and son's that were lost to this
war.
After reading the article by Jeff Lindsey; Culture Clash: The Hmong in America Social Problems
faced by the Hmong people about the Hmong Teens. I can see as we discussed earlier that these
people are absent what means the most to them, trying to blend their cultures here in the United
States their culture is so foreign and different from ... Show more content on Helpwriting.net ...
Yes, they marry in some parts of the United States with parental consent however, there are some
problems when the older husband could be jailed for sexual abuse based on the young woman's age.
Based on this practice many of the young teens have several children at such a young age that they
are not able to get their education thus, causing a inability to care for and support themselves and
obviously if these young women leave their spouses poverty will be

Hmong Involvement in the Vietnam War
Research Précis and Annotated Bibliography Hmong Involvement in the Vietnam War Literature
Review Outline I. Introduction A. History of Hmong existence in America (Barr, 2005; Mote, 2004;
Castle, 1993) B. Hmong Values (Moore, 2003; Moua, 1995) C. Conflicts between Hmong culture
and American culture (Moua, 1995) II. Body A. History of Hmong existence in America 1. Secret
Vietnam War in Laos (Barr, 2005; Castle, 1993; Murphy 1997) 2. Communists persecute Hmong in
Laos (Castle, 1993; Barr, 2005) B. Hmong Values 1. Cultural identity (Moore, 2003) 2. Marriage
(Moua, 1995; Millett, 2002) C. Conflicts between the Hmong culture and American culture 1.
Religion: Animisit and Christianity (Moua, 1995) 2. Authority: ... Show more content on
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Today, 18 different Hmong clan names are still passed down from generation to generation. Hmong
clan names are equivalent to American last names. First names identify people and last names
identify clans. The 18 clans provide life–time membership and ongoing material and spiritual
support to their members from birth to death. Newborns are given the father's clan name, which they
cannot change. For that reason, Hmong women retain their clan name when they get married (Moua,
1995). The foundation of Hmong life is marriage and family (Millett, 2002). An ancient ritual
requires the groom to pay "a bride–price," a negotiated sum of money paid to the bride's parents.
Hmong newlyweds live with the husband's parents until they have two or more children. However,
Hmong culture expects the last–born married son, his wife, and children to permanently live with,
support, and care for his parents and grandparents until their death. Unfortunately, time–honored
Hmong traditions are challenged by American culture. For example, there is conflict between
Hmong Christians and Hmong Animists. Animists sacrifice animals to worship spirits; they believe
"that all living things have spirits" (Brittan, 1997). Hmong Christians worship God and condemn
animal sacrifice. As a result, Christianity altered traditional Hmong rituals and ceremonies. For
instance, Christianity eliminated the payment of a bride price

Hmong People In The Vietnam War
The Hmong people claim to have helped in the Vietnam war, but no one knows who they are and
how they helped. The Hmong came from southeast Asia, many fled from the war as a refuge from
their country and some people were a refugee in their own country. It's melancholy that people need
to do this, but northern Vietnam had different political views. The main cause was a political view
and northern Vietnam people started a war and it has dragged on for a while, the war caused many
deaths in the Hmong people and for other different ethnic groups in the southeast Asian countries.
When America came to preclude the war from going further, the U.S military suffered many
casualties and injuries, they were aided by the Hmong army made by the General Vang ... Show
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After the Hmong had affixed to the American culture the Hmong culture was unknown and they
started to lose their culture. Some of the Hmong people are mixed with different races and moved
from their own culture and took in the American culture. Not many people have heard of the Hmong
people at the time. One reason is that they didn't know the languish that was spoken there and not
many Hmong were brought to the U.S. Their population dropped heavily, there was a population
drop in the war, and the drop was not merely a small drop in the population. The Hmong had a
population estimated at 400,000 Hmong people, there were nearly half of a million people, before
the Vietnam war. ("THE SPLIT HORN ") But after the war ended, at least 100,000 only were
accounted for in the U.S.A and much more are still missing. Many of the Hmong are scattered
across the southeast Asian countries. Some of the Hmong who were working for their state were
transported first, they held an important role and could have been used to the U.S.A if they were
needed. Many of the Hmong were lost in Southeast Asia hiding from people who supported the
northern Vietnam political view, families were torn apart and lives were destroyed. Despite the war,
Hmong people were categorized as Asian instead Hmong. It was hard for people to understand that
the

Hmong Culture
Nomadic lifestyle consist of living life with no more than what is needed to sustain life and as such
poses no need for materialistic possession. Historically, the Hmong are a people without a country
of their own, residing predominately in Laos, Vietnam, and Thailand (Tatman, 2004).
Supplementing a living by farming and often used to labor in poppy fields, they earned just what
they needed to support family life. With the end of the Vietnam War, many were subjected to violent
retaliation leading to acts of genocide for their allied support with the United States, resulting in
many immigrating to America by way of refugee camps in Thailand. Though coming to America
may not have been as much of a factor for a nomadic people, it was a cultural ... Show more content
on Helpwriting.net ...
As unemployment remained high in association to illiteracy, non–relevant work skills, and pursuit of
traditional subsistence activities aid in an overall failure to adjust to American society further setting
the stage of addiction (Westermeyer, Lyfoung & Neider, 1989). The therapeutic approach to many
Hmong clients must take into consideration the history of the client and be cognitive to the family
dynamic. The show of emotion is often a sign of weakness to the Hmong people and a counselor
should be aware if a client of this ethnicity is met in a therapeutic setting, the problem is severe and
not being addressed by traditional methods (Tatman, 2004). This fact in its own raises the
importance to reach out to community resources in order to establish a knowledge base on how to
best understand the clients needs. Granted this depends greatly on the geographical location where
treatment takes place, as the three largest Hmong communities are in California, Minnesota, and
Wisconsin. Each of these states provides access to cultural support of the Hmong people and access
to experts that can guide a therapist into a healthy relationship with the

Hmong People Movie
Walt was described as a stereotypically racist old man from the beginning of the movie. Walt used
the bad word for everyone around him, whether it is his son or grandchild. He lived alone in an old
neighborhood full of immigrant and refugees. He still holds many prejudices toward the Asian
people because of the experiences he had during the Korean War. From the movie, I can see that the
Korean War also shaped the racial belief of Walt. So this also led to his negative attitude toward
Hmong people in his neighborhood even though he knew nothing about them. He used the racial
slur when he first met Thao and slammed the door in Thao's face. Another example is when he
called the Hmong people "Chinks", an offensive word to call Chinese. When Sue invited him to her
house BBQ party, he used some racial slurs. He called the Hmong people "fish head" when they
looking at him after he touched a Hmong girl on the head. ... Show more content on Helpwriting.net
...
There is a transformation in Walt's belief. Besides the experiences in Korean War, another reason
that leads to his negative attitude toward Hmong people is the language barrier and differences in
culture. He had opportunities to understand more about the tradition of the Hmong people when Sue
invited him to the party at her house. Sue also explained the negative reactions of the Hmong people
with Walt. As Sue said, "Hmong people consider looking someone in the eye to be very rude, and
they tend to grin or smile when they are yelled at, this is because they are insecure, not because they
are disrespecting the admonisher." And Walt appeared to accept Sue's explanation. As he gets closer
to the Lor family, his use of racial slurs also changed from the time, the way he used it could not be
seen as an insult

Hmong Culture Research Paper
The Hmong Culture is very interesting. Approximately 25,000 Hmong reside in Fresno, California.
In the Hmong culture the men must pay a price for their wives. Usually the price for a bride often
ranges from $3,000 to $10,000. Traditionally, the groom's side of the family must go to the bride's
home and ask her parents for permission to be wed. After both sides reach an agreement, then the
next day a feast is held to celebrate their engagement. On the day of the wedding the bride wore
Hmong clothing to walk out of her parent's house to the groom's home. The wedding took place at
the bride's parents' house where the ceremony began. During the ceremony, the bride wore a long
blouse decorated with batik flowers over short trousers with long

A Hmong Family Memoir Analysis
When discussing the Vietnam War, our Southeast Asian Refugees of the "Cold" War class only
covers its major impacts to either the Vietnamese, the Americans, the Chinese, or the Soviets. Other
ethnic groups, such as the Hmong, are ignored or given less attention. The Vietnamese, the
Americans, the Chinese, and the Soviets were not the only key players in this war; the Hmong, the
Lao, and the Thai people were also involved. Often, these groups of people's contributions and
struggles during the war are not acknowledged. Incidentally, one memoir written by Kao Kalia
Yang, a Hmong refugee, successfully provides a representative scope of the brutal impacts that this
war left on the Hmong refugees. The Latehomecomer: A Hmong Family Memoir is a remarkable
novel about Kao Kalia Yang and her family's experiences as ... Show more content on
Helpwriting.net ...
During the war, one of the mistreatments experienced by Yang's family and the Hmong was the
Yellow Rain. "My mother, grandmother, and aunts did not know it, but chemical warfare was being
used in the killing of the Hmong", and it came to the point where "the women just became afraid of
the water and the grass" (Yang, 26). Yang immediately shares how her mother, grandmother, and
aunts were naïve from the war. Because of this chemical warfare, or Yellow Rain, the Hmong were
"hunted like animals" (Lecture, 03/30/2017). To crush the remaining pockets of resistance, Pathet
Lao's cruelty drove the Hmong to Thailand. Yang describes how her family and the women
dreadfully, but successfully, crossed the Mekong River to escape from Laos since they were
"stunned by the failure of the Americans to keep their 'promise' to help and protect the Hmong"
(Chan, 45). The information given in lecture gives a general idea of how the Hmong were treated,
but Yang's explanation provides more insight as to the pain and fear the women experienced, even
just from drinking the water in

Hmong Culture Case Study
Over a period of time, the Hmong people have immigrated from country to country due to
oppression from governments and due to their involvement in wars. For this reason, Hmong people
are now found living scattered across the globe (Tatman 2004). With no country to call home, they
fled to the hillsides and mountain tops of nearby neighboring countries. As a result, the Hmong
people had to reestablish their communities and families wherever the settled. Although the
Hmong's lacked a formal government and a central leader, Hmong families were often lead by a
dominant male figure within the family who was responsible for the decision making and wellbeing
of the group (Long 2008). The social structure found within Hmong communities and Hmong ...
The Hmong women living in America are able to develop their own identity and a greater self–
worth (Long 2008). This was made possible due to the freedom found in America that pushes for
equal rights and the pursuit of the American dream (Lor 2013). Rather than being stay at home
moms, many Hmong women found themselves working where they were able to develop
professional skills, earn money and improve their own lives. From such experiences as these,
Hmong women were able empower themselves to gain leadership roles whether in the work place or
in the local community and even a voice within their immediate family (Lor 2013). The societal
influence found in America greatly changed the lives of Hmong women because it encouraged them
to break through their cultural confinements. Furthermore, Hmong women are much more
successful in American when compared to the Hmong women living in their oppressive homeland
(Long

Hmong And Hmong American Society
Introduction Social scientists believe that there are anywhere between six and seven million Hmong
around the world. The Hmong never had a country that they could call their "home" country and to
this day this is still the case. Until relatively modern times, the majority of the Hmong people
resided in the mountains of Southern China, Laos, Thailand, and northern Vietnam. As an ethnic
group, the Hmong are fascinating in this sense. Today there is a large Hmong population in the
United States. However, unlike a majority of the other Asian American communities present in
America, the Hmong reached American soil through much difficulty and hardships. As observed in
the experiences of many other immigrant groups, becoming a part of American society is not an
easy task. In order to understand the circumstances of Hmong Americans today, one must
comprehend the different political, economic, and social pressures that may have aided or hindered
these people's integration into American society. The first part of my paper will consist of a brief
background of the Hmong. Grasping the background will allow for a thorough analysis of the
reasons for Hmong immigration and the issues that they may have faced attempting to establish their
own individual identity in the United States.
Background on the Hmong To study the Hmong American immigration to the U.S., an
understanding of the circumstances that caused them to migrate needs to be realized. The Hmong
people's homeland was the

The Causes Of The Hmong War
The Hmong people claim to have helped in the war, but no one has noticed who they were. The
Hmong came from southeast Asia, many fled from the war as a refuge from their country, it's
melancholy that people need to do this. The main cause was a political war and it has lug on for a
while, the war caused many deaths in the Hmong people and for other different ethnic groups in the
southeast Asian countries. When America came to preclude the war from going further, they were
aided by a secret army made by the Hmong people. But there were many casualties, especially in the
Hmong population, near one third of the population perished in the involvement in the war. And
they couldn't take any more casualties so they fled.When they arrived in America, they mostly
settled in Minnesota therefore separated slowly into other states. And as that happened, they slowly
lost their customs as they lived in America. Then the Hmong was mistreated, they had been slowly
forgotten and their aid was never recognized by the USA.
The Hmong came to the U.S.A to escape the tragedy that happened in the southeast Asian countries,
several of their relatives was left behind unhurriedly suffering, aside from that when the Hmong
people were brought to the U.S.A there were many that was aided but minority families had many
siblings and could not earn a finite amount of financial aid to help raise their kin. Those people were
seen as poor and were mocked. Another part of that was the Hmong people were part

Hmong Family: Summary
This book is certainly an eye opener. I always knew that culture played an important part in one's
everyday experience, but I never imagine it to be so extensive and tragic. When Dan Murphy stated
"when you fail one Hmong patient, you fail the whole community"(p.253), I believe that he meant
that as other Hmong families hear about Lia's family tragic experience, they too feel the fear and
disappointment caused by the health system of modern society. When another Hmong family has a
sick child, they will hesitate to bring their child to the hospital because of the thinking that they may
be forced to go against their cultural regimes. I think that whole Hmong family will neglect
analyzing the Lia's situation, and again run from the thinking that

Hmong Culture Essay
Hmong Cultural Interactions with Healthcare Provider Hmong cultural interaction with healthcare
provider The Hmong are an old culture originating in China and Laos. They have had two major
migrations in the last 100 years. The most recent displacement caused by the Vietnam war when the
Hmong where once again displaced to Thailand. In the late 1990's the Hmong had a large migration,
over 100,000 Hmong resettled to the United States primarily the Great Lakes area, North Carolina
and California. The Hmong are a clan based, patriarchic culture. Within the clans there is much
diversity, with each clan having its own group identity and traditions. The language has a long oral
history and very new, 1095's, written form. The family structure consists of multiple generations in
one household, with the elder male being the main dissension maker. The nurse must be familiar
with generalities of the Hmong culture and be able to ask patients and their families of the cultural
beliefs and decision making. In learning about the Hmong culture, as well as others, a nurse
providing care would be more likely to build trust and advocating for the patient as well as creating
a healing environment.
Information about Hmong ... Show more content on Helpwriting.net ...
At the end of the Vietnam War, the Hmong started migrating to the United States in waves to escape
prosecution for fighting communism alongside the United States. The Hmong population, today in
the United States is growing rapidly. A large part of the population is the youth, with a median age
of about 20 years. California has the largest population of Hmong, with many having also settled in
the Great lakes regions and North Carolina. It is believed that the population growth is over 97%
increase, and that the census is not accurate due to language

Hmong Traditions
The Spirit Catches You and You Fall Down is a story about the Lee family and their daughter Lia
who was suffering from seizures. The Lee family was the minority in this situation and the
government affected the Lee family by not having cross–cultural programs in use, however because
of what the Lee family went through they ended up affecting the government by becoming an
inspiration for the implementation of cross–cultural programs.
This is the story of a Hmong family, it goes into a very interesting narrative about their history,
culture, and traditions. Delving into the Hmong healing rituals and forms of keeping away the spirits
that they believed caused illness. The story continued to tell the story of the Lee family's life and
their journey ... Show more content on Helpwriting.net ...
As we have seen, the government impacted the Lee family by not having the proper programs
implemented in time to save her life but the life of Lia Lee has had an enormous impact on the
government's implementation of cross–cultural programs, interpreter training, and even a shaman
program. Although the government changed the life of the Lees their story had a more permanent
effect on the government. This is a story of miscommunication causing a tragedy, but in the long run
institutionalizing a brand new program to prevent this from happening again. It changed the way
that American hospitals deal with people of other cultures now. This story is rich with the
fascinating Hmong culture and the American medical system. What one could learn from this book
is enormous and could help change the way American's view other

Hmong Culture
The influence of the Hmong–American on the Hmong cultural minority in France: the study case of
the Hmong Festival organised in Saint Paul, Minnesota, U.S.A and Aubigny–sur–Nère, France.
Proposed research topic The Hmong community resettled both in America and France proved their
efforts to maintain a collective memory about their homeland and ethnic consciousness while facing
the difficulties of being integrated in a new culture. As a cultural minority, the Hmong of Saint Paul,
Minneapolis, Minnesota, and the Hmong community of Aubigny–sur–Nère, France are two
successful examples of said integration. These two large Hmong community, while immersed in a
new environment, succeed to maintain their own culture, inherent to their identities, ... Show more
content on Helpwriting.net ...
Displacing and Disrupting: A Dialogue on Hmong Studies and Asian American Studies [on line]. In:
Hmong Studies Journal. Volume 16(2), 2015, 24 pp. Available at: (Accessed November 25, 2016).
LEE, Gary Yia. Diaspora and the Predicament of Origins: Interrogating Hmong Postcolonial History
and Identity [on line]. In: Hmong Studies Journal. Volume 8, 25pp. Available at: <
http://hmongstudies.org/GYLeeHSJ8.pdf> (Accessed November 25, 2016).
YANG, Kou. An Assessment of the Hmong American New Year and Its implications for Hmong–
American Culture [on line]. In: Hmong Studies Journal. Volume 8, 2015, 32 pp. Available at : <
http://hmongstudies.org/KYangHSJ8.pdf> (Accessed November 25, 2016).
LEEPREECHA, Prasit. Hmong Across Borders or Borders Across Hmong ? Social and Political
Influences Upon Hmong People [on line]. In: Hmong Studies Journal. Volume 15(2), 2013, 12 pp.
Available at : (Accessed November 25, 2016).
YANG, Kao Kalia. The latehomecomer : a Hmong family memoir. 1st eds. Minneapolis: Coffee
House Press, Coffee House Press, 2008, 277pp. (ISBN

Hmong Themes
Awais Shaukat
Professor Galvin
Anthropology
December 7th, 2014
Hmong
In the true story, The Spirit Catches You and You Fall Down, there are a couple of themes that go
around. It follows the story of Lia Lee, an epileptic child of Hmong refugees living in the United
States, who suffers seizures. Her parents and American doctors end up arguing on what the proper
treatment for her is due to cultural differences, which leads to them eventually destroying her brain
and leaving her in a vegetative state. The themes shown here include those of love, compromise, and
the most prominent and integral theme of the story, which is of cultural understanding.
The Hmong people, who fled the country of Laos when communists took over, are people of many
cultural ... Show more content on Helpwriting.net ...
They believed that they were caused by her spirit being frightened, by Yer, Lia's older sister,
slamming the Lee family apartments front door, causing Lia's soul to become lost. Although in
America, Lia's condition is known as epilepsy, the Hmong called it "quag dab peg" which literally
translates to the spirit catches you and you fall down, hence the title of the story. Among the Hmong
(no pun intended), epilepsy was thought to be a time during which a healing spirit entered a person's
body. Having epilepsy was also a great mark of social status because they believed that a healing
spirit would not pick just anyone. Despite that, the Lee family was unsure of how to feel about it,
having a mixture of pride and concern on the matter. Lia would go on to suffer twenty seizures in
her life. Her parents were hesitant to bring her to MCMC for her to be treated, waiting until they
were sure it was serious to finally bring her. This fear of American hospitals stems back to the
Hmong's days in refugee camps in Thailand, where they were given inaccurate portrayals of
American medical system, including being told that American doctors ate the brain, liver, and
kidneys of their Hmong patients, and that peoples are cut up into pieces, stored in cans, and sold to
consumers as food. On her first two visits, her symptoms of cough and pneumonia were disregarded
as nothing too serious and she was sent back home with nothing

Hmong In Vietnam
During the Vietnam War, United States military forces worked closely with a population indigenous
to Laos, Thailand, and Vietnam known as the Hmong. The Hmong demonstrated loyalty and
dedication in their cooperation during the war at a great cost to themselves. Not only did they suffer
losses of 20% if their adult male population (Vang, 1979, cited by Tatman, 2004, p. 223), but once
the fall of Saigon in 1975 marked the end of the conflict with a victory for North Vietnam, the
Hmong were suddenly targeted for retaliation in the form of a genocidal campaign waged by Pathet
Lao with the support of the Vietnamese military. As friends and family members, including children,
were murdered mercilessly, many sought safety in Thailand where they were ... Show more content
Counseling a Hmong client involves cultural challenges in addition to the mental health and
addiction issues described above. These include a potential language barrier (Veer, 1998, p. 88) and
the aforementioned reticence of an Asian to admit to a need for substance abuse intervention or for
counseling. It is likely that his or her family, especially the male members, will insist on being
involved in the treatment as "the value placed by the Hmong on family and sense of community can
be defined as the most important dynamic within their culture" (Lee, 1996; Nishio & Bilmes, 1987;
cited by Tatman, 2004, p. 224). This is not necessarily an obstacle. There are ways to ethically and
legally accommodate helpful family members. In fact, good rapport with the family might enhance
the therapeutic relationship and help the client to be more comfortable sharing feelings and

Hmong Textiles Essay
The Hmong people are well known for their survival antics from their silent war with China and
their migration from the Vietnam War. Hmong is a term many have never even heard of but their
culture it is known as "free people." Hmong textiles has survived just like their whole culture. The
attractive handcrafted designs have been in their history for over two centuries, and their
embroideries are popular among the Asian countries as well as the United States. Hmong textiles
includes a variety of embroideries on their Flower cloths, story cloths, and their New Year dress. All
fabrics have powerful importance in their customs to bring prosperity and good fortunes.
Needlework is a substantial skill in their community that can not be forgotten, ... Show more content
The Flower cloth is intriguingly designed by hand. Hmong women were responsible for sewing the
cloth and the beautiful embroideries. Several Hmong women use a rare method of reverse
appliqué, "designs made by sewing on a patch to the underside of a fabric and then cutting
away and turning under the edge of the top fabric" (Fadiman ). The design is extremely difficult and
takes years to acquire this skill. Hmong dresses are elaborated with trimmings, coins, and a variety
of colorful yarns. The dresses were highly decorative and added bulk to the man or woman wearing
the dress. However, the Rooster hat is a modernized tradition when the Hmong people came to the
United States. The base of the hat was normally purchased and decorated with the coins and
trimmings.
The materials used to create these different Hmong textiles range from silk to the nylon and
polyester, the "American synthetic fibers" (Fadiman). In Laos, a part of Indochina, Hmong women
often used Vietnamese silk to create their twelve foot long turban. With silks great absorbency
properties it was then dyed in a dark color usually maroon or a navy blue. When the large population
of Hmong population migrated to the United States, the modernization of the turban headdress
became a rooster hat. The rooster hat was fabricated of cotton and synthetic fibers.

Hmong
A Little Medicine, a Little Neeb for Qaug Dab Peg
When parents apply religious or cultural beliefs concerning spiritual healing, faith healing, or
preference for prayer over traditional health care for children, concerns develop. This dilemma is
unraveled in Anne Fadiman 's true story, The Spirit Catches You and You Fall Down, where the
study of cross cultural medicine holds a significant value in all profession. The book chronicles the
vast cultural differences between mainstream Americans and the Hmong, and how language and
cultural barriers affected Lia 's treatment. To understand the Lees we really need to understand the
Hmong culture.
Personally, as a Hmong American, I have always felt caught between two worlds trying to figure ...
Therefore, I need to acknowledge and understand the concept of compromise for a little medicine
and a little neeb from both perspectives. After assessing the Lee family, such as building rapport,
creating an eco map, a family chronology and a genogram, discovering the strengths the family
posses and developing a hypothesis of what is the issue, my initial session with the Lees is to
develop a contract for service. In order to carry out a contract with the family, workers must
establish a relationship with the family members and must find out about the individuals in the
family as well as about the family as an entity. (S.S.G., 2011) This contract does not overlook the
possible involvement of family members, friends, or helpers who aren't present. Also, it leaves room
to negotiate a treatment that acknowledges the family's goals and specifies the framework for
structuring treatment. (Nichols and Schwartz, 2007)
When we talk about the Child Protective Services, I plan to implement the Solution Based Casework
model to help guide me and the Lees in making sure Lia Lee does not become "Government
Property." Its three basic goals are to develop a partnership with the family, focus on pragmatic
everyday family life tasks and promote specific prevention skills tied to the family's tasks. (Byrd,
(2012) Which I would use the solution focused approach, the family

Hmong School Support
School Support
It is essential for educators, counselors, and school administrators to be multicultural competent to
successfully provide services to diverse students and their diverse background (Barden & Greene,
2015). Studies have reported that Hmong students experience challenges in school when their
teacher have limited knowledge or lack interest in learning the students' racial and cultural
background (Thao, 2003). For this reason, it is beneficial for educators, counselors, and school
administrators to learn about the Hmong history and its influence on ethnic, cultural values and
traditions, and linguistic identities to have a better understand of how to assist the needs of Hmong
students. Historians has argued that "it is only through ... Show more content on Helpwriting.net ...
As Hmong students entered the educational system, many Hmong students struggled to perform
well in school and had difficulty understanding the English proficiently. Additionally, Hmong
students also did not receive academic support at home because many Hmong parents had no formal
education, thus they are unable to help their children. The review of the literature also revealed that
adjusting to the American culture while trying to preserve their traditional Hmong culture was
challenging for many Hmong students. The literature review also stated that Hmong students were
one of the poorest immigrant groups in the United States. The findings from the literature also
provided a list of strategies and factors to promote, support, and improve the educational
achievement for current and future Hmong students.
The chapter that follows, Chapter Three, will explain the methodology used to gather information
pertaining to the barriers Hmong students face in the United States. Chapter Three will address who
the intended audience for this project are, factors that will help promote, support, and improve the
educational achievement for Hmong students, and include details on how the materials were
gathered for the purpose of the project in Chapter

Hmong Culture Essays
Hmong Culture – Food, Eating and Cooking
Diverse Cultures in America – Soc 240
Upper Iowa University
The Hmong people are originally from rural mountainous areas in Laos and they still inhabit that
country to this day. Laos is a country that is located in Southeast Asia. Hmong people are divided
into clans or tribes that share the same paternal ancestry. The Hmong people inhabited all parts of
Laos but all carried pretty much the same cultures and livelihood with them as many immigrated to
the United States in the past few decades (Ohio State University, 2005).
One of the important parts of Hmong culture is their food. The Hmong staple food is white rice.
Their diets consist of a variety of vegetables, fish, meat and traditional ... Show more content on
Helpwriting.net ...
Hmong try to grow as much food as possible to supplement their families without having to buy
from grocery stores. If there is excess food grown, they are shared with fellow clan members.
Hmong culture relies on many different methods for cooking meals and they are stir frying, boiling,
steaming and roasting over an open fire. Vegetable oils and pork fats are the primary fats used in
cooking if an oil is needed. Seasoning are also an essential part of cooking, they use soy sauce, hot
peppers, ginger, garlic, coconut and lemon grass which are all quite commonly used. The Hmong
culture does not usually use salt and pepper, since it was not readily available in Laos. But it is been
found in more and more of American Hmong kitchens.
There were many products that Hmong use today in America that were not readily available to them
in Laos. Dairy products are one product which was unavailable most of the time in Laos, though at
times goat milk was used to supplement diets. Many Hmong continue to not use dairy products
because of the moderate percentage of Hmong that are lactose intolerant. The overall fat content in
the Hmong diet is very low. The Hmong people eat relatively few sweets and do not participate in
cooking these sweet items very often or at all (Kitler P.& Schuer K. 1989).
Sooner or later the inevitable will arise, since we are all are human and curiosity and taste buds are
what doomed Adam and Eve, it is what will someday doom the Hmong

My Reflection On Hmong History
Reflection 1: Hmong studies Over the years of growing up as a Hmong Female I have always had a
personal interest in learning more about my culture. After my evaluation Hmong Studies Journal,
Volume 9 by Jacques Lemoine, I can agree with some of his studies, as a western Hmong I would
never agree that the Kexiong, Hmu, are Hmong. I disappointed to see that there are so many
confusion about the hmong history. In my opinions, I cannot understand why the Chinese historian
can say that the Kexiong and Hmu are Hmong. I understand that there is multiple ethnic group are
consider Miao, but that does not mean they are Hmong. There is no a language barrier between
Kexiong, Hmu and Hmong; because we all speak different languages. I Believe there is

Hmong Essay
The traditional Hmong live a horticultural society they depend on domesticated plants, they are
well–adapted on soils of the tropical rain forests and poor soil places which are unsuitable for
intense agriculture. Prehistoric Hmong are thought to have moved from Eurasia and made a few
stops at Siberia. As their custom they settled in the highlands (mountains) from Vietnam and Laos
and later in Thailand. They inherited the name "Miao", from living in the mountains. Today Five
million Hmong reside in China, more than any other country. The Hmong people have straight black
hair and have a short, sturdy stature.
In the southern margins of the Sahara Desert, going southward toward East Africa are tall, rather ...
They are put through series of rituals of initiation. Using a razor and a stick of wood they slice the
skin to make some what rounded scars that form a pattern also known as Gar marking performed by
Shamans. The men usually do this on their face which consists of 6 long cuts from ear to ear,
women's scars are mostly on their body or stomach, around their naval.
This ritual is most important for boys, even though they go through no educational or moral training
everyone now treats them as adult men. They have more duties and who's main goal is proving his
worth of his wife–to–be. In the Hmong the girls dress up in their clothing that their mother has
made. The Hmong also believe in Shamans, one who heals souls. Although the most powerful for
the Nuer is the Deng, who is associated with illness.
Both practice levirate (ghost marriage) and polygyny. Normally in the Nuer if a husband dies the
younger brother of the dead husband will take over responsibilities. Polygyny is more common for
the Hmong than the Nuer. The Hmong kings had a high number of wives. This is how they managed
to multiply with their low number of people. Bride price is an important aspect of both cultures
marriage.
The payment of several head of cattle from the Nuer, the kind of Best man negotiates how much is
given. Hmong pay the family bride price and dowry. Usually in money, silver, gold, or traditional
Hmong embroidered costumes. At the wedding the

Hmong Case Study

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