The Role of Taxonomy and Ontology in Semantic Layers - Heather Hedden.pdf
WEF Stormwater Trends Webinar
1. Christopher S. Crockett, Ph.D., P.E.
Director – Planning & Research
Philadelphia Water Department
Philadelphia, USA
2. Overview
Evolution of Stormwater Management Roles In
Philadelphia
Evaluation of Changing Approaches Nationally
Future Trends in Municipal Stormwater Roles
Conclusions & Recommendations
3. Philadelphia’s Regional Watersheds
Philly is 130 mi2(35 mi2 Parkland)
About 60% combined, 40% separate sewers
164 CSO outfalls that discharge to 5 waterbodies
Largest CSO discharges approx 1.7 BG/year
Total volume of CSO is approx 14 BG/year
434 separate stormwater outfalls discharge approx. 11
BG/year
7 watersheds (5 CSO) whose area > 400 mi2
3 WWTPs will an average combined daily flow of 500
MG/day
9. Evolution of Stormwater In Philadelphia
1800s - Collection system encapsulated historical streams to
protect public health from disease
1900s – System built to improve drainage for development of
lands
1950s – System enhanced to reduce flooding
1968 – Started billing customers for stormwater based on
meter size
1970s – Initial ordinances and Clean Water Act efforts
1978 – PA ACT 167 Stormwater Management Law
10. Evolution of Stormwater In Philadelphia
1990s – First Phase I MS4 permit, CSO Program,
Defective Lateral Program
1996 – First City wide Stormwater Ordinance for Flood
Control
2000+ - Office of Watersheds, Upgraded
Regulations/Ordinances, Parcel based billing
11. City of Philadelphia –
Expanding Its Role in Environmental Stewardship
Creating an ecologically sustainable city
Reconnecting the City with Its waterways
Focusing on redevelopment, not greenfield development
Preserving & Restoring the urban forest and street tree canopy
Daylight / restore streams, provide for fish passage
Restore and Stabilize stream channels, banks, & riparian corridors
Restore and create wetlands
12. Clean Water … Green City
• Unite the City with its water
environment
• Create a green legacy for future
generations
• Incorporate a balance between
ecology, economics and equity
• New 21st Century Approach
13. The Evolving Municipal Role In
Stormwater Management
Protect & Steward – water resources
Regulate – private development
Educate – public and officials
Demonstrate – new approaches and technologies
Operate – levels of service and extent of service
Evaluate & Assess – infrastructure & programs
Plan – infrastructure replacement
Administer – programs and permits of above
14. Municipal Stormwater Crossroads
Build massive infrastructure
Meet percent removal/discharge reduction
requirements
Achieve water quality standards
BUT ……….
Streambanks are eroded
Habitat is missing
Aquatic life is impaired
Natural resource is not meaningfully improved
15. A New Paradigm for Urban Areas
Old urban areas can reduce their effective impervious
cover and recover habitat and aquatic life through a
watershed & green infrastructure approach
Implement approaches that mimic nature
A dollar spent on stormwater/CSOs should be dollar that
improves the natural resource and enhance the
community (economic development)
Does the current business model need to change to meet
the new roles for municipalities?
16. Urban Areas Taking New Approaches
Portland – Green infrastructure & incentives
Seattle – Green infrastructure & incentives
Chicago – Green alleys, green roof goals
Philadelphia – Watershed approach, development
regulation, parcel based billing, green infrastructure
Wilmington (DE) – parcel based billing
Kansas City – 10,000 rain gardens
17. Similarities In Approach
Source control of all stormwater on public and private lands
is a key role in all programs
Piloting green infrastructure
The approach to source controls differs and varies including:
financial incentives (billing or purchases)
regulation (voluntary or involuntary, stringency, and level of
enforcement)
depth of community integration (inclusion in all city codes)
All included extensive integrated stakeholder involvement
Extent of activity depends upon political officials and
community acceptance or desire for new roles
18. Various Management Targets For A Municipality
Target A – Dry Weather Water Quality and
Aesthetics
Streams need to look good, be accessible, and become an
amenity to the community
Stream water quality during dry weather (about 60-65% of the
time) should improve
Target B – Healthy Living Resources
Focus on improved aquatic habitat and healthy fish populations
Stream restoration (bank, channel, riparian)
Fish passage (fish ladders, dam modification)
Target C – Wet Weather Water Quality and
Quantity
Meet overflow criteria
Prevent streambank erosion
Meet water quality standards
19. Adaptive Watershed-Based Control Planning &
Management
River Conservation Plans Hydrologic & Outfall Monitoring
Watershed Information Water Quality Sampling & Monitoring
Center
Biological Monitoring
Integrated Water Use Status
Habitat Assessments
Networks
Watershed Fluvial Geomorphologic (FGM)
Interpretive Signage Monitoring &
Stakeholder Assessments
Assessment
Interpretive Centers Process &
Tidal Assessments
Partnerships
Infrastructure Assessments
Successful
Watershed
Wetlands Assessments
Control
Program
Alternative
Integrated Watershed
Evaluation &
Management Plans
Prioritization
Basin Specific Stormwater
Management Plans (Act 167)
Sewerage Facility Planning
CSO Long Term Control Plan
Ordinance & Regulations
Modifications
20. Drivers Behind The New Approach
Regulatory compliance and flooding is a major driver
Protection of a key natural resource is a less common driver
Habitat and aquatic life restoration is not always a key role
for a municipality
Funding limitations – need for new sources of funding to
meet new roles
Concerns about sustainability, global climate change, carbon
footprint (i.e. the triple bottom line)
21. Critical Elements For Municipalities
Considering New Roles
Communication with stakeholders
Education and support of public officials
Education and support of public
Changing the institutional and administrative
processes of a municipality (policies, codes, etc.)
Examining new levels and extents of service
Evaluating new business and financial models
23. Stormwater Plan Review Created The Potential To
Reduce The City’s Runoff by 1 Billion Gallons Annually
• That’s a volume equal
to the block of City
Hall 370 feet Deep.
(drawn to scale)
• A 3% reduction in
citywide runoff
• Up to $425 Million in
infrastructure capital
costs saved
• Up to $80 Million in
additional future
operation and
maintenance costs
saved
24. STE
S
IN
0
320
Parcel Based Billing
!
(
(
70
0
0
HO
LS
!
(
TEI
-
N
!
(
!
(
!
(
TH
70
S
0
0
32
6800 ESSINGTON
7000 ESSINGTON
Existing Charge = $ 377.23
Gross Area = 599,744
Top 500 Parcels
in the Combined New Charge = $ 2,496.42
Imperv Area = 491,035
Sewered Area
make up 12.3% Typical property with increased
of total stormwater fee – large site, small meter
impervious area
!
(
25. New Trends In Roles & Drivers
Downstream
End of Pipe Restoration
Source Controls
Numerical Habitat TMDLs
Cost/Sustainability
TMDLs
Stream restoration
Private
Treatment
development
Fish passage
regulation
Channel protection
Public land controls
Baseflow recharge
Parcel based billing
26. Conclusions
Meeting water quality standard requirements will drive
municipalities to consider new and widely varying roles in
stormwater management
No longer can employ the “end of pipe” approach to stormwater
management
Programs are moving towards roles in source control and to
address environmental restoration
Everything is moving towards impervious cover based
management
Most “advanced” programs today took 5 to 10 years to gain
momentum and institutionalize
Integration of extensive stakeholder involvement and outreach
into stormwater programs will become the norm
27. Recommendations
Examine which approach has the greatest overall benefit
(triple bottom line) to your municipality in the long run
Identify key barriers
(financial, political, social, institutional) to any new roles
or approaches
Be patient and expect 5 to 10 years for new roles to be
fully incorporated into any municipality
Examine how prepared your utility is for new roles
beyond “end of pipe” management, especially source
controls and environmental restoration
29. Presenter contact information
Christopher Crockett, Ph.D., P.E.
Philadelphia Water Department
Planning & Research
1101 Market St., 2nd Floor
Philadelphia, PA 19107
USA
Chris.crockett@phila.gov
www.phila.gov/water
www.phillyriverinfo.org