Chapter 24Nationalism, Revolution, and Dictatorship Asia, t.docx

Chapter 24
Nationalism, Revolution, and Dictatorship: Asia, the Middle
East, and Latin America from 1919 to 1939
Copyright © 2017 Cengage Learning. All Rights Reserved.
The Rise of Nationalism:
Focus Question
What were the various stages in the rise of nationalist
movements in Asia and the Middle East, and what problems did
they face?
2
The Rise of Nationalism
(Part 1)
Modern nationalism
New urban educated class ambivalent toward colonial
civilization
Defense of indigenous religious beliefs
Colonial lack of respect for local religious traditions
The nationalist quandary: Independence or modernization?
To survive, patriots believed their colonial societies must adopt
much of the Western way of life incorporating traditional values
3
(Part 2)
Gandhi and the Indian National Congress

Nonviolent resistance
Nonviolent resistance—satyagraha
Refusal to obey British regulations
Organized mass protests
Policy of civil disobedience
New leaders and new problems
Jawaharlal Nehru personified the new Anglo-Indian politician
Independence movement on two paths: Elite nationalism and
Indian traditionalism
4
(Part 3)
Revolt in the Middle East
Twilight of the Ottoman Empire
Young Turks forced the sultan to restore a constitution creating
a legislative assembly
British undermined rule in the Arabian Peninsula
Mustafa Kemal and the modernization of Turkey
An elected government in a republic of Turkey
State direction over the economy
Transformed Turkey into a secular state
5
(Part 4)
Modernization in Iran
Reza Khan strengthened central government
A modern economic infrastructure
A Western-style educational system
Nation building in Iraq

Under British control as the mandate of Iraq
Under the titular authority of King Faisal supported by urban
Sunni population
Discovery of oil
Formal independence in 1932
6
Chronology – The Middle East Between the Wars Events of the
Middle East Between the WarsDatesBalfour Declaration on
Palestine1917Reza Khan seizes power in Persia1921End of
Ottoman Empire and establishment
of a republic in Turkey1923Rule of Mustafa Kemal Atatürk in
Turkey1923-1938Beginning of Pahlavi dynasty in
Iran1925Establishment of kingdom of Saudi Arabia1932
7
7
(Part 5)
The rise of Arab nationalism
Resistance to Ottoman rule
Arab leaders declared their independence; Mandates were
created under the supervision of the League of Nations
The kingdom of Saudi Arabia established
Arabian-American oil conglomerate formed
The issue of Palestine: A separate mandate
World Zionist Organization (WZO)
The Balfour Declaration
8

(Part 6)
The British in Egypt
Protectorate to protect the Suez Canal and the Nile Valley from
seizure by Central Powers
Wafd Party dedicated to an independent Egypt based on
representative government
Muslim Brotherhood sought an Egypt based on the precepts of
shari’a
9
(Part 7)
Nationalism and revolution
Lenin and the East
Lenin’s proposed a strategy to relate Marxist doctrine and
practice to non-Western societies
The Communist International, or Comintern dedicated to world
revolution
Agents from around the world trained in the precepts of world
communism; agents sent back to their countries to form Marxist
parties
Marxist doctrine adapted to indigenous values and institutions –
maximize appeal, minimize conflict
10
Revolution in China:
Focus Question
What problems did China encounter between the two world

wars, and what solutions did the Nationalists and the
Communists propose to solve them?
11
Revolution in China
(Part 1)
Mr. Science and Mr. Democracy: The New Culture Movement
Abolishing the old system and introducing Western values and
institutions
Protest against Japan’s expansion on mainland China
The Nationalist-Communist alliance
Formation to oppose the warlords and to drive out the
imperialist powers
Chiang Kai-shek; Mao Zedong
12
Revolution in China
(Part 2)
The Nanjing Republic
Chiang Kai-shek founded a republic
Attempt to put an end to the Communists
The famous Long March
Sun Yatsen’s Three People’s Principles
The best of East and West
The New Life Movement
Many intellectuals and moderates alienated by repression and
censoring of free expression
Little progress in industrial growth; land reform program
sabotaged
13

Revolution in China
(Part 3)
“Down with Confucius and sons”: Economic, social, and
cultural change in Republican China
Social changes
Attack by educated youth on filial piety and the subordination
of women
Individualism and women’s rights
A new culture
Traditional culture the symbol of feudal oppression
New art to synthesize Chinese and foreign culture
14
Chronology – Revolution in China Events of the Revolution in
ChinaDatesMay Fourth demonstrations1919Formation of
Chinese Communist Party1921Death of Sun Yat-
sen1925Northern Expedition1926–1928Establishment of
Nanjing Republic1928Long March1934–1935
15
15
Japan Between the Wars:
Focus Question
How did Japan address the problems of nation building in the
first decades of the twentieth century, and why did democratic
institutions not take hold more effectively?
16

Japan Between the Wars
(Part 1)
Experiment in democracy
Taisho democracy
On the left, Marxist labor movement
On the right, ultranationalist groups
A zaibatsu economy
Zaibatsu: Manufacturing processes concentrated in a single
enterprise
Firms developed into large conglomerates – led to growing
economic inequalities
17
Japan Between the Wars
(Part 2)
Shidehara diplomacy
Japanese interests through diplomatic and economic means
The rise of militant nationalism
Military officers advocated a more aggressive approach to
protecting national interests
Taisho democracy: An aberration?
Democratization; the Meiji concept of the state
Multiparty democracy a natural consequence of evolutionary
trends in Japanese society
18
Nationalism and Dictatorship in Latin America: Focus
Questions
What problems did the nations of Latin America face in the
interwar years?
To what degree were they a consequence of foreign influence?

19
Nationalism and Dictatorship in Latin America (Part 1)
A changing economy
The role of the Yankee dollar
Decline in European investment in Latin America
Rise in the U.S. role in the local economies
The effects of dependency
Argentina: Landowners benefited from export
Brazil: Rubber and coffee plantations
Mexico: Limits on foreign investment
United States: The Good Neighbor policy
20
Nationalism and Dictatorship in Latin America (Part 2)
Latin America culture
Dramatic increase in literary activity
Experimentation with imported modernist styles – also used
native themes and social issues
Artists followed the Modernist movement while expressing a
new regional and national essence
Diego Rivera: Monumental style of mural art
Frida Kahlo: Surrealist whimsy
21
Chronology – Latin America Between the WarsEvents of Latin
America Between the WarsDatesHipólito Irigoyen becomes
president of Argentina1916Argentine military overthrows
Irigoyen1930Rule of Getúlio Vargas in Brazil1930–
1945Beginning of U.S. Good Neighbor policy1933Presidency of

Lázaro Cárdenas in Mexico1934–1940
22
22
Chapter 25
The Crisis Deepens:
World War II
23
Retreat from Democracy: Dictatorial Regimes – Focus
Questions
What are the characteristics of totalitarian states, and to what
degree were these characteristics present in Fascist Italy, Nazi
Germany, and Stalinist Russia?
To what extent was Japan a totalitarian state?
24
Retreat from Democracy: Dictatorial Regimes (Part 1)
World War II in large part due to rise of dictatorial regimes
By 1939, France and Great Britain, remained democratic; Italy
and Germany succumbed to fascism; Soviet Russia moved
toward repressive totalitarianism
25

The retreat from democracy: Did Europe have totalitarian
states?
Distrust of democracy and favorable view of radicalized politics
Postwar politics more and more polarized
The totalitarian state aimed to control:
The economic, political, and social aspects of life
The intellectual and cultural aspects as well
26
The birth of fascism
Italy had the first successful fascist movement
Benito Mussolini established the Fascio di Combattimento
Prime minister “head of government” with power to legislate by
decree
Police were empowered to arrest and confine anybody without
pressing charges
27
Hitler and Nazi Germany
Hitler’s rise to power, 1919–1933
National Socialist German Workers’ Party
Nazi Party was the largest party in the Reichstag
Chancellor, then der Führer—sole ruler of Germany
The Nazi state, 1933–1939
The realization of a totalitarian ideal
Low unemployment due to rearmament
Terror and repression
Aryan racial state; Kristallnacht

28
The Stalinist era in the Soviet Union
Transformation into an industrial country
Collectivization of agriculture
Strengthened party bureaucracy under Stalin’s control
The rise of militarism in Japan
Militant forces at top of the political hierarchy
Extremist patriotic organizations
Popular message of “Asia for the Asians”
29
The Path to War:
Focus Question
What were the underlying causes of World War II, and what
specific steps taken by Nazi Germany and Japan led to war?
30
The Path to War
(Part 1)
The path to war in Europe
Defiance of the Treaty of Versailles
The Rome-Berlin Axis
The Munich Conference
Hitler’s nonaggression pact with Stalin
Invasion of Poland by German forces
War declaration by Britain and France
31

The Path to War
(Part 2)
The path to war in Asia
Japan’s military and economic presence in Manchuria
Japan expanded into northern China
Chinese and Japanese forces clashed
Japan wanted vast resources of Southeast Asia
Risked war with the European colonial powers and the United
States; launched a surprise attack in the hope of a quick victory
32
World War II:
Focus Question
What were the main events of World War II in Europe and
Asia?
33
World War II
(Part 1)
Hitler’s unleashing of blitzkrieg or “lightning war”
German attack of panzer divisions with air support forced
Poland to surrender
Europe at war
Germans attacked Netherlands, Belgium, and France; German
armies occupied France
Luftwaffe launched a major air offensive against Britain
Hitler invaded the Soviet Union; 1,800-mile front
Soviet counterattack stopped Germany
Germany declared war on the United States

34
World War II
(Part 2)
Japan at war
Japan attacked the U.S. naval base at Pearl Harbor
Japan declared establishment of the Greater East Asia Co-
Prosperity Sphere
Pearl Harbor galvanized American support for Roosevelt’s war
policy
U.S. joined European nations and Nationalist China in a
combined effort to defeat Japan
35
World War II
(Part 3)
The turning point of the war, 1942–1943
Entry of the United States created a coalition
Allies agreed to fight until the Axis Powers surrendered
unconditionally
On the eastern front, the turning point of the war occurred at
Stalingrad
In the Far East, the tide turned with the Battle of the Coral Sea
Battle of Midway Island established American naval superiority
in the Pacific
36
World War II
(Part 4)
The last years of the war
Allies landed on the beaches of Normandy

Allied armies linked up with the Soviets
Hitler committed suicide
Defeat of Japan
American forces proceeded across the Pacific
Atomic bomb dropped on Hiroshima
A second bomb dropped on Nagasaki
Japan surrendered unconditionally
37
Chronology – The Course of World War II (Part I)Events of the
Course of World War IIDatesGermany and the Soviet Union
divide PolandSeptember 28, 1939Blitzkrieg against Denmark
and NorwayApril 1940Blitzkrieg against Belgium, Netherlands,
and FranceMay 1940France surrendersJune 22, 1940Battle of
BritainFall 1940Nazi seizure of Yugoslavia and GreeceApril
1941Germany invades the Soviet UnionJune 22, 1941Japanese
attack Pearl HarborDecember 7, 1941Battle of the Coral
SeaMay 7–8, 1942Battle of Midway IslandJune 4, 1942
38
38
Chronology – The Course of World War II (Part 2)Events of the
Course of World War IIDatesAllied invasion of North
AfricaNovember 1942Germans surrender at StalingradFebruary
2, 1943Axis forces surrender in North AfricaMay 1943Battle of
KurskJuly 5–12, 1943Invasion of mainland ItalySeptember
1943Allied invasion of FranceJune 6, 1944Hitler commits
suicideApril 30, 1945Germany surrendersMay 7, 1945Atomic
bomb dropped on HiroshimaAugust 6, 1945Japan
surrendersAugust 14, 1945

39
39
The New Order:
Focus Question
What was the nature of the new orders that Germany and Japan
attempted to establish in the territories they occupied?
40
The New Order
(Part 1)
The new order in Europe
Nazi Empire was organized in two ways:
Areas directly annexed and made into German provinces
Remainder of occupied Europe administered by German
officials with collaborationist regimes
Inferior Slavic peoples evacuated and replaced with Germans
Foreign labor mobilized ruthlessly
41
The New Order
(Part 2)
The Holocaust
Final

Solution
to the “Jewish problem”—the annihilation of the Jewish people
SS Einsatzgruppen: Special strike forces
Given new responsibilities as mobile killing units; inadequate in
solving the Jewish problem
42
The New Order
(Part 3)
Systematic annihilation in death camps
Jews, gypsies rounded up for extermination
Slavic peoples’ leading elements arrested, killed
Slave laborers also died, Soviet prisoners of war killed
43
The New Order
(Part 4)

The new order in Asia
Japan planned to use its new possessions for raw materials
Leaders set up the Greater East Asia Co-Prosperity Sphere
The exploitative nature of Japanese occupation policies became
clear
Sentiment turned against the new order
44
The Home Front:
Focus Question
What were conditions like on the home front for the major
belligerents in World War II?
45
The Home Front
(Part 1)
Mobilizing the people: Three examples
Factories in Soviet Union dismantled and shipped to the
interior; a “battle of machines”
Soviet women played a major role in the war effort
Hitler, fearful of civilian morale problems, refused cuts in

consumer goods
Women resisted regular employment in factories
Wartime Japan a highly mobilized society
Reluctant to mobilize women in the war effort
46
The Home Front
(Part 2)
The bombing of cities
Luftwaffe subjected London and many other British cities and
towns to nightly air raids
The ferocious bombing of Dresden created a firestorm that
killed as many as 35,000
In Japan, the bombing of civilians reached a new level with the
atomic bomb
47
Aftermath of the War:
Focus Questions
What were the costs of World War II?
How did World War II affect the European nations’ colonial

empires?
How did the Allies’ visions of the postwar world differ, and
how did these differences contribute to the emergence of the
Cold War?
48
Aftermath of the War
(Part 1)
The costs of World War II
At least 21 million soldiers died
Civilian deaths estimated at 40 million
Europe had 30 million displaced persons
Devastation was everywhere
World War II and the European colonies: Decolonization
The days of empire were over
Decolonization swept the world
49
(Part 2)
The Allied War conferences

Cold War grew out of military, political, and ideological
differences
Stalin, Roosevelt, and Churchill met at Tehran
American-British invasion of European continent through
France; partition of postwar Germany
Conference at Yalta
Defeat of Germany a foregone conclusion
Idea of self-determination for Europe
Creation of the United Nations
50
(Part 3)
The Potsdam conference
Truman demanded free elections
Stalin sought absolute military security
Winston Churchill
Declared that “an iron curtain” had “descended across the
continent” dividing Germany and Europe
51

Chapter 24Nationalism, Revolution, and Dictatorship Asia, t.docx

Chapter 24Nationalism, Revolution, and Dictatorship Asia, t.docx

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