Chapter 27Brave New World Communism on TrialCopyright © 2.docx

Chapter 27
Brave New World: Communism on Trial
Copyright © 2017 Cengage Learning. All Rights Reserved.
The Postwar Soviet Union:
Focus Questions
How did Nikita Khrushchev change the system that the Soviet
dictator Joseph Stalin had put in place before his death in 1953?
To what degree did his successors adopt Khrushchev’s policies?
2
The Postwar Soviet Union
(Part 1 )
From Stalin to Khrushchev
Stalinism in action
Exploitation of Soviet labor
Citizens asked to suffer for a better tomorrow
Secret police and Siberian concentration camps
The rise and fall of Khrushchev
An innovator – he had to overcome the conservative instincts of
the Soviet bureaucracy and those of the majority of the peoples
De-Stalinization
Voted out of office because of “deteriorating health”
3
(Part 2 )

The Brezhnev years (1964–1982)
A controlled society
Restrictive policy toward dissidents
Media controlled by the state
Conformity was the rule
A stagnant economy
The absence of incentives
An aging leadership
Moscow seemed stuck in a time warp
4
(Part 3 )
Cultural expression in the Soviet Union
Expected to follow party line
No criticism of social conditions was permitted
In the satellites, cultural freedom varied from country to
country
Social changes
Elite privileged class possessed political power – received
special privileges
Women’s pay unequal – worked “double shift”
5
The Disintegration of the Soviet Empire: Focus Questions
What were the key components of perestroika, which Mikhail
Gorbachev espoused during the 1980s?
Why did it fail?
6

The Disintegration of the Soviet Empire (Part 1)
The Gorbachev era
Perestroika or “restructuring” of economic policy; beginning of
a market economy
Glasnost or “openness” encouraged discussion of the strengths
and weaknesses of the Soviet Union
Congress of People’s Deputies chosen in competitive elections
Gorbachev was the Soviet Union’s first president
7
End of an empire
Ethnic groups call for sovereignty
Growing disorder within the country
A “commonwealth of independent states”
Eastern Europe: From satellites to sovereign nations
Elections in Poland, Hungary, Czechoslovakia
East Germany’s political and economic reunification with West
Germany
8
Chronology – The Soviet Bloc and Its Demise Events of the
Soviet Bloc and Its DemiseDatesDeath of Joseph
Stalin1953Rise of Nikita Khrushchev1955Khrushchev’s de-
Stalinization speech1956Removal of Khrushchev1964The
Brezhnev era1964–1982Rule of Andropov and Chernenko1982–
1985Gorbachev comes to power in Soviet Union1985Collapse of
Communist governments in Eastern Europe1989Disintegration
of Soviet Union1991

9
9
Why did the Soviet Union collapse?
Primarily a consequence of conditions inherent in the system
Massive inefficiencies in the Soviet economy
Minority nationalities demanded more autonomy or even
independence for their regions
10
The East Is Red: China Under Communism – Focus Question
What were Mao Zedong’s chief goals for China, and what
policies did he institute to try to achieve them?
11
The East Is Red: China Under Communism (Part 1)
New Democracy
Capitalist profit incentives to spur productivity
Land redistribution program
The transition to socialism
All private farmland collectivized
The Great Leap Forward
“People’s communes” responsible for all administrative and
economic tasks at the local level – communes were a disaster
12

The Great Proletarian Cultural Revolution
“Uninterrupted revolution”
“Mao Zedong thought”
Red Guards
Eradication of “four olds” (old thought, old culture, old
customs, and old habits)
From Mao to Deng
Four Modernizations: industry, agriculture, technology, and
national defense
13
Incident at Tiananmen Square
Inflation; discontent; increasing criticism
Massive demonstrations
Tanks and troops crushed the demonstrators
Riding the tiger
Industrial production and living standards rose
Resentment in the countryside grew
Public exchange of ideas increased
New policies did not fulfill expectations
14
Back to Confucius?
Marxist exhortations no longer effective for enforcing social
discipline
Confucianism as a tool to influence political and social attitudes
Nationalism and flexible authoritarianism as means to maintain
control
China’s increasingly active role in the region

Patriotism on the rise; unrest also seen
15
Chronology – China Under Communist Rule Events of China
Under Communist RuleDatesNew Democracy1949–1955Era of
collectivization1955–1958Great Leap Forward1958–1960Great
Proletarian Cultural Revolution1966–1976Death of Mao
Zedong1976Era of Deng Xiaoping1978–1997Tiananmen Square
incident1989Presidency of Jiang Zemin1993–2002Hu Jintao
becomes president2002Beijing hosts Olympic Games2008
16
16
“Serve the People”: Chinese Society Under Communism –
Focus Question
What significant political, economic, and social changes have
taken place in China since the death of Mao Zedong?
17
“Serve the People”: Chinese Society Under Communism (Part 1)
Economics in command
Agricultural reform
Rural responsibility system
Evaluating the Four Modernizations
Improved standard of living
Inflationary pressures; increased corruption; rising expectations
Today, the second-largest economy worldwide
Increased competition

Environmental impact
18
Social problems
Women and the family
Active in the CCP and in collective organizations
Break in the tradition of dependency
Lifestyle changes
More elegant and cosmopolitan children’s names
New attitudes in physical appearance
Changed religious practices and beliefs
Prevalence of materialistic attitudes
Lack of a retirement system
19
China’s changing culture
Culture in a revolutionary era
Traditional culture viewed as reactionary; socialist realism only
acceptable standard
Art and music
Revival of both traditional and Western forms
Literature
Transformed by the economy and the Internet
Obsessed with material consumption and the right of individual
expression
20

Confucius and Marx: The tenacity of tradition
Marxism-Leninism found a receptive climate in China
influenced by Confucian tradition
Interests of the community emphasized over the desires of the
individual in rural villages
Attempts to reintroduce the precepts of State Confucianism
21
Chapter 26
East and West in the Grip of the Cold War
1
The Collapse of the Grand Alliance:
Focus Question
Why were the United States and the Soviet Union suspicious of
each other after World War II, and what events between 1945
and 1949 heightened the tensions between the two nations?
2
The Collapse of the Grand Alliance
(Part 1)
Soviet domination of Eastern Europe
One-party Communist governments
Yugoslavia an exception to Soviet dominance

Descent of the Iron Curtain
Soviet takeover of Eastern Europe threatened the Yalta vision of
durable peace
The Truman Doctrine
Financial aid to countries threatened by Communist expansion
3
(Part 2)
The Marshall Plan
Provided $13 billion in U.S. assistance for the economic
recovery of war-torn Europe
Europe divided
U.S. policy of containment against further aggressive Soviet
moves
The Berlin Blockade
Denazification and the partitioning of Germany
Soviet Union imposed a blockade of West Berlin
The Berlin Airlift flew supplies into Berlin daily
4
(Part 3)
NATO and the Warsaw Pact
Formation of military alliances
North Atlantic Treaty Organization (NATO); Council for
Mutual Economic Assistance (COMECON); Warsaw Pact
Who started the Cold War?
Both the United States and the Soviet Union contributed to
rising tensions
Worked in a framework conditioned by the past
Different perspectives and political ambitions

5
Cold War in Asia:
Focus Question
How and why did Mao Zedong and the Communists come to
power in China, and what were the Cold War implications of
their triumph?
6
Cold War in Asia
(Part 1)
The Chinese Civil War
Chiang Kai-shek wrestled with Japanese aggression and national
development
Communists carried out a “mass line” policy
People’s Liberation Army (PLA)
The Communist triumph
Peasants attracted to the Communists by promises of land and
social justice
Chiang’s troops defected to the Communists
Chiang’s government fled to Taiwan
7
Cold War in Asia
(Part 2)
The new China
Hopes for an era of peace and pursuit of domestic goals
Desire for peace offset by determination to restore traditional
frontiers

New conflicts with foreign powers provoked by China’s efforts
to re-create the imperial buffer zone
8
Cold War in Asia
(Part 3)
The Korean War
Separate governments in Korea
North Korean troops invaded south; UN forces supported South
Korea; Chinese forces intervened
The invasion hardened Western attitudes against the new
Chinese government; led to China’s isolation
9
Cold War in Asia
(Part 4)
Conflict in Indochina
Communist Vietminh waged a “people’s war”
National liberation from colonial rule
Initially an anticolonial struggle with French
Became entangled in the Cold War
Vietnam was temporarily divided into a Communist northern
half and a non-Communist southern half
China played an active role in bringing about the settlement
10
From Confrontation to Coexistence:
Focus Question
What events led to the era of coexistence in the 1960s, and to

what degree did each side contribute to the reduction in
international tensions?
11
From Confrontation to Coexistence
(Part 1)
Soviet policy of peaceful coexistence
Ferment in Eastern Europe
The Hungarian Revolution
Student-led popular riots sought major reforms
Moscow decided on firm action; Soviet troops installed a new
government under party leader
János Kádár
12
(Part 2)
Different roads to socialism
U.S. intervention could lead to nuclear war
U.S. limited itself to protests against Soviet brutality in
crushing the uprising
Soviets maintained control over its satellites in Eastern Europe
Granted satellites leeway to adopt domestic policies appropriate
to local conditions
13
(Part 3)
Crisis over Berlin

Many East Germans sought to escape to West Germany by
fleeing through West Berlin
Khrushchev threatened to turn over control of access routes to
the East Germans
West stood firm; Khrushchev backed down
14
(Part 4)
Rivalry in the Third World
Neutralist leaders founded the Nonaligned Movement
alternative to the two power blocs
Washington’s ability to influence events at the United Nations
waned
Khrushchev declared support to national liberation movements
throughout the world
15
15
(Part 5)
The Cuban Missile Crisis and the Move toward détente
Fidel Castro established a Soviet-supported totalitarian regime
U.S. supported Bay of Pigs invasion
Launch-ready Soviet Union nuclear missiles in Cuba
Two countries close to nuclear confrontation
A profound effect on both sides – a hotline installed to expedite
communication; nuclear tests in the atmosphere banned
16

16
(Part 6)
The Sino‑Soviet Dispute
Soviet policies moved toward moderation, China’s became more
radical
China wanted Soviet assistance in retaking Taiwan
Khrushchev rejected Chinese demands for support
The Second Indochina War
South Vietnam on the verge of collapse; Viet Cong expanded
their influence in the country
U.S. combat troops sent to prevent defeat of the anti-Communist
government in Saigon
17
(Part 7)
The Vietnam conflict in the Cold War
Soviet leaders had no interest in seeing the conflict escalate
China would not directly enter the conflict unless its southern
border threatened
The war reached a stalemate
U.S. reluctant to engage in all-out war
18
(Part 8)
Quest for peace

U.S. began to withdraw troops while holding peace talks in
Paris
Nixon's strategy: Improve relations with China and thus
undercut Chinese support for the North Vietnamese; Nixon
invited to visit China
The fall of Saigon
Negotiations broke down
A massive assault by North Vietnamese; the South Vietnamese
government surrendered
19
An Era of Equivalence:
Focus Question
Why did the Cold War briefly flare up again in the 1980s, and
why did it come to a definitive end at the end of the decade?
20
An Era of Equivalence
(Part 1)
The Brezhnev Doctrine
“Proletarian internationalism”: Marxist-Leninist orthodoxy
interpreted by the Soviet Union
An era of détente
Reduced tension in Soviet-American relations
SALT I (Strategic Arms Limitation Talks)
Policy of “equivalence” – the two sides had roughly equal
power
The Helsinki Accords
21

Chronology – The Cold War to 1980Events of The Cold War to
1980DatesTruman Doctrine1947Formation of NATO1949Soviet
Union explodes first nuclear device1949Communists come to
power in China1949Nationalist government retreats to
Taiwan1949Korean War1950–1953Geneva Conference ends
Indochina War1954Warsaw Pact created1955Khrushchev calls
for peaceful coexistence1956Sino-Soviet dispute breaks into the
open1961Cuban Missile Crisis1962SALT I treaty
signed1972Nixon's visit to China1972Fall of South
Vietnam1975Soviet invasion of Afghanistan1979
22
22
(Part 2)
Renewed tensions in the Third World
Perceived aggressive new tendencies in Soviet foreign policy
Soviet troops in Afghanistan
The Carter Doctrine
Vietnam syndrome
Countering the evil empire
The Strategic Defense Initiative (SDI), nicknamed Star Wars
Military assistance to the Contras
23
(Part 3)
Toward a new world order
Soviet Union in serious economic decline

Program of restructuring, or perestroika
1991: The Soviet Union disintegrated
The end of the Cold War
Vision of a new world order of peaceful cooperation and
increasing prosperity
Not yet realized
24

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