3. Charles Rennie Mackintosh
(British Architect, Interior Designer)
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Arch. Dania Abdel-Aziz
Expressionism, Secular Ideologies, Reactions against Revivalism and Beaux Arts
Free Style – Macintosh School School
4. • Free Style – Macintosh School (1897-1909)
– One of the leaders of Art Nouveau in England that was influenced by John
Ruskin.
– Established Macintosh School.
– Volumetric FormsDynamic Architecture.
– Arts and crafts moving to a free plan and free style.
– Ornaments and not ornamentation.
– A bridge to Modernism.
– He is usually compared with Frank Lloyd Wright in his importance.
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Arch. Dania Abdel-Aziz
Expressionism, Secular Ideologies, Reactions against Revivalism and Beaux Arts
Free Style – Macintosh School School
5. Charles Rennie Mackintosh
(British Architect, Interior Designer)
Examples of his work:
• Glasgow School of Architecture:
• He won a competition for the design of
a new School of Art in Glasgow in
1896.
• This building famed as the most
important proto-modern building in
Britain.
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Arch. Dania Abdel-Aziz
Expressionism, Secular Ideologies, Reactions against Revivalism and Beaux Arts
Free Style – Macintosh School School
6. Charles Rennie Mackintosh
(British Architect, Interior Designer)
Glasgow School of Architecture:
Continuation of the Arts and
Crafts.
Breaking the Box.
Grey Granite is used and rough
brick work.
Glass and Iron allowed a lot of
lighting to get in to the studios
with huge screens of glass and
cast iron that opens to the
outside.
Functional plan and not based on
geometry.
Studios are “magazine” shop that
sells arts and architecture.
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Arch. Dania Abdel-Aziz
Expressionism, Secular Ideologies, Reactions against Revivalism and Beaux Arts
Free Style – Macintosh School School
7. Art Nouveau, as represented
by this door in the
Willow Tea-rooms,
Glasgow, by C. R.
Macintosh highlighted
the decorative vale of
the curved line, whether
vegetable or geometric
in origin.
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Arch. Dania Abdel-Aziz
Expressionism, Secular Ideologies, Reactions against Revivalism and Beaux Arts
Free Style – Macintosh School School
8. Charles Rennie Mackintosh
(British Architect, Interior Designer)
The Hill House:
Influenced by arts and
crafts.
Very Dynamic.
Huge window facades.
Flat roofs.
Emphasis on volumes
and masses.
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Arch. Dania Abdel-Aziz
Expressionism, Secular Ideologies, Reactions against Revivalism and Beaux Arts
Free Style – Macintosh School
9. Charles Rennie Mackintosh
(British Architect, Interior Designer)
The Hill House:
Simplicity.
White walls, wood work
relieved by subtle colored
decorations.
It is now preserved as an
historic building.
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Arch. Dania Abdel-Aziz
Expressionism, Secular Ideologies, Reactions against Revivalism and Beaux Arts
Free Style – Macintosh School
Original furnishing
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Arch. Dania Abdel-Aziz
Hill House Living Room
Hill House Bookshelf
Expressionism, Secular Ideologies, Reactions against Revivalism and Beaux Arts
Free Style – Macintosh School
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Arch. Dania Abdel-Aziz
Light fixture in the drawing room
The drawing room
The downstairs hallway
Expressionism, Secular Ideologies, Reactions against Revivalism and Beaux Arts
Free Style – Macintosh School
12. The Light House
Glasglow, Scotland
Completed in 1895
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Arch. Dania Abdel-Aziz
Expressionism, Secular Ideologies, Reactions against Revivalism and Beaux Arts
Free Style – Macintosh School
13. The Light House
Glasglow, Scotland
Completed in 1895
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Arch. Dania Abdel-Aziz
Expressionism, Secular Ideologies, Reactions against Revivalism and Beaux Arts
Free Style – Macintosh School
14. Expressionism, Secular Ideologies, Reactions against Revivalism and Beaux
Arts
Modernismo – Antonio Gaudy in Spain (1884 –
1926)
Arch. Dania Abdel-Aziz 14
15. Modernismo – Antonio Gaudy in Spain (1884 – 1926):
– He was in Barcelona in Catalonia in Spain.
– He also worked in Free Style and Arts Nouveau.
– He was affected by the Spanish Civil War, and therefore, his architecture
was affected as a resistance to the problem between his city and Madrid
Central Government.
– He visited Africa and he was influenced by the African Style of Abstraction
(The Curvilinear Shapes).
– He mainly adopted the Gothic Style and concentrated his work on Arts and
Crafts, and especially on Crafts.
– He was influenced by Islamic Arts, Stucco Arts, and Organic Arts.
– He was with breaking the box in many ways with a big transformation of
architecture.
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Arch. Dania Abdel-Aziz
Expressionism, Secular Ideologies, Reactions against Revivalism and Beaux Arts
Modernismo – Antonio Gaudy
16. – Example: Casa Mila:
• A sculptural image residential complex with rectangular openings and no
arches.
• Biomorphic Eroded Lava – Like formations.
• Flat roofs with organic decorations.
• Roof Garden was incorporated later.
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Arch. Dania Abdel-Aziz
Expressionism, Secular Ideologies, Reactions against Revivalism and Beaux Arts
Modernismo – Antonio Gaudy
17. Antonio Gaudi
(Architect, Barcelona)
• Gaudi was a Spanish (Catalan) Architect who
created complex buildings in that the
architecture was considered sculptural as well.
• His buildings are considered biomorphic, or
organically-shaped. This is possibly a rejection
to the coldness that a machine-produced
geometric object would create
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Arch. Dania Abdel-Aziz
Expressionism, Secular Ideologies, Reactions against Revivalism and Beaux Arts
Modernismo – Antonio Gaudy
18. The most overt architectural expression of Art Nouveau is
found in the “growing” buildings of Antonio Gaudi, whose
masterpiece is the Sagrada Familia, a cathedral in
Barcelona. Casa Mila, also in Barcelona, is his foremost
residential work.
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Arch. Dania Abdel-Aziz
The Sagrada Familia, Barcelona
Casa Mila- Barcelona
Expressionism, Secular Ideologies, Reactions against Revivalism and Beaux Arts
Modernismo – Antonio Gaudy
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Arch. Dania Abdel-Aziz
La Sagrada Familia
(The Holy Family)
Barcelona, Catalonia, Spain
1882-2026
Expressionism, Secular Ideologies, Reactions against Revivalism and Beaux Arts
Modernismo – Antonio Gaudy
21. Antonio Gaudi (Spanish)
• Apartment building incorporating organic form (Art Nouveau)
• Design inspired by the discovery of the Altamira Caves (Prehistoric Caves in
Spain)
• Gaudi was trained as an ironworker before he became an architect
• Gaudi created buildings as “living things”
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Arch. Dania Abdel-Aziz
Antonio Gaudi, Casa
Mila (Barcelona, Spain),
1907
Expressionism, Secular Ideologies, Reactions against Revivalism and Beaux Arts
Modernismo – Antonio Gaudy
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Arch. Dania Abdel-Aziz
Casa Milà
Barcelona, Catalonia, Spain
1905-1907
Expressionism, Secular Ideologies, Reactions against Revivalism and Beaux Arts
Modernismo – Antonio Gaudy
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Arch. Dania Abdel-Aziz
Casa Battlo
Barcelona, Spain
1905-1907
Expressionism, Secular Ideologies, Reactions against Revivalism and Beaux Arts
Modernismo – Antonio Gaudy
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Parque Güell
Barcelona, Spain
1900 to 1914
Parque Güell, or Guell Park is surrounded
by an undulating mosaic wall.
Expressionism, Secular Ideologies, Reactions against Revivalism and Beaux Arts
Modernismo – Antonio Gaudy
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Arch. Dania Abdel-Aziz
Parque Güell
Barcelona, Spain
1900 to 1914
Expressionism, Secular Ideologies, Reactions against Revivalism and Beaux Arts
Modernismo – Antonio Gaudy
28. • When Art Nouveau fell out of fashion in the 1920s and 1930s, it was replaced by the
clean, simple geometries of Art Deco.
• The extravagant curves of Art Nouveau were seen as old-fashioned and viewed with
contempt.
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Expressionism, Secular Ideologies, Reactions against Revivalism and Beaux Arts
BEGINNING OF ART DECO
29. • Many Art Nouveau products were put away, spurned, or destroyed.
• Rooms once decorated in what had been the height of fashion were redecorated to
conform to the latest taste.
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Arch. Dania Abdel-Aziz
Expressionism, Secular Ideologies, Reactions against Revivalism and Beaux Arts
BEGINNING OF ART DECO
30. • It was not until nearly half a century later, in 1952, the first comprehensive exhibition
devoted to Art Nouveau was organized in Zurich, Switzerland.
• Present day interest in Art Nouveau, and in particular its widespread appreciation
within the last thirty years, has once again firmly established it as an important art
movement.
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Arch. Dania Abdel-Aziz
Expressionism, Secular Ideologies, Reactions against Revivalism and Beaux Arts
BEGINNING OF ART DECO