The Arts and Crafts movement began in 1850 as a reaction against the poor conditions faced by factory workers during the Industrial Revolution. It sought to re-establish harmony between design and craftsmanship through handmade, affordable objects. Key figures like William Morris, Philip Webb, and John Ruskin promoted this philosophy. The Red House, designed by Webb in 1859, exemplified the movement's rejection of revivalist styles through its asymmetrical design and integration of craft elements.

1. Reactions against Revivalism and Beaux Arts:
The Arts and Crafts Movement
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Arch. Dania Abdel-Aziz

2. Reactions against Revivalism and Beaux Arts:
The Arts and Crafts Movement
• There were reactions to Revivalism and Beaux-Arts: “The End of Style“. The Beaux-
Arts was considered a crime.
The Avant-Garde period is all about How to Take all the Experience to Arrive to a
New “Modern” Style. Each Architect experienced himself as a base to
modernity.
From Architecture of mass to architecture of volume:
• Breaking the box, that is a new concept of space and a new experience.
• Breaking the Box was spiritually and Physically. It is about a search for
Abstraction.
This period merged the Architecture, Industry, Craftsmanship, and the return to Spiritual
Values.
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3. Many Social activities and literature were influencing the Architecture by its social
reformers, who even affected the Bauhaus later.
For example:
– Secular Ideologies like Carl Marx changed the way of thinking regarding labors.
– John Ruskin was also a social reformer that thought the industrial revolution is
changing life and architecture at the same time. He is a sociologist. Like his
books “Stones of Venice” and “Seven Land of Architecture”.
– Phillip Webb and Augustus Piogea are other sociologists that influenced
architecture.
All of these social reformers were anti-classical, tried to balance architecture and
industry.
Arts and crafts became as social reformations (Respect of Craftsman).
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Reactions against Revivalism and Beaux Arts:
The Arts and Crafts Movement

4. The Arts and Crafts movement (1850-1910) began as a reaction against the social,
moral and artistic confusion of the Industrial Revolution.
The Industrial Revolution wasn’t all sunshine;
• Factory workers labored for 14 hours a day,
often in dangerous conditions.
• Many mass produced products were cheaply
made and poorly designed and viewed by
some as being “cheap and nasty.”
• Industrialization was destroying the environment.
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Reactions against Revivalism and Beaux Arts:
The Arts and Crafts Movement

5. • The members of the Arts and Crafts
Movement included artists, architects,
designers, craftsmen and writers.
• “to re-establish a harmony between
architect, designer and craftsman and to
bring handcraftsmanship to the production
of well-designer, affordable, everyday
objects.”
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The 'dark Satanic mills' of the Industrial Revolution
Reactions against Revivalism and Beaux Arts:
The Arts and Crafts Movement

6. Arts and Crafts – Phillip Webb, John Ruskin
Phillip Webb: Red House in 1850’s, a new
architecture that reflected:
 The Lifestyle and Needs of the people.
 Relationship between industry and
architecture.
 Functionalism seen through the very functional
plan.
 Rejection of Classical styles by breaking the
box.
 A new beginning.
 Free Plan.
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Phillip Webb, Architect of the first
Arts and Crafts Building – The
Red House
Reactions against Revivalism and Beaux Arts:
The Arts and Crafts Movement

7. The Red House (in Kent)
• Was design by Philip Webb in 1859.
• Was designed for William Morris.
• The house derives its name from the plain
red brick of its exterior.
• The house was a startling contrast to the
prevalent Italianate Stucco villa.
• Although its large and comfortable but it
had no bathroom.
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New Beginnings
Britain's New Domestic Architecture

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New Beginnings
Britain's New Domestic Architecture
The red House (1859) – by Phillip Webb
(1831-1915)
• Steep roofs.
• Prominent chimneys.
• L shape plan.
• Gardens incorporated as part of the
house.
• Wall paintings and stained glass.
• Red brick reaction against the
contemporary vogue for stucco.
• Asymmetry.

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New Beginnings
Britain's New Domestic Architecture
The red House (1859) – by Phillip Webb (1831-1915)

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Stained glass window of Love at Red House
New Beginnings
Britain's New Domestic Architecture
The red House (1859) – by Phillip Webb
Window detail in Red House

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12. John Ruskin:
 Saw classicism as a dishonest.
 Believed that social reformations see the needs of the middle class.
 Freedom of masses.
 Free plan.
 Free Style in Architecture.
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Arch. Dania Abdel-Aziz
Reactions against Revivalism and Beaux Arts:
The Arts and Crafts Movement

13. The Arts and Crafts Movement was:
the reaction to industrialization and mass production.
It purpose was to combine art and craftsmanship and to move away from the busy
Victorian style toward a purer simpler style.
• This movement is also very philosophical.
• The move to a simpler style gives the movement its stylistic manner, linear shapes
and its emphasis on nature.
• It revived craftsmanship, implying that beautiful things made by hand could enhance
the lives of people.
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Reactions against Revivalism and Beaux Arts:
The Arts and Crafts Movement

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Gamble House Gamble House Front Doors
Perfect example of the Arts and Crafts style is the:
Gamble House by Charles and Henry Greene.
• This house shows the linear shapes, hand crafted details, and emphasis on nature
with it beautiful woodwork.
Reactions against Revivalism and Beaux Arts:
The Arts and Crafts Movement

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Gamble House Dining Room
Gamble House Ornate Brackets
Gamble House by Charles and Henry Greene.
Reactions against Revivalism and Beaux Arts:
The Arts and Crafts Movement

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Bedford Park, London
Was the first garden suburb. Laid out in
1875 it combined healthy surroundings
with quick access to the city.
The architects chiefly involved were
Norman Shaw, E. W. Godwin, E. J. May
and Maurice Adams.
The houses were set along tree-lined
streets and had informal gardens.
The scheme was completed with a church,
club, tavern and general store which gave
the estate its community spirit.
New Beginnings
Britain's New Domestic Architecture

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Stoughton House, Cambridge
Exemplifies the “Shingle Style”, which
influenced American house design in the
late 19th century.
Built in 1882 – 1883 by H. H. Richardson.
The house has outer walls clad entirely
with wooden shingles.
A more important and forward-looking
feature is the informal plan, which gives
spaciousness to the interiors and
picturesque asymmetry to the exterior.
New Beginnings
Britain's New Domestic Architecture

18. Stoughton House, Cambridge
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Stoughton Plan, with 1900 and 1925 additions.
New Beginnings
Britain's New Domestic Architecture

19. William Morris (London, England 1834 – 1896)
William Morris was an artist, designer, printer,
typographer, bookbinder, craftsman, poet, writer
and champion of socialist ideals. He believes that
nature was the perfect example of God's creation.
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Founder of Arts and Crafts Movement
OVERVIEW OF MORRIS

20. William Morris (London, England 1834 – 1896)
• He produced decorative art in a range of different forms, including: textiles,
furniture, wallpaper, stained glass windows, book design and tapestry.
• Morris was one of the great pattern designers. His classic designs are still
commercially available as wallpapers and textiles. They were usually titled with the
names of the flowers that they depicted such as 'Jasmine‘ and 'Sunflower'.
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Founder of Arts and Crafts Movement

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Reactions against Revivalism and Beaux Arts:
The Arts and Crafts Movement

22. The Crafts Guilds
• The Century Guild was the first of the craft
guilds to form. It was founded in 1882, under
the influence of William Morris, by the
architect and designer A.H. Mackmurdo.
• In 1884 the guild published a quarterly journal
called 'Hobby Horse' to promote their aims
and ideals.
• In particular, they championed the craft of
printing as an art form which inspired Morris
to found the Kelmscott Press.
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The Journal of the Century Guild
Hobby Horse (Edition No1, April
1884)

23. Wightwick Manor (pronounced 'Wittick') in England.
• It is one of only a few surviving examples of a house built and furnished under the
influence of the Arts and Crafts movement.
• Original Morris wallpapers and fabrics.
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New Beginnings
Britain's New Domestic Architecture
New Beginnings
Britain's New Domestic Architecture

24. Arts and Crafts, or Craftsman, houses have many of these features:
• Wood, stone, or stucco siding.
• Low-pitched roof.
• Exterior chimney made with stone.
• Open floor plans; few hallways.
• Numerous windows.
• Some windows with stained or leaded glass.
• Beamed ceilings.
• Dark wood wainscoting and mouldings.
• Built-in cabinets, shelves, and seating.
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Thered house
Reactions against Revivalism and Beaux Arts:
The Arts and Crafts Movement

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Reactions against Revivalism and Beaux Arts:
The Arts and Crafts Movement

26. Thank you 
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