Some of the explanations are written on "notes".

1. MAEd MATH
PALAWAN STATE UNIVERSITY
GRADUATE SCHOOL
Puerto Princesa City
SUMMER 2018
Professor

4. • The current population of Finland is 5,540,374 as of Tuesday,
May 22, 2018, based on the latest United Nations estimates.
• Finland population is equivalent to 0.07% of the total world
population.
• Finland ranks number 116 in the list of countries (and
dependencies) by population.
• The population density in Finland is 18 per Km2 (47 people per
mi2).
• The total land area is 303,890 Km2 (117,333 sq. miles)
• 84.1 % of the population is urban (4,663,941 people in 2018)
• The median age in Finland is 42.5 years.

5. • The current population of Denmark is 5,752,043 as of Tuesday,
May 22, 2018, based on the latest United Nations estimates.
• Denmark population is equivalent to 0.08% of the total world
population.
• Denmark ranks number 115 in the list of countries (and
dependencies) by population.
• The population density in Denmark is 136 per Km2 (351 people
per mi2).
• The total land area is 42,430 Km2 (16,382 sq. miles)
• 87.8 % of the population is urban (5,051,604 people in 2018)
• The median age in Denmark is 41.7 years.

6. Russian Occupation
From 1812 to 1917, Russia controlled Finland and implemented school
systems identical to those in Russia, including all classes being taught in
Russian in an effort to assimilate the people of Finland to their culture
(OECD/PISA 2010, 118).
Cultural Roots and Preservation
Finland had an oral tradition known as the Kalevala that had been
passed on by story tellers. They would recite it to convey morality and
even the Finnish origin stories. The story tellers traditionally were revered
as teachers of history, morality, and language. We can connect this to the
culture of respect for teachers today. It was first written down in 1835 and
is often cited as the reason Finnish language survived the Russian
occupation(Kalevalaseura, 12/11/2013 ).

7. Independence and War
After Finland declared independence in 1919, the Soviet Union invaded
a number of times but was finally forced to give up trying to control
Finland after the events of World War II. They did however, have a
strong political influence until the early 1980’s (Sahlberg, 2).
Education Reforms
Finland was on the mend from the war and was primarily focused on
collecting natural resources such as lumber to support their economy.
They continued using the Soviet Union structure of education until the
late 1960’s. In the 1970’s, education reform began with three key
elements (Sahlberg, 3).

8. Establishment of a national curriculum. This was to raise the quality of
education that all students received. In addition to quality, they were starting to
create ways for equal access to education no matter the students’ social,
economic, linguistic, racial, or geographical circumstances.
The requirements to become a teacher were set higher. In addition to the
national curriculum for children, a new curriculum for aspiring teachers was
also made that balanced theory with hands on experience. It required that
those wishing to become teachers would have to earn a master’s degree. The
reform also required that teachers earn a reasonable wage. Since the process
of becoming a teacher is so difficult, Finnish society gives them as much
respect as doctors and lawyers even though they are paid less.
Increase in the number of people participating in schools on all
levels. Primary school was made mandatory for children starting at the ages of
seven to 16 years old . This was made possible by creating more equitable
access.

9. Education Reforms in Recent History
The original form was very centralized but later became
decentralized in the 1980’s. From the 1970’s to 1990’s the number
of students increased in all levels (Lankinen, 12/11/2013).
After the fall of the Soviet Union in 1991, Finland made efforts to
join the European Union (EU). Finland suffered from economic
depression and the unemployment rate rose to 10%. The Finnish
perspective on education changed “…as existing in order to serve
the citizen, whereas, in the past, individuals were educated as
citizens in order to serve society” (Kivirauma, 5). This perspective
was made standard practice in 1999 with state legislation.

10. Until the sixteenth century, the Roman Catholic Church was
responsible for education. After the Protestant Reformation,
Denmark was one of the first European countries to establish a
national Lutheran Church, and the Church had a huge historical
influence on Danish education. The foundations of the system,
stemming from Reformation statutes of the 1530s, survived until
the end of the nineteenth century. In 1536, the State took over
the grammar schools from the Catholic Church, and the history
of the Danish national education system may be said to have
begun from this date. State supremacy was accepted and even
promoted by the Lutherans, with the result that the Church and
the State were never in conflict.

11. The later development has been motivated by the national State
and has been strongly influenced by the fact that Denmark was
an agricultural society until World War II. Since then, a rapid
development of the industrial and service sectors has taken
place, and the development of the educational system may be
regarded as a specific consequence of modernization.

12. The impact of modernization and novel philosophies of education
was felt in three different directions, all related to social class. The
most famous direction was the growing class of independent
farmers, liberated from landlords and influenced by the
revolutionary democratic trends in the rest of Europe. The result
was a Free School Movement, which owes its origin to the ideas
of N. F. S. Grundtvig—poet, clergyman and philosopher. Grundtvig
criticized the grammar schools for being too academic and elitist,
and was opposed to the rigid style of the Church. He defended a
more joyous and lively religious practice. He believed in the
"necessity of the living word for the awakening of life and the
transmission of the spirit," as well as in the development of basic
skills.

13. This rather romantic idea of a Nordic popular culture was to be
promoted by folk high schools outside the control of the State. In 1852,
Kristen Kold founded the first of many Scandinavian folk high schools.
These schools had no entrance or leaving examinations, and
instruction was confined to lectures. Students were generally adults
from 18 to 30 years of age. The teaching included—with local
variations—history, religion, Danish language and literature,
mathematics, science, gymnastics, and practical farm work. The terms
were five residential winter months and three residential summer
months. This tradition of schooling based on an agricultural rural class
endured until after World War II and has remained a part of nonformal
Danish education, influencing the state school system and offering
alternative schools of liberal as well as practical education.

14. During the nineteenth century, the rise of urban merchant classes
needing a more practical type of schooling led to a secularization of the
State school system, with the inclusion of modern languages and science
in the curriculum. At the beginning of the twentieth century, a modern
system of general education had thus already taken shape in the cities
and towns, comprising the folkeskole ("school of the people") at the
elementary level and the mellemskole ("middle school") at the middle
level. The former Latin grammar schools were replaced by real-
skoler (lower secondary schools). A three-year upper secondary school,
or gymnasium, prepared students for university education of the German
Humboldt'ian type. For another half century, however, the modernization
mainly affected secondary education in urban communities. It was a very
selective education system with a strong class bias, the streaming (or
channeling) taking place at the mellemskolelevel.

15. The influence of the growing working class led to a demand for a
more egalitarian school system. The labor movement secured
public funding of primary schools and evening classes. The
selectivity in admission to secondary education, however,
remained unchallenged. Urban and rural communities had
different types of school systems until the 1950s.

16. Public spending on education, total (% of GDP)
in Finland was reported at 7.1681 % in 2014,
according to the World Bank collection of
development indicators, compiled from officially
recognized sources.
The Finland’s GDP as of 2014 is 272.6
billion USD.

17. Public spending on education, total (% of GDP)
in Denmark was reported at 8.6271 % in 2013,
according to the World Bank collection of
development indicators, compiled from officially
recognized sources.
As of 2013, Denmark’s GDP is 343.6 billion
USD.

18. Providing equal opportunities for all citizens to
high-quality education and training is a long-term
objective of the Finnish education policy. The key
words in Finnish education policy are quality,
efficiency, equity and internationalization. The basic
right to education and culture is recorded in the
Constitution. The policy is built on the principles of
lifelong learning and free education. Education is
seen as a key to competitiveness and wellbeing of
the society.

19. High quality education at all levels is essential
to ensure competitiveness in today’s globalized
world. This is why education is a key priority in
Denmark. With their high academic standards
combined with innovative learning approaches, the
Danish institutions are preparing their students to
play an active role in a globalized, knowledge
based society.

21. Educational system in Finland is mainly financed by the
Government as well as the local authorities jointly. The
Government and the Ministry of Education and Culture
create and execute the education policy.
While in Denmark, Education is a key priority. The Danish
public schooling and education system is financed by taxes
and therefore free of charge.

22. HIGHLY TRAINED
MASTER’S DEGREE
PROFESSIONALLY
AUTONOMOUS
DOCTORAL DEGREE
ECTS

23. FINLAND
• Kindergarten teacher – 2,600 €;
• Class teacher (primary education) –
3,500 €;
• Subject teacher (general upper
secondary) – 4,500 €;
• Vocational studies teacher (VET) –
3,900 €;
• Principal (lower secondary education)
– 5,500 €;
• Principal (general upper secondary) –
5,900 €; and
• The average salary in the municipal
sector in Finland 2016 is 3,050 €.
• Preschool Teacher - $25,800;
• Kindergarten Teacher - $52,530;
• Elementary School Teacher - $53,450;
• Middle School Teacher - $55,470;
• High School Teacher - $51,110;
• PE Teacher - $25,950;
• Substitute Teacher (Hourly) - $14.64/hr;
• Teaching Assistant - $29,960;
• Special Ed. (Kindergarten & Elementary) -
$53,470;
• Special Ed. (Middle School) - $54,910;
• Special Ed. (High School) - $60,620;
• School Administrators (Preschool) - $42,540;
• School Administrators (Elementary, Middle, &
High School) - $96,060;
• Guidance & School Counselors - $57,460; and
• School Librarian - $59,110.
DENMARK

24. According to OECD.Stat, the average class size of
Finland in Primary education is 19 while in Denmark is
20.6. For the Lower secondary, the average class size of
Finland is 19.7 and in Denmark is 21.1. The data were
extracted on May 16, 2018.

25. • Finnish teachers’ competences not standardized
nor evaluated externally.
• Drop-out from general upper secondary education
in Finland is very low.
• Major milestone for educational collaboration
between Finland and China – First students
receive Finnish vocational education qualification
certificates in Shanghai.

26. • Obligatory Credit with Absurd Results.
• Students Forced to Choose Unplanned Degrees.
• Less Freedom of Choice.
• Exam Retakes at an All-Time High.
• No Student Instructors.
• Start-ups are Stopping.
• Internships are Econimically Unviable.
• Less Time for Student Jobs.
• IT System Can’t Keep Up.
• Administration is Under Pressure.

28. • http://www.worldometers.info/world-population/finland-population/
• http://www.worldometers.info/world-population/denmark-
population/
• https://www.oph.fi/english/education_system_education_policy
• https://tradingeconomics.com/finland/public-spending-on-
education-total-percent-of-gdp-wb-data.html
• https://www.google.com/search?ei=3YP5WsufIZHy8AXC_ryYAQ
&q=Finland+gdp+2014&oq=Finland+gdp+2014&gs_l=psy-
ab.3..0i22i30k1l7.185270.189475.0.189756.16.12.0.4.4.0.206.178
1.0j9j1.10.0....0...1c.1.64.psy-
ab..2.14.1826...0j0i67k1.0.GQ0a45dbGHA

29. • http://denmark.dk/en/society/welfare/education-for-all
• https://www.google.com/search?ei=aob5WvGrCYb08QXv-
aTAAQ&q=denmark+GDP+2013&oq=denmark+GDP+2013&gs_l
=psy-
ab.3..0i22i30k1l5.73843.79154.0.79710.16.14.0.2.2.0.233.1998.0j
6j4.10.0....0...1c.1.64.psy-
ab..4.12.2026...0j0i67k1.0.VAdNKVg6PmE
• http://www.finlandeducation.info/Education-System/Education-
Structure-in-Finland.html
• http://studyindenmark.dk/study-options/the-danish-way-of-
teaching-1/the-danish-way-of-teaching-1

30. • http://www.denmarkeducation.info/Education-System/structure-of-
education-system.html
• http://www.finlandeducation.info/Education-System/index.html
• http://www.denmarkeducation.info/Education-System/Index.html
• https://www.workindenmark.dk/Moving-to-DK/Bring-your-
family/School-and-Education
• https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Education_Minister_of_Denmark
• https://ufm.dk/en/education/the-danish-education-system/general-
organisation-and-administration
• http://www.finlandeducation.info/Education-System/Educational-
Authorities-in-Finland.html

31. • https://www.oph.fi/english/education_system/teacher_education
• http://timssandpirls.bc.edu/timss2015/encyclopedia/countries/denmark
/teachers-teacher-education-and-professional-development/
• https://jobs.teacher.org/school-district/denmark-school-district/
• http://ncee.org/what-we-do/center-on-international-education-
benchmarking/top-performing-countries/finland-overview/finland-
teacher-and-principal-quality/
• https://www.oph.fi/download/175015_education_in_Finland.pdf
• https://stats.oecd.org/Index.aspx?DataSetCode=EDU_CLASS
• https://www.oph.fi/english/current_issues
• https://uniavisen.dk/en/danish-study-progress-reform-10-biggest-
issues/

32. • http://sites.miis.edu/sarahr/research-topics/the-education-system-of-
finland/history-of-education-in-finland/
• http://education.stateuniversity.com/pages/368/Denmark-HISTORY-
BACKGROUND.html
• <a href="http://education.stateuniversity.com/pages/368/Denmark-
HISTORY-BACKGROUND.html">Denmark - History Background</a>
• https://www.worldatlas.com/eu/fi/where-is-finland.html
• https://www.worldatlas.com/eu/dk/where-is-denmark.html