Irish immigration overview
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The Irish left their homeland due to push and pull factors. The potato famine, or potato blight, ruined crops in Ireland in the 1840s, leaving many farmers impoverished and starving (push factor). Many Irish immigrants arrived in Scotland during this time. Before 1840, Irish could get passage to Scotland for only 6 pence, allowing temporary work, and this was a pull factor. Most Irish settlers lived in western Scotland near Glasgow and Dundee, working low-skilled manual jobs like mining, shipbuilding, and textile work. They faced hostility from Scots due to tensions over jobs and religion, but still formed strong Irish communities within Scottish society.
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Irish immigration
Due to crop failures caused by the potato blight in the 1840s and oppressive English landlords, over one million Irish people immigrated to America between 1820 and 1860. Many Irish immigrants arrived in America with nothing after enduring dangerous journeys in overcrowded "coffin ships". In America, the Irish faced discrimination and struggled to find work, often taking on low-paying, dangerous jobs. However, their service in the Civil War helped the Irish gain acceptance in American society over time.
Irish immigration to Scotland overview
The Irish immigrants arrived in large numbers in Scotland during the 1840s due to the potato famine in Ireland which left many impoverished and starving. While some Irish immigrants came to Scotland for temporary work (PUSH factors), others were drawn by the prospect of passage for only 6 pence and job opportunities, especially in harvesting and construction (PULL factors). Most Irish settlers lived in western Scotland where they worked low-skilled manual jobs, though many faced sectarianism and poverty. Despite hostility from Scots, the Irish immigrants established strong communities that helped them assimilate into Scottish society.
Irish immigration
Irish immigrants began coming to America in large numbers in the 1840s due to the potato famine and resulting poverty in Ireland. They faced difficult conditions on overcrowded ships during the journey and often lived in poor quality shanty towns with little money or resources upon arrival. While they faced discrimination and stereotyping, Irish immigrants eventually established communities and found work in areas like canals, railroads, and factories. As more generations were born in America, assimilated and gained opportunities, the social and economic status of Irish immigrants and their descendants significantly improved by the late 1800s and early 1900s.
Irish Immigration
The Great Potato Famine in Ireland in 1845 caused millions of Irish people to immigrate to the United States seeking opportunities and relief from starvation. Many Irish settlers arrived in major East Coast ports and cities like New York and Boston between the late 1840s and early 1900s, where they faced prejudice as Catholics but eventually found work in factories, on railroads, and as domestic servants. While the Irish immigrants encountered obstacles as immigrants, they went on to make significant contributions to American history, politics, and culture.
Irish immigration to nz
The Irish immigrants brought Catholicism and a tradition of storytelling to New Zealand starting in the early 1800s. They faced racism and negative stereotypes but also contributed positively through their commitment to family, humor, and involvement in politics and farming. Irish culture has influenced New Zealand's identity, with traditions like pubs and celebrations of St. Patrick's Day still prevalent today.
Irish and Other Europeans in the West
Irish and other European immigrants played important roles in Westward expansion in the 19th century. Many Irish immigrants came during the Great Potato Famine and lived in poor conditions in cities on the East Coast. They took difficult and dangerous jobs building railroads and mining in the West that others did not want. While they faced exploitation and discrimination, Irish immigrants ultimately helped settle communities throughout the Western United States through their hard work on railroads and in mines.
Migration & Empire: Background/Introduction to the course
Scotland experienced significant population shifts in the 19th century as a result of industrialization and economic changes. Rural Scots moved south to English cities or emigrated overseas in search of better living conditions and opportunities. Many young people left, taking their skills with them. At the same time, immigrants arrived in Scotland, including Irish fleeing the potato famine, and Jews and Eastern Europeans fleeing religious and political persecution. Scotland was seen as a temporary stopping point by some groups on their way to other lands like America.
Scots abroad
Scots who emigrated were often very successful in their new home countries. They had a strong work ethic, could adapt well to new climates and environments, and formed supportive communities. Many Scots possessed skills in farming, trades, commerce, and professions that were in high demand in places like the US, Canada, Australia, and New Zealand. As a result, some Scots emigrants achieved great individual success, including Andrew Carnegie becoming the richest man in America and Scots holding high political positions like Prime Minister in other countries. However, about one third of Scots emigrants eventually returned home due to factors like homesickness, failure to prosper, harsher climates than expected, and intentions to only stay temporarily.
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Irish immigration
Due to crop failures caused by the potato blight in the 1840s and oppressive English landlords, over one million Irish people immigrated to America between 1820 and 1860. Many Irish immigrants arrived in America with nothing after enduring dangerous journeys in overcrowded "coffin ships". In America, the Irish faced discrimination and struggled to find work, often taking on low-paying, dangerous jobs. However, their service in the Civil War helped the Irish gain acceptance in American society over time.
Irish immigration to Scotland overview
The Irish immigrants arrived in large numbers in Scotland during the 1840s due to the potato famine in Ireland which left many impoverished and starving. While some Irish immigrants came to Scotland for temporary work (PUSH factors), others were drawn by the prospect of passage for only 6 pence and job opportunities, especially in harvesting and construction (PULL factors). Most Irish settlers lived in western Scotland where they worked low-skilled manual jobs, though many faced sectarianism and poverty. Despite hostility from Scots, the Irish immigrants established strong communities that helped them assimilate into Scottish society.
Irish immigration
Irish immigrants began coming to America in large numbers in the 1840s due to the potato famine and resulting poverty in Ireland. They faced difficult conditions on overcrowded ships during the journey and often lived in poor quality shanty towns with little money or resources upon arrival. While they faced discrimination and stereotyping, Irish immigrants eventually established communities and found work in areas like canals, railroads, and factories. As more generations were born in America, assimilated and gained opportunities, the social and economic status of Irish immigrants and their descendants significantly improved by the late 1800s and early 1900s.
Irish Immigration
The Great Potato Famine in Ireland in 1845 caused millions of Irish people to immigrate to the United States seeking opportunities and relief from starvation. Many Irish settlers arrived in major East Coast ports and cities like New York and Boston between the late 1840s and early 1900s, where they faced prejudice as Catholics but eventually found work in factories, on railroads, and as domestic servants. While the Irish immigrants encountered obstacles as immigrants, they went on to make significant contributions to American history, politics, and culture.
Irish immigration to nz
The Irish immigrants brought Catholicism and a tradition of storytelling to New Zealand starting in the early 1800s. They faced racism and negative stereotypes but also contributed positively through their commitment to family, humor, and involvement in politics and farming. Irish culture has influenced New Zealand's identity, with traditions like pubs and celebrations of St. Patrick's Day still prevalent today.
Irish and Other Europeans in the West
Irish and other European immigrants played important roles in Westward expansion in the 19th century. Many Irish immigrants came during the Great Potato Famine and lived in poor conditions in cities on the East Coast. They took difficult and dangerous jobs building railroads and mining in the West that others did not want. While they faced exploitation and discrimination, Irish immigrants ultimately helped settle communities throughout the Western United States through their hard work on railroads and in mines.
Migration & Empire: Background/Introduction to the course
Scotland experienced significant population shifts in the 19th century as a result of industrialization and economic changes. Rural Scots moved south to English cities or emigrated overseas in search of better living conditions and opportunities. Many young people left, taking their skills with them. At the same time, immigrants arrived in Scotland, including Irish fleeing the potato famine, and Jews and Eastern Europeans fleeing religious and political persecution. Scotland was seen as a temporary stopping point by some groups on their way to other lands like America.
Scots abroad
Scots who emigrated were often very successful in their new home countries. They had a strong work ethic, could adapt well to new climates and environments, and formed supportive communities. Many Scots possessed skills in farming, trades, commerce, and professions that were in high demand in places like the US, Canada, Australia, and New Zealand. As a result, some Scots emigrants achieved great individual success, including Andrew Carnegie becoming the richest man in America and Scots holding high political positions like Prime Minister in other countries. However, about one third of Scots emigrants eventually returned home due to factors like homesickness, failure to prosper, harsher climates than expected, and intentions to only stay temporarily.
higher migration and empire - reasons for emigrant scots' failure
Some emigrant Scots were unsuccessful in their new homes for several reasons: problems with native peoples over land disputes sometimes led to violence; the weather and climate in places like Australia, Canada, and New Zealand presented difficulties for farming and survival; the land some Scots received was often poorer quality than promised; isolation from towns and other people caused loneliness and homesickness; economic crises and competition negatively impacted employment; speaking only Gaelic caused issues in English-speaking areas; and poor reputations from past crimes or negative stereotypes made it hard to find work.
higher migration and empire - impact of scots on native peoples (by country)
When Scottish emigrants moved to countries like Australia, Canada, India, and New Zealand in the 19th century, they often came into contact and conflict with the native peoples over issues like land, trade, and religion. In many areas, the Scots and natives initially had positive relations through trade and cultural exchanges, but tensions usually arose from Scottish settlement that took native lands and disrupted traditional ways of life. These tensions sometimes led to open violence and warfare between groups. While some Scots integrated through marriage or missionary work, the overall impact on native populations was often negative due to disease, cultural disruption, and violence between groups competing for the same resources.
higher migration and empire - impact of immigrants in scotland economy
Immigration to Scotland during the 1800s and early 1900s had a major economic impact. Immigrants worked in a variety of jobs, including farms, factories, and infrastructure projects. While some Scottish workers resented immigrants for lowering wages, employers argued they needed immigrant labor. Over time, immigrants also started their own successful businesses, like Italian cafes and Jewish clothing stores, creating more jobs and economic opportunities in Scotland.
higher migration and empire - scottish attitudes to immigrants
Many Scots opposed immigration to Scotland in the 1800s-1900s due to concerns about living conditions, jobs, and maintaining Scottish culture and identity. Immigrants often moved into overcrowded housing, lowering wages, and maintained separate religious and cultural communities. However, other Scots welcomed immigrants, who filled labor shortages and helped expand industries. While tensions existed, immigrants also integrated over time and contributed to Scotland through participation in unions and politics. Major events like wars could both improve relations at times but also increase tensions against certain groups.
higher migration and empire - impact of scots on native peoples (by issue)
When Scottish emigrants moved to countries like Australia, Canada, India, and New Zealand, they had varying impacts on the native peoples. In some areas, positive relationships formed through trade, but conflicts often arose over land disputes as Scots sought property for farming. This led to violence in places like Australia and New Zealand. Additionally, Scottish missionaries attempted to spread Christianity, which native peoples sometimes resented as it dismissed their own beliefs. The introduction of European education systems also weakened native cultures. Overall, while there were some beneficial connections, the arrival of Scots frequently disrupted and harmed indigenous populations.
H
The document discusses various push factors that led to large-scale emigration from the Scottish Highlands between the 1800s-1900s. It identifies overpopulation and subdivision of farmland as causing farms to be too small to support families. Farming was difficult due to poor soil quality and harsh climate. The potato famine further exacerbated food insecurity. Alternative industries like kelp and fishing collapsed leaving few jobs. Highlanders suffered from poverty, poor housing conditions, and isolation. Finally, the Highland Clearances forced many from their homes so the land could be used for more profitable sheep farming and hunting, with some forcibly evicted and their homes burned.
Impact on the Caribbean
The document provides information about the impact of the slave trade on the Caribbean, including:
1) Over 1.6 million slaves were taken to the Caribbean by Britain to work on sugar cane plantations, which devastated the native Arawak population and destroyed much of the natural landscape.
2) Slaves endured extremely poor treatment and dangerous working conditions, with 25% dying within three years of arrival. This led to increased revolts.
3) The slave trade transformed the population and culture of the Caribbean but also caused lack of workers after abolition and demands for compensation from European nations due to the lasting impacts.
higher migration and empire - immigrants in scotland jews
Jewish immigrants began arriving in Scotland in the 1800s/early 1900s, settling mainly in Glasgow to escape pogroms in Eastern Europe. They faced difficulties practicing their faith due to a lack of synagogues and faced discrimination from some Christian Scots. However, as synagogues and community organizations were established, and they gained economic opportunities, Jewish identity and life became firmly established in Scotland's urban centers despite facing some prejudice.
higher migration and empire - scots in new zealand
Between 1830-1939, many Scottish emigrants moved to New Zealand, significantly impacting the colony's economy, culture, and relations with native Maori. Scots established farms, businesses, industries like mining and logging, and institutions such as universities, schools, and churches. However, conflicts often arose with the Maori people over land ownership and religious differences, culminating in the New Zealand Wars from 1845-1872 that resulted in thousands of deaths. While some positive relationships and trade occurred initially, tensions generally existed between the Scottish settlers and the native Maori population they displaced.
higher migration and empire - impact of the empire on scotland
Being part of the British Empire had significant impacts on Scotland's economy, people, and military. The economy benefited from jobs in factories producing goods for export throughout the Empire. Glasgow shipyards built vessels for global trade. Many Scots emigrated to seek opportunities in Canada and Australia while others immigrated to Scotland. Scots also played a major role in Britain's military, joining the armed forces and rising to leadership positions to defend Imperial interests around the world.
higher migration and empire - impact of immigrants in scotland society
Immigration to Scotland between 1830-1939 significantly impacted Scottish society in several ways. Large numbers of Irish, Italian, Lithuanian and Jewish immigrants helped increase Scotland's population as many Scots were emigrating. These immigrants established religious communities that built churches and synagogues. They also intermarried with Scots and faced discrimination in schools. The influx of immigrants strained housing and increased overcrowding and disease. However, immigrants also influenced politics by helping establish the Labor Party and engaging in unions to improve workers' rights.
Migration and Empire - reasons for immigration to scotland
People immigrated to Scotland in the 1800s-early 1900s for several reasons:
1) To escape poverty caused by events like the Irish Potato Famine and lack of opportunities in their home countries of Ireland, Italy, and Lithuania.
2) To find employment, as Scotland had jobs available in industries like farming, factories, and migrants also started their own businesses.
3) To avoid religious and political persecution, like Jews fleeing pogroms in Russia and Eastern Europe, and Lithuanians escaping Russian rule.
4) As a temporary stop on the way to their ultimate destination of the United States, since Scotland provided opportunities to earn money for transatlantic travel.
MS/C
Colonial governments, recruiting agents, the British government, charities, missionary societies, Highland landowners, and family and friends all played roles in supporting or coercing Scottish emigration between 1830-1939. Colonial governments and recruiting agents encouraged emigration to build up populations and workforces. The British government also supported emigration to develop the Empire and address economic problems at home by providing assistance with travel costs, land, and training. Some Scots faced coercion to emigrate, such as crofters evicted from their lands by Highland landlords. [/SUMMARY]
Scottish Immigration
The first Scottish immigrants arrived in the early 1600s, settling primarily in Virginia and New England. Many Scots came involuntarily due to poverty or to avoid prison, while some received payment to immigrate and work for seven years before establishing independent lives. The Scottish brought cultural contributions like music, food, drinks, and language. In America, they found more opportunities for social mobility and success in occupations like farming, the military, and industry. Initially viewed negatively by other European immigrants, the Scots eventually dispelled stereotypes through hard work and material achievements in their new homeland.
PF
The document discusses various "pull factors" that encouraged Scottish emigration in the 1800s-1900s. It explains that Scots were attracted to opportunities for employment, higher wages, land ownership, family connections, religious missionary work, and faster steam ship travel in places like Canada, Australia, and the United States. Jobs were promised in industries like farming, mining, and the civil service. Wages for some professions could be over three times higher abroad. Emigrants could receive free or cheap land, improving prospects for farmers. Family already overseas provided support. Some Scots traveled to spread Christianity or for missionary work. Faster steam ships cut travel time significantly, making long journeys more feasible.
Higher Migration and Empire - Scots in Canada
During the 1800s and 1900s, large numbers of Scottish emigrants traveled to Canada, having a significant impact on its economic, cultural, and social development. Scots contributed to industries like farming, mining, timber, and railroads. They also founded many businesses and banks. Culturally, Scots influenced politics, education, place names, and sports. While some Scots had positive relations with native peoples and learned survival skills from them, conflicts often arose over land and attempts to convert natives to Christianity, resulting in rebellions and government policies that oppressed indigenous populations.
1910 Scotland
Scotland in 1910 was experiencing both economic and social challenges. Politically, the Scottish Labour Party was advocating for social reforms to improve housing, healthcare, and education for the working class. Glasgow remained an important industrial center due to shipbuilding and steel production, but its dominance was threatened by increasing global competition. Living conditions in rapidly growing cities were often overcrowded and unsanitary, with many workers living in poverty. While the British Empire still provided opportunities for Scots abroad, internal problems at home threatened Scotland's position ahead of World War I.
SSO
The document discusses several reasons for the success of Scottish emigrants overseas, including their British nationality, English language skills, education, reputation for hard work, valuable skills, entrepreneurship, and the existence of Scottish communities abroad. However, it also notes that not all Scottish emigrants found success and many faced problems like poverty, unemployment, and loneliness.
nz
Between 1830-1939, many Scottish emigrants moved to New Zealand, having a significant impact. Around one quarter of UK emigrants to New Zealand during 1880-1915 were Scottish. Scots influenced New Zealand's development through skills in industries like farming, which they brought from Scotland. However, relations with native Maori peoples were often strained due to land disputes and conflicts over territory. While some positive relationships formed, this also led to violence and war between the two groups in the mid-1800s. Overall, Scottish emigrants played a major role in developing New Zealand's economy, society and culture while relations with native Maori were complicated.
Scottish identity
Scottish settlers preserved their culture by giving Scottish names to places they settled, like Perth in Australia and Nova Scotia in Canada. They also established organizations in countries like New Zealand and the United States to celebrate their Scottish heritage through activities such as highland games, pipe bands, and Burns clubs. Important Scottish holidays continue to be commemorated, showing how Scots maintained their identity even after emigrating.
Immigration In Central America
This document discusses migration between Central America and the United States. It covers push and pull factors that influence migration decisions, including violence, economic opportunities, and family ties. The document also outlines Obama's proposed comprehensive immigration policy, which aims to secure borders, improve the immigration system, and provide a path to citizenship for undocumented immigrants. Finally, it presents photos from Alex Webb's collection "Crossings" that depict the difficult journey migrants face traveling through Mexico to reach the US border.
Immigration Push & Pull factors
An immigrant is a person who moves from one country or region to another to make a new home. People immigrate due to push factors that push them out of their home country or pull factors that attract them to a new area. In the past, ads were placed in newspapers and magazines trying to pull people to new places by promoting opportunities, free land, and improving conditions. Between 1860-1920, many immigrants came to Minnesota from Germany, Sweden, and Norway due to factors pushing them from their homelands like poverty, lack of jobs, and famine. Current immigration to Minnesota comes from Latin America, Asia, and Africa.
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higher migration and empire - reasons for emigrant scots' failure
Some emigrant Scots were unsuccessful in their new homes for several reasons: problems with native peoples over land disputes sometimes led to violence; the weather and climate in places like Australia, Canada, and New Zealand presented difficulties for farming and survival; the land some Scots received was often poorer quality than promised; isolation from towns and other people caused loneliness and homesickness; economic crises and competition negatively impacted employment; speaking only Gaelic caused issues in English-speaking areas; and poor reputations from past crimes or negative stereotypes made it hard to find work.
higher migration and empire - impact of scots on native peoples (by country)
When Scottish emigrants moved to countries like Australia, Canada, India, and New Zealand in the 19th century, they often came into contact and conflict with the native peoples over issues like land, trade, and religion. In many areas, the Scots and natives initially had positive relations through trade and cultural exchanges, but tensions usually arose from Scottish settlement that took native lands and disrupted traditional ways of life. These tensions sometimes led to open violence and warfare between groups. While some Scots integrated through marriage or missionary work, the overall impact on native populations was often negative due to disease, cultural disruption, and violence between groups competing for the same resources.
higher migration and empire - impact of immigrants in scotland economy
Immigration to Scotland during the 1800s and early 1900s had a major economic impact. Immigrants worked in a variety of jobs, including farms, factories, and infrastructure projects. While some Scottish workers resented immigrants for lowering wages, employers argued they needed immigrant labor. Over time, immigrants also started their own successful businesses, like Italian cafes and Jewish clothing stores, creating more jobs and economic opportunities in Scotland.
higher migration and empire - scottish attitudes to immigrants
Many Scots opposed immigration to Scotland in the 1800s-1900s due to concerns about living conditions, jobs, and maintaining Scottish culture and identity. Immigrants often moved into overcrowded housing, lowering wages, and maintained separate religious and cultural communities. However, other Scots welcomed immigrants, who filled labor shortages and helped expand industries. While tensions existed, immigrants also integrated over time and contributed to Scotland through participation in unions and politics. Major events like wars could both improve relations at times but also increase tensions against certain groups.
higher migration and empire - impact of scots on native peoples (by issue)
When Scottish emigrants moved to countries like Australia, Canada, India, and New Zealand, they had varying impacts on the native peoples. In some areas, positive relationships formed through trade, but conflicts often arose over land disputes as Scots sought property for farming. This led to violence in places like Australia and New Zealand. Additionally, Scottish missionaries attempted to spread Christianity, which native peoples sometimes resented as it dismissed their own beliefs. The introduction of European education systems also weakened native cultures. Overall, while there were some beneficial connections, the arrival of Scots frequently disrupted and harmed indigenous populations.
H
The document discusses various push factors that led to large-scale emigration from the Scottish Highlands between the 1800s-1900s. It identifies overpopulation and subdivision of farmland as causing farms to be too small to support families. Farming was difficult due to poor soil quality and harsh climate. The potato famine further exacerbated food insecurity. Alternative industries like kelp and fishing collapsed leaving few jobs. Highlanders suffered from poverty, poor housing conditions, and isolation. Finally, the Highland Clearances forced many from their homes so the land could be used for more profitable sheep farming and hunting, with some forcibly evicted and their homes burned.
Impact on the Caribbean
The document provides information about the impact of the slave trade on the Caribbean, including:
1) Over 1.6 million slaves were taken to the Caribbean by Britain to work on sugar cane plantations, which devastated the native Arawak population and destroyed much of the natural landscape.
2) Slaves endured extremely poor treatment and dangerous working conditions, with 25% dying within three years of arrival. This led to increased revolts.
3) The slave trade transformed the population and culture of the Caribbean but also caused lack of workers after abolition and demands for compensation from European nations due to the lasting impacts.
higher migration and empire - immigrants in scotland jews
Jewish immigrants began arriving in Scotland in the 1800s/early 1900s, settling mainly in Glasgow to escape pogroms in Eastern Europe. They faced difficulties practicing their faith due to a lack of synagogues and faced discrimination from some Christian Scots. However, as synagogues and community organizations were established, and they gained economic opportunities, Jewish identity and life became firmly established in Scotland's urban centers despite facing some prejudice.
higher migration and empire - scots in new zealand
Between 1830-1939, many Scottish emigrants moved to New Zealand, significantly impacting the colony's economy, culture, and relations with native Maori. Scots established farms, businesses, industries like mining and logging, and institutions such as universities, schools, and churches. However, conflicts often arose with the Maori people over land ownership and religious differences, culminating in the New Zealand Wars from 1845-1872 that resulted in thousands of deaths. While some positive relationships and trade occurred initially, tensions generally existed between the Scottish settlers and the native Maori population they displaced.
higher migration and empire - impact of the empire on scotland
Being part of the British Empire had significant impacts on Scotland's economy, people, and military. The economy benefited from jobs in factories producing goods for export throughout the Empire. Glasgow shipyards built vessels for global trade. Many Scots emigrated to seek opportunities in Canada and Australia while others immigrated to Scotland. Scots also played a major role in Britain's military, joining the armed forces and rising to leadership positions to defend Imperial interests around the world.
higher migration and empire - impact of immigrants in scotland society
Immigration to Scotland between 1830-1939 significantly impacted Scottish society in several ways. Large numbers of Irish, Italian, Lithuanian and Jewish immigrants helped increase Scotland's population as many Scots were emigrating. These immigrants established religious communities that built churches and synagogues. They also intermarried with Scots and faced discrimination in schools. The influx of immigrants strained housing and increased overcrowding and disease. However, immigrants also influenced politics by helping establish the Labor Party and engaging in unions to improve workers' rights.
Migration and Empire - reasons for immigration to scotland
People immigrated to Scotland in the 1800s-early 1900s for several reasons:
1) To escape poverty caused by events like the Irish Potato Famine and lack of opportunities in their home countries of Ireland, Italy, and Lithuania.
2) To find employment, as Scotland had jobs available in industries like farming, factories, and migrants also started their own businesses.
3) To avoid religious and political persecution, like Jews fleeing pogroms in Russia and Eastern Europe, and Lithuanians escaping Russian rule.
4) As a temporary stop on the way to their ultimate destination of the United States, since Scotland provided opportunities to earn money for transatlantic travel.
MS/C
Colonial governments, recruiting agents, the British government, charities, missionary societies, Highland landowners, and family and friends all played roles in supporting or coercing Scottish emigration between 1830-1939. Colonial governments and recruiting agents encouraged emigration to build up populations and workforces. The British government also supported emigration to develop the Empire and address economic problems at home by providing assistance with travel costs, land, and training. Some Scots faced coercion to emigrate, such as crofters evicted from their lands by Highland landlords. [/SUMMARY]
Scottish Immigration
The first Scottish immigrants arrived in the early 1600s, settling primarily in Virginia and New England. Many Scots came involuntarily due to poverty or to avoid prison, while some received payment to immigrate and work for seven years before establishing independent lives. The Scottish brought cultural contributions like music, food, drinks, and language. In America, they found more opportunities for social mobility and success in occupations like farming, the military, and industry. Initially viewed negatively by other European immigrants, the Scots eventually dispelled stereotypes through hard work and material achievements in their new homeland.
PF
The document discusses various "pull factors" that encouraged Scottish emigration in the 1800s-1900s. It explains that Scots were attracted to opportunities for employment, higher wages, land ownership, family connections, religious missionary work, and faster steam ship travel in places like Canada, Australia, and the United States. Jobs were promised in industries like farming, mining, and the civil service. Wages for some professions could be over three times higher abroad. Emigrants could receive free or cheap land, improving prospects for farmers. Family already overseas provided support. Some Scots traveled to spread Christianity or for missionary work. Faster steam ships cut travel time significantly, making long journeys more feasible.
Higher Migration and Empire - Scots in Canada
During the 1800s and 1900s, large numbers of Scottish emigrants traveled to Canada, having a significant impact on its economic, cultural, and social development. Scots contributed to industries like farming, mining, timber, and railroads. They also founded many businesses and banks. Culturally, Scots influenced politics, education, place names, and sports. While some Scots had positive relations with native peoples and learned survival skills from them, conflicts often arose over land and attempts to convert natives to Christianity, resulting in rebellions and government policies that oppressed indigenous populations.
1910 Scotland
Scotland in 1910 was experiencing both economic and social challenges. Politically, the Scottish Labour Party was advocating for social reforms to improve housing, healthcare, and education for the working class. Glasgow remained an important industrial center due to shipbuilding and steel production, but its dominance was threatened by increasing global competition. Living conditions in rapidly growing cities were often overcrowded and unsanitary, with many workers living in poverty. While the British Empire still provided opportunities for Scots abroad, internal problems at home threatened Scotland's position ahead of World War I.
SSO
The document discusses several reasons for the success of Scottish emigrants overseas, including their British nationality, English language skills, education, reputation for hard work, valuable skills, entrepreneurship, and the existence of Scottish communities abroad. However, it also notes that not all Scottish emigrants found success and many faced problems like poverty, unemployment, and loneliness.
nz
Between 1830-1939, many Scottish emigrants moved to New Zealand, having a significant impact. Around one quarter of UK emigrants to New Zealand during 1880-1915 were Scottish. Scots influenced New Zealand's development through skills in industries like farming, which they brought from Scotland. However, relations with native Maori peoples were often strained due to land disputes and conflicts over territory. While some positive relationships formed, this also led to violence and war between the two groups in the mid-1800s. Overall, Scottish emigrants played a major role in developing New Zealand's economy, society and culture while relations with native Maori were complicated.
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higher migration and empire - reasons for emigrant scots' failure
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higher migration and empire - scottish attitudes to immigrants
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higher migration and empire - impact of scots on native peoples (by issue)
higher migration and empire - immigrants in scotland jews
higher migration and empire - immigrants in scotland jews
higher migration and empire - scots in new zealand
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higher migration and empire - impact of the empire on scotland
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higher migration and empire - impact of immigrants in scotland society
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Migration and Empire - reasons for immigration to scotland
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Scottish identity
Scottish settlers preserved their culture by giving Scottish names to places they settled, like Perth in Australia and Nova Scotia in Canada. They also established organizations in countries like New Zealand and the United States to celebrate their Scottish heritage through activities such as highland games, pipe bands, and Burns clubs. Important Scottish holidays continue to be commemorated, showing how Scots maintained their identity even after emigrating.
Immigration In Central America
This document discusses migration between Central America and the United States. It covers push and pull factors that influence migration decisions, including violence, economic opportunities, and family ties. The document also outlines Obama's proposed comprehensive immigration policy, which aims to secure borders, improve the immigration system, and provide a path to citizenship for undocumented immigrants. Finally, it presents photos from Alex Webb's collection "Crossings" that depict the difficult journey migrants face traveling through Mexico to reach the US border.
Immigration Push & Pull factors
An immigrant is a person who moves from one country or region to another to make a new home. People immigrate due to push factors that push them out of their home country or pull factors that attract them to a new area. In the past, ads were placed in newspapers and magazines trying to pull people to new places by promoting opportunities, free land, and improving conditions. Between 1860-1920, many immigrants came to Minnesota from Germany, Sweden, and Norway due to factors pushing them from their homelands like poverty, lack of jobs, and famine. Current immigration to Minnesota comes from Latin America, Asia, and Africa.
Famines in History
This document summarizes two major famines: the Irish Potato Famine of 1845-1852 and the Indian Great Famine of 1876-1878. For the Irish famine, the key causes were a potato blight, British policies that exported other crops from Ireland, and Irish farmers not owning their land. Over 1 million Irish died of starvation and another 1 million emigrated to America. For the Indian famine, drought led to crop failures while crops were still exported to Europe under British colonial rule. Over 5 million died from starvation and disease, with total deaths estimated between 6-10 million. Both famines had lasting social, ethical, political, economic, and environmental impacts.
National 5 assessment pp
This document provides an overview of Ms. Curran's National 4 & 5 History class. It outlines that the course will be examined through a question paper worth 60 marks and an assignment worth 20 marks. The question paper will consist of three sections on Scottish migration and empire, the making of modern Britain, and the Russian Revolution. It will be written, marked, and graded by the SQA. The assignment requires students to choose a historical question, research it using at least two sources, and present a reasoned conclusion supported by evidence. The document then provides more details on the topics that will be covered in each of the three sections.
The Russian Provisional Government & its problems
The Provisional Government that replaced the tsar's government in March 1917 faced several problems:
1. It had to share power with the Petrograd Soviet and was essentially a "dual government".
2. It failed to carry out meaningful political or economic reforms, which allowed its opponents like the Bolsheviks to gain popularity.
3. Continuing Russia's involvement in World War I was extremely unpopular as it caused food and fuel shortages, and the people began supporting Lenin's message of "peace, bread, land".
Irish Immigration
This is a collection of resources for high school teachers to use when teaching the topic of Irish Immigration.
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The document summarizes the long-term causes that led to the collapse of the Romanov dynasty and Tsarist regime in Russia in 1917. It explains that the Tsarist system was outdated and unable to modernize like other European nations had. New modern forces like the middle class, industrial workers, and Marxism threatened the old institutions that supported the monarchy like the nobility and peasantry. Russia was also too large to govern effectively from one central authority, was economically and militarily weak, and contained many different ethnic and religious groups that lacked unity. The growth of revolutionary groups and a bourgeois middle class calling for democratic reforms further undermined the autocratic rule of Tsar Nicholas II.
Migration And Push Pull Factors
- The document discusses migration push and pull factors, with push factors being reasons people leave an area like lack of services or poverty, and pull factors being reasons people move to a new area like higher employment or better services.
- It also addresses population growth issues in LEDCs, noting high birth rates balanced by high death rates in Stage 2 of the demographic transition model. Urbanization is increasing in LEDCs due to migration, high birth rates, and declining death rates.
The First World War and the February Revolution.
The First World War had devastating effects on Russia, resulting in millions of casualties and economic chaos. In February 1917, unrest grew as people starved and froze in towns. Women went on strike in Petrograd demanding bread, protests spread, and soldiers began to mutiny against the tsar. The provisional government was formed and forced the tsar to abdicate as the revolutionary movement took control of Russia.
Ireland in the 1840s - the Famine
Ireland in the 1840s was characterized by poor tenant farmers renting land from wealthy absentee landlords. Before the Industrial Revolution, Ireland had a domestic industry but factory-made imports from Britain ended most local production. Farms were subdivided across generations, concentrating poverty. The famine devastated the poor Catholic tenant farmers and laborers who could only afford the staple potato crop. While food was exported, the poor starved. The British government slowly provided ineffective workhouses and work schemes, failing to adequately address the famine and resulting in many deaths.
Migration and Empire unit summary
This document discusses migration and empire between 1830-1939, focusing on immigration to Scotland from Ireland, Lithuania, and Jewish communities as well as Scottish emigration abroad. It covers reasons for migration like poverty, highland clearances, and new opportunities; the experiences of immigrants around living conditions, employment, and culture; and the areas Scots migrated to including India, North America, and Australasia as well as their role and contributions in those places.
Immigration
The document discusses factors that influence Canadian immigration policy and how immigration affects Canada. It examines push factors that cause people to emigrate from their home countries, such as economic, political, health, security, and rights issues. Pull factors that attract immigrants to Canada are also considered, such as quality of life, economic opportunities, and offering refuge to refugees. The criteria used to accept immigrants and refugees prioritizes economic immigrants, family reunification, and humanitarian needs. Provincial governments can influence immigration policies and Quebec implements policies to strengthen the French language.
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Similar to Irish immigration overview
Migration and Empire - irish immigration to scotland
The Irish faced many hardships in 1800s Ireland that forced them to emigrate to Scotland. Overpopulation and reliance on the potato crop led to the Great Famine in the 1840s, killing over 1 million Irish. Scotland offered the Irish better wages and jobs to support its growing industries. The largest numbers of Irish settled in Glasgow and the west coast. While life was better, the Irish faced poor working and living conditions, with many living in overcrowded slums where disease was common. The Irish were split between Catholic and Protestant groups and faced opposition from Scots worried about jobs and the Irish cultural and religious differences.
Higher migration and empire - Immigrants in Scotland - Irish Catholics.pptx
Large numbers of Irish Catholic immigrants moved to Scotland during the 1800s and 1900s, mainly settling in western coastal areas where jobs were available in industries like factories, shipbuilding, mining and farming. They faced poor housing conditions with overcrowding and disease common. The Irish immigrants also experienced hostility from some Scots Protestants who opposed their Catholic faith and blamed them for lower wages. However, the Irish communities found support through the Catholic Church and some Scottish Catholics and employers welcomed the new immigrants.
1.
Large numbers of Irish Catholic immigrants arrived in Scotland during the 1800s-1900s, mainly settling in western coastal areas where jobs were available in industries like factories, mining, and shipbuilding. Many fled poverty and famine in Ireland. They faced poor housing conditions and discrimination from Protestant Scots, who opposed their religion and blamed them for lower wages. However, the Catholic Church provided social and charitable support. Over time, as Irish immigrants integrated and fought alongside Scots in World War I, relations generally improved.
S2
Here is a 4 mark response describing the impact the Empire had on Scotland between 1830 and 1939:
The British Empire had both positive and negative impacts on Scotland during this period. Positively, it brought wealth and prosperity through trade. Scottish firms profited greatly by supplying goods like textiles, ships and engineering equipment to colonies. This boosted the economy and created many jobs. However, the Empire also exploited workers and resources in colonies. Scotland benefited from this wealth even as people and lands overseas suffered under British rule. On balance, while the Empire enriched some Scottish firms and industries, it did so through exploiting subject peoples and their lands.
2.
Protestant Irish immigrants came to Scotland in large numbers in the 1840s-1850s to escape the Potato Famine and poverty in Ireland. Many settled in western Scotland near Glasgow and Ayrshire, where there were existing Irish Protestant populations and employment opportunities in mines, factories, and shipyards. While Protestant Irish immigrants faced some discrimination from Scots worried about jobs and wages, they generally integrated more easily than Irish Catholics due to sharing the same religion as most Scots. However, religious and political conflicts between some Irish Protestant groups and Scots created tensions.
Higher migration and empire - Immigrants in Scotland - Irish Protestants.pptx
Protestant Irish immigrants moved to Scotland for similar reasons as Catholic Irish - to escape the impacts of the Potato Famine and poverty in Ireland. They settled mainly in western coastal areas like Ayrshire and Lanarkshire where existing Irish Protestant populations and employment in industries like mining and shipbuilding were found. While they faced less discrimination than Catholic Irish and were welcomed by Protestant organizations, Protestant Irish immigrants still experienced poor housing and employment conditions, and some Scots resented the growing Irish populations.
B
The document summarizes the experiences of Irish and Lithuanian immigrants to Scotland from the 1830s to 1939. It discusses the jobs immigrants held, their poor living conditions in crowded cities, cultural and religious tensions, and how attitudes changed over time as immigrants integrated more into Scottish society and fought for better working conditions. While initially facing hostility, later generations of immigrants were accepted as they married Scots, joined unions, and were seen as valuable workers important to Scotland's economic growth.
Higher Migration and Empire - Pull factors (Internal migration)
Scots internally migrated within Scotland in the 1800s-1900s due to various "pull factors" that attracted them to urban areas. Some key pull factors included better job opportunities in industries like shipbuilding, access to higher wages that improved standards of living, improved housing compared to rural areas like the Highlands, proximity to family and friends who had also migrated, and access to amenities like healthcare, education, and entertainment not available in rural communities. The expansion of the railway network in Scotland in the mid-1800s also helped facilitate internal migration by making travel across the country easier.
Higher Migration and Empire - Pull factors (Emigration)
Scottish emigrants were attracted to move abroad in the 1800s-1900s due to several "pull factors" including better employment opportunities, higher wages, the prospect of owning land or a business, improved housing conditions, joining family/friends who had emigrated, and religious reasons. The development of steam ships in the mid-1800s made long-distance travel safer and faster, further encouraging emigration. Colonial governments and Britain provided assistance to Scottish emigrants through recruiting agents, financial support, training programs, and offers of free or cheap land.
C
This document discusses the push and pull factors of Scottish emigration between 1830-1939. The main push factors from the Lowlands were poverty, lack of jobs, decline of heavy industry, roles in the army, and changes in technology. The main push factors from the Highlands were the Highland Clearances and the failure of the potato crop. The main pull factors were improvements in transportation, assistance for relocation, family connections abroad, missionary work, economic opportunities, encouragement from Scottish communities overseas, and the prospect of wealth.
K. legacy of ireland
If all of the world´s cultural heritage (sports, music, fashion, architecture, literature, painting, etc..) was contained in a time capsule, what would you include to demonstrate the legacy of your country?
Migration and Empire - impact of scots abroad
The Scots received a mixed welcome when they migrated in the 1800s-1900s. While some wanted them for their skills as farmers, miners, and professionals, indigenous peoples opposed them for taking their land. However, the Scots found success through their reputation as hard workers and education. They kept links to Scotland by naming places after Scottish towns, holding Burns suppers, writing letters, and establishing Presbyterian churches abroad. Their skills in farming, mining, and other professions helped them establish new lives overseas.
3.
Jewish people immigrated to Scotland in the 1800s and early 1900s in small numbers but had a significant impact. They fled religious persecution and violence in parts of Europe and some intended to travel to America but stopped in Scotland first to earn money. Many settled in impoverished areas of Glasgow like the Gorbals where housing was cheap. Initially they worked in tailoring or as peddlers but later opened shops and businesses. Over time, some became middle class professionals. They established synagogues and schools to maintain their religious and cultural identity while facing some discrimination but less than other groups due to anti-Catholic views shielding them.
Higher Migration and Empire - Push factors (Highlands)
Highland Scots faced many push factors that led to large-scale emigration in the 1800s-1900s. There was not enough land for subsistence farming, soils were poor, and the Potato Famine devastated the population. Later, jobs were lost in kelp harvesting and fishing as foreign competition and changed tastes impacted demand. Mechanization also reduced the need for farm labor. Further, isolation made accessing services difficult while land clearances forcibly evicted tenants so estates could be used for more profitable sheep farming. Combined, these social, economic, and political pressures left many Highlanders with no choice but to emigrate to places like Canada.
2.
Immigration to Scotland during the 1800s and early 1900s had a major economic impact. Immigrants worked in a variety of jobs, including farms, factories, and infrastructure projects. While some Scottish workers resented immigrants for lowering wages, employers argued they needed immigrant labor. Immigrants also started their own businesses like shops, cafes, and companies, creating more jobs and economic opportunities in Scotland. Overall, immigration significantly changed and contributed to Scotland's developing economy during this period.
4
Italian immigrants came to Scotland in the 1800s-1900s primarily to escape poverty in Italy, with many eventually planning to travel to America. They mostly settled in Glasgow, where they lived in poor housing at first but later opened shops and restaurants as their businesses succeeded. While Italians maintained their own communities and culture, they generally did not face strong opposition from Scots due to their smaller numbers and entrepreneurship, though some Scots disliked their Sunday business hours or lack of integration during World War II when Italy allied with Germany.
Section 2
The document provides a summary of the history and culture of the British Isles. It discusses the early settlers and invaders of the region, including the Romans, Angles, Saxons, and Vikings. It then covers the rise and decline of the British Empire between the 1800s-1900s. Key events included the Industrial Revolution, the Irish potato famine, World War I, and Britain giving up most overseas colonies after World War II. The document also provides an overview of the government and culture of the UK, Ireland, and Northern Ireland, including conflicts in Northern Ireland.
Scottish
Early Scottish immigrants came to New Zealand for several reasons: many sought work as farmers or hoped to acquire land; others fled the potato famine in Scotland; and many settled in the South Island where the climate was similar to Scotland's. The Scottish settlers in Waipu originally went to Australia but found New Zealand a more suitable place to establish themselves. The Scottish immigrants filled New Zealand's need for farmers and brought aspects of their culture like tartan skirts and Presbyterian churches.
Higher Migration and Empire - Push factors (Lowlands)
The document discusses various "push factors" that led many lowland Scots to emigrate in the 1800s-1900s. It describes poverty issues like unemployment, poor working conditions in factories/mines, low wages, seasonal work patterns, lack of welfare benefits, and overcrowded/unsanitary housing. Disease spread easily due to these conditions. After World War I and the 1930s Depression, unemployment increased sharply in heavy industries like shipbuilding. Emigration was a way to escape these difficult economic and living circumstances in Scotland.
3.
Jewish people immigrated to Scotland in the 1800s-1900s for several reasons: they faced religious persecution in parts of Europe and sought a safer place to live; many wished to travel to America but could not afford the full journey so came to Scotland first to earn money; Scotland was seen as safer than other parts of Europe at the time. Many Jewish immigrants settled in impoverished areas of Glasgow like the Gorbals due to low rent costs and proximity to the city center. They initially worked in industries like tailoring or as peddlers but later opened their own shops and businesses. While they faced some discrimination, it was less than other groups due to anti-Catholic views and being a small population. However,
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Migration and Empire - irish immigration to scotland
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Higher migration and empire - Immigrants in Scotland - Irish Catholics.pptx
Higher migration and empire - Immigrants in Scotland - Irish Catholics.pptx
Higher migration and empire - Immigrants in Scotland - Irish Protestants.pptx
Higher migration and empire - Immigrants in Scotland - Irish Protestants.pptx
Higher Migration and Empire - Pull factors (Internal migration)
Higher Migration and Empire - Pull factors (Internal migration)
Higher Migration and Empire - Pull factors (Emigration)
Higher Migration and Empire - Pull factors (Emigration)
Higher Migration and Empire - Push factors (Highlands)
Higher Migration and Empire - Push factors (Highlands)
Higher Migration and Empire - Push factors (Lowlands)
Higher Migration and Empire - Push factors (Lowlands)
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Irish immigration overview
- 2. Why did the Irish leave their homeland?- PUSHPUSH factors:
- 3. Irish immigration – the potato famineIrish immigration – the potato famine • A huge influx of Irish immigrants arrived in Scotland during the Great Famine of the 1840s. • The potato blight ruined the crops and left the farmers impoverished and starving. Many looked to gain opportunities overseas. Many left for America and Canada. Those who were too poor to do this arrived on Scottish shores. YEAR Total population of Scotland Number of Irish in Scotland Percentage of Scottish population 1841 2,620,184 126,321 4.8 1851 2,888,742 207,367 7.2
- 4. Why did the Irish leave their homeland?- PULLPULL factors
- 5. Irish immigration – early immigrantsIrish immigration – early immigrants • Before 1840 you were able to gain a passage from Ireland to Greenock for 6 pence. • This allowed for temporary emigration during harvest times, small numbers to work in industry and to help build the railways. • Statistic: In the summer of 1841, 57,651 Irish, mainly male labourers, crossed to England and Scotland to work on the harvest.
- 6. Irish settlement patternsIrish settlement patterns • Due to a severe lack of money many migrants settled where they disembarked, generally the west of Scotland. • Some went east to Dundee. A large female community was established there – many working in the jute factories. • The capital, Edinburgh, was not as attractive. (By 1851, a mere 6.5 per cent of its population were Irish). • The majority of Irish immigrants settled in the industrial west – in and around Glasgow.
- 7. Irish immigrants and employmentIrish immigrants and employment • Low-skilled manual labour was the main source of employment for the Irish. • Mining, shipbuilding and dock work seemed the biggest draw. • Others gained lesser skilled work in the textile industry as weavers.
- 9. • Ease of gaining positions? – Generally the Irish immigrants were poorly educated and poorly skilled so they were forced to work in low-paid, unskilled jobs. – Sectarianism was rife so many were not promoted within their workplace. – Few were in highly paid skilled jobs. Irish immigrants and employmentIrish immigrants and employment
- 10. Housing • In Glasgow and Dundee there was housing available. Even though the tenements which housed the Irish were in a dreadful condition, they were often better than the hovels they had left behind in Ireland. • Often jobs had housing attached for example mining. It was common for mine owners to provide accommodation for their workers close to the mines.
- 11. Assimilation?Assimilation? • Tensions were high between Scots and the Irish immigrants. • Initially the fact that the Irish would work for less pay than the Scots did not please the working classes. • Religious division was also a key factor. Since the Reformation, Scotland had been a Protestant country. The fact that the Irish followed the Pope outraged the Presbyterians of Scotland. • Outcome: – Attacks on the Irish were frequent (in newspapers, in church and on the streets).
- 12. Creation of Irish communitiesCreation of Irish communities • Despite hostility and their lowly social status the Irish Catholics showed a tremendous capacity to build strong local communities. • Even the working class obsession with professional football was catered for by the setting up of Hibernian FC in Edinburgh and Celtic FC in Glasgow. • The Irish Catholics had become a community within a community and this was strengthened by the degree of inter-marriage.