Taking A Look At Superconductors

Taking a Look at Superconductors
In the sixties, Kulik had used the mechanism of Andreev reflection to explain how a metal carries
dissipation–less current between two superconductors.
Andreev later discovered that an electron incident on a superconductor with energy lying within the
gap region gets reflected as a hole, which is the basic essence of Andreev reflection.
A charge of 2e is lost in the process which gets absorbed into the superconductor as a Cooper pairs.

The same process occurs for a hole as an incident particle; in this case, the reflected particle will be
an electron and the Cooper pair absorbed by the superconductor with be formed by two holes.

An important application of Andreev reflection is in the study of tunneling of Cooper pairs in a
Josephson Junction.
The transmission of Cooper pairs from one superconductor to another can be understood by
considering the reflection of an eletron and hole into each other at the boundaries of the two
superconductors.
This leads to conversion of normal current into dissipationless supercurrent. This supercurrent varies
sinusoidally with the phase difference of the two superconductors and attains a maximum at the
critical value of current which can flow through the junction.

If an external magnetic field is applied to the barrier region of the junction, it alters the phases of the
two superconductor, so that their net phase difference remains gauge–invariant. As a consequence,
the current through the junction also gets modified in the
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Wmp Research Paper
Ultra–short laser pulses allow us to bring metals into a strongly nonequilibrium state with hot
electrons and a cold lattice. (–– removed HTML ––) (–– removed HTML ––) 1 (–– removed HTML
––) (–– removed HTML ––) The term "hot electrons" in the present work implies a subsystem of
electrons having a higher temperature than the temperature of the ionic subsystem. The study of
properties of such states is important for a wide range of applications in geophysics, high–pressure
physics, condensed matter physics, and astrophysics and is of fundamental scientific interest. One of
the actively developed areas of study of such nonequilibrium states is the study of the warm dense
matter (WDM) state that occurs when the matter is exposed to ... Show more content on
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(–– removed HTML ––) (–– removed HTML ––) 3 (–– removed HTML ––) (–– removed HTML
––) In this case, electrons as free particles form a partially filled conduction band. However, the
permittivity of a large group of metals is affected by interband transitions of valence band electrons
in addition to conduction band electrons in the optical spectrum. (–– removed HTML ––) (––
removed HTML ––) It is known that for noble metals, the frequency dependence (–– removed
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removed HTML ––) (–– removed HTML ––) in the near infrared spectrum is well described by the
model of free electrons up to frequencies corresponding to the beginning of the boundary of the
interband absorption area (for Au: 1.8 eV, Ag: 3.8 eV, and Cu: 1.5 eV). In the frequency range
corresponding to the interband transition threshold (ITT) (for Au: 1.8–2.4 eV, Ag: 3.8–4.4 eV, and
Cu: 1.5–2.2 eV), the Drude–Lorentz model (–– removed HTML ––) (–– removed HTML ––) 4,5 (––
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Coherence, Entanglement, And Topological Phases Of Quantum...
I am a theoretical physicist working on quantum mechanical aspects of condensed matter and solid
state physics. My past research highlights coherence, entanglement, and topology in condensed
matter systems. These features are unique in quantum systems, and can give rise to phenomena that
do not have classical counterparts. Target systems of my interest include mesoscopic/nanoscopic
systems such as graphene, spintronics, topological insulators, and strongly correlated electron
systems such as quantum magnetism, unconventional superconductors, and the quantum Hall effect.
More broadly, I am interested in quantum many–body systems and quantum field theories in
general.
More specifically, one of my focuses in the last 10 years is to develop a ... Show more content on
Helpwriting.net ...
For example, the quantum Hall states, time–reversal symmetric topological insulators, and one–
dimensional topological superconductors, all nicely fit into our classification scheme. Furthermore,
our theory predicts the stability of the edge states of topological insulators/superconductors against
disorder. Our classification scheme has been playing an important role in exploring to new
topological materials. For example, based on our classification, we predicted the presence of novel
three–dimensional time–reversal symmetric topological insulators. This prediction has been
experimentally explored in the B–phase of Helium, and in doped topological insulators.
As illustrated by the above examples of topological phases, an important challenge in quantum
condensed matter physics is: "How do we characterize and study highly quantum and complex
systems?" This question is related not only to topological phases, but to systems at quantum critical
points, systems that can undergo a many–body localization transition in the presence of disorder,
and eigen state thermalization that takes place for closed quantum systems at finite energy density,
etc. In this regard, quantum entanglement has been establishing its status as an important common
language in modern quantum many–body physics, both in condensed matter and high–energy
physics contexts. It has been used to address many fundamental

Advantages And Disadvantages Of Pickering Emulsion
Pickering Emulsions: Particles with a difference
Pickering Emulsion is an emulsion stabilised by solid particles located on the interface between two
phases. This type of emulsion was named after S.U. Pickering, who described the phenomenon in
1907, although the effect was first recognized by Walter Ramsden in 1903Pickering emulsion
utilizes solid particles alone as stabilizers, which accumulate at the interface between two
immiscible liquids (typically denoted as oil and water phase) and stabilize droplets against
coalescence. Solid particles are used as stabilisers due to various advantages: (i)solid particles
reduce the possibility of coalescence, bringing about higher stability to emulsions; (ii) many solid
particles can endow as–prepared materials useful characteristics such as conductivity,
responsiveness, porosity, and so on; (iii) some food–grade solid particles have lower toxicity, thus
leading to higher safety for in vivo usage.
The basic principle of the process involves formation of shell around the oil drop or water drop.
If the contact angle of the particle with water is <90° (i.e. it is hydrophilic) the emulsion ... Show
more content on Helpwriting.net ...
If one of the liquids wets solid particles more than the other one, the better wetting liquid becomes
the continuous phase and the other becomes the dispersed phase. O/W emulsions will come into
being if the three–phase contact angle θ (angle at the three–phase boundary of solid particles,
continuous phase and dispersed phase) is less than 90° (e.g., silica, clay), and W/O emulsions should
form if θ > 90° (e.g., carbon black). However, only when θ is relatively close to 90° can the particle
effectively act as a Pickering stabilizer. The particles tend to remain dispersed in either phase if they
are too hydrophilic (low θ) or too hydrophobic (high

Surface Segregation And Formation Of Silver Nanoparticles...
Surface Segregation and Formation of Silver Nanoparticles Created
In situ in Polyvinyl alcohol Films.
1– Introduction.
Preparation, characterization, and physical properties of a nanostructured materials of silver
(nanoparticles and nanocomposites) have been the subject of various researcher in many scientific
laboratories during the past years for many studies and it has been also established that size,
stability, color, shape, and properties depend on the method of preparation (radiation,
photochemical, electrochemical, and chemical) as well as experimental factors such as [reactants],
[stabilizer and/or capping agents], temperature, order of mixing of reactants, presence of stabilizers
and capping agents and even on the addition rate of reducing agents [1–12].
The properties of such nanocomposites can further be improved through various treatments like,
annealing, UV–irradiation and Gamma irradiation is one of the extensively used tools to alter the
structural, optical properties [13, 14], Many of reports were used gamma irradiation to synthesis the
Ag nanoparticles in PVA [15,16], and the other literature were prepared Ag–PVA nanocomposite
films and then irradiated with gamma at doses (25, 50, 75, 100 KGy) [17]. According to this
literature the absorption peak intensity at 427 nm for silver nanoparticles is increased with
increasing the gamma doses, until the higher doses 100 KGy, its decrease and the reason for this
behaviour at higher doses the

Complex And Interesting Optical Properties Essay
IntroductionThe complex and interesting optical properties can be shown clearly on Nanostructured
metals the collective oscillations of the conduction electrons termed plasmons lead to most striking
phenomenon encountered in these structures are resonances . Plasmon modes number of geometries
and in various metals ? most importantly in noble metals such as gold, copper and silver. Under
certain circumstances are excited by light, which leads to strong light scattering and absorption and
an enhancement of the local electromagnetic field. In 1989, upon calculations, Neeves and Birnboim
proposed that a composite spherical particle with a dielectric core and a metallic shell could produce
SPR modes with a much larger range of wavelengths. The first nanoshells were made by Zhou et al.
In the 1990?s. They used a Au2S core surrounded by a gold shell. Variations of these shells made it
possible to shift the standard gold colloid plasmon resonance peak from ~520 nm up to ~900 was a
limit however, of less than 40 nm on the size of nanoshell that they could achieve due to the
chemistry of their synthesis reactions. process also produced large amounts of gold colloid as a
secondary product which gave an additional absorption peak at ~520 nm. Halas and synthesized a
new type of gold nanoshell that overcame many of the limitations of the Au2S core type nanoshell.
The new method replaced the Au2S core with a silica core and made it possible to exert much
greater control over the

Filo Lab Report
As a prevailing spectroscopic characterization, fourier transform infrared spectra help us to verify
the existence of addition of sodium based second phase in CuO:Na+ nanoparticles . The bands of
pristine CuO and pristine Na2O are located at 459, 502, 591 cm–1 and 890 cm–1, 1430 cm–1
respectively was reported by kim et. al and khufu et at. [177, 271]. As seen from figure 7, three
characteristic strong peaks located at 429, 502, 591 cm–1, associated with the Cu–O vibrations of
monoclinic CuO. The peaks centered at 502 cm–1, demonstrate red shift and the peak at 591 cm–1
shows blue shift compared with the pristine CuO values (429, 502, 591 cm–1). with the doping of
Na. The observed red and blue shifts due to Na–doping may be related to ... Show more content on
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It demonstrated that Na doping had a widen effect for the band gap of CuO, which was the first
report here. Interestingly, the band gap shifts from 1.49eV to 1.46eV with the increase in Na doping
from 0.0 to 3.0%, with was due to the band gap tailoring effect. The Na content was further
increased when the secondary phase formed and the band gap shift to the higher energy 1.51eV,
1.53eV for 5.0% and 7.0% Na–doped CuO nanostructures. In contrast, the formation of the Na2O
secondary phase caused an enhancement of the Eg value. Hence, to summarize the Eg value of the
Na doped CuO nanoparticles depends upon a variety of parameters such as the size and presence of
the Na dopant in different forms. These unique characteristics were influenced by the quality and
physical properties of the Na–doped CuO nanoparticles and these were strongly related to the
preparation method.
3.4.2. Diffuse photoluminescence spectroscopy
The photoluminescence (PL) spectroscopy was used to investigate the electronic and optical
properties of nanoparticles as well as to elucidate the energy levels within the band gap region
corresponding to the defect sites. Fig. 9 shows room temperature PL spectra of the as–prepared
pristine and Na–doped CuO samples. The samples were excited using the excitation wavelength of
390 nm. The emission spectra of pristine and CuO:Na+ nanoparticles revealed intense sharp peak at
470 nm, 503 nm and 605 nm. The

Essay On Multiferroic Materials
With advent of scientific research and technological interest, multiferroic materials have drawn
much attention for foundational physics, technological application in possible miniaturization and
integration for multifunctional devices (e.g. magnetic field sensors, multiple state memory element,
transducers, actuators, broadband magnetic sensors, non–volatile memory elements, oscillators,
phase shifters, electric field controlled ferromagnetic resonance devices, switching devices,
modulation of amplitudes, filters, waveguides, spin wave generation, energy harvesters, magnetic
recording read heads, random access memories, RF resonators, tunable inductors, and ME antennas)
[1–11]. The most intriguing characteristic of multiferroic materials ... Show more content on
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Since the inception of the concept of product property, proposed by Von Van Suchetelene, [37]
multiferroic composites becomes the alterative way to overcome the limitations of the single phase
multiferroic ME materials. In composite systems, the functional properties are resulted from the
constituent phase and their reciprocal interactions as synergy effects. Ciomaga et al. [38] have
identified three types of synergy effects such as: (i) sum property, which represents the weighted
sum of the components' contributions of the constituent phases; (ii) combination property, which
denotes an effect in which the amplitude of the property is higher in the composite than in the end
compounds at given compositions or under specific circumstances, (iii) product property, which
represents the effects present in the composites instead of the individual phases. The sum and
combination properties usually describe the average or enhancement of effects that have already
present in the parent phases and on the other hand, the product property only ascribes the novel
phenomena that have emerged from the reciprocal interaction among the individual phases. In
general, the functional properties of ME composites are consist of sum property (i.e. magnetization)
and product property (i.e. ME effect). In 1978 Boomgaard and Born [39] postulated the following
concept for obtaining the high magnetoelectric voltage coefficient for practical device

My Favorite Weekend Activities At Cal Poly Pomona
Growing up as the son of an electrical engineer, I was exposed at an early age to learning
opportunities that most of my peers lacked. One of my favorite weekend activities was exploring a
literal junkpile of electronic goods, picking one, taking it apart, and learning how it worked. I found
experimenting, examining, and discovering exhilarating and educational. I naturally flowed into
programming and web development, both tools that allowed me to prototype ideas and solve
problems. At age 18, I landed a job as a professional web developer. The position was for a recent
college graduate. Even though I had never taken any type of programming class, my application was
the most impressive. At that time I was going to school at Cal Poly Pomona, studying to be an
aerospace engineer. I could not get a deferment of two years for a mission, so when I got back in
2011 I had to find a new place to study. Deciding to go to BYU–Idaho was a lot easier than deciding
what to study. I had so many career ideas, that I had to chose the single major that would open up
the most opportunities. Despite having never taken a physics class, I decided that it was the root
science. I knew I would go to graduate school, and with physics I could go into engineering,
programming, finances, or even medicine.
After three years of constant learning, I have a degree in physics. I want to keep learning.
Undergraduate courses are not enough. I need to learn more about quantum mechanics, electricity
and

Essay on States of Matter and How Matter Changes
Matter is defined as anything that occupies space and can be perceived by one or more senses; a
physical body, a physical substance, or the universe as a whole. There are four distinct states of
matter: solids, liquids, gases, and plasma. There are other states of matter such as Bose–Einstein
condensates and neutron degenerate matter, but those states can only be found under extreme
conditions.
These phases can go from one to another when affected by certain things, which is known as phase
changes. To switch from a solid to a liquid, the solid must melt. On the other hand, to switch from a
liquid to a solid, freezing must occur. Furthermore, to switch from a liquid to a gas, a process known
as evaporation must take place. In contrast, to ... Show more content on Helpwriting.net ...
Solids have a definite volume and definite shape. The reason solids have a definite volume and
shape is due to how closely packed the particles are together. The forces between the particles are so
strong that do not allow the particles to move freely but to vibrate. Examples of solids are wood,
bricks, and baseballs ("States of Matter"). One type of solid is crystalline solid. In a crystalline solid,
the particles are in a repeating pattern. These patterns are known as crystal lattice structures. There
are many types of lattice structures which include: cubic, hexagonal, triclinic, monoclinic, trigonal,
orthorhombic, and tetragonal. An example of a crystalline solid is carbon. These solids have
characteristics of geometrical shapes ("Properties of Matter").
Another type of solid is an amorphous solid. These solids are formed when a liquid is suddenly
cooled. An amorphous solid has no regular crystal structure but does have definite volume and
shape. Amorphous solids are classified as viscous, or slowly flowing, liquids. These solids do not
have sharp melting points. Also, amorphous solids have a wide range of melting points. Examples of
amorphous solids are butter, plastic, rubber, and coal ("States of Matter").
Many outside forces may bend a solid out of its original shape. The ability of a solid to return to its
original form after

A Presentation Of The National Nanotechnology Initiative (...
1. Introduction.
"There's plenty of room at the bottom"; this statement by Richard Feynman in 1959 during a
presentation to a meeting of the American Physical Society, is widely accepted as the spark that
initiated the present 'nano' age1. Nano, "dwarf" in Greek, is defined as one billionth, it follows that
the nanoscale is measured in nanometres, or 10–9 m. To put this in perspective; the average strand
of a human hair is roughly 75,000 nm in diameter, or from the other extreme 1 nm is the length of
10 hydrogen atoms lined up end to end.
Nanotechnology can be difficult to define, as its definition is often engineered to suit the researcher
and their field; this resulted in a need of a general working definition, which the national
nanotechnology initiative (NNI) established []. Nanotechnology is thus defined as possessing the
following features;
Nanotechnology involves research and technology development at the 1 nm to 100 nm range.
Nanotechnology builds on the capability to organize or manipulate at the atomic scale.
Nanotechnology creates and uses structures that have novel properties because of their small size.
.
2. Nanotechnology
Nanoscience involves a study of nanotechnology and nanomaterials, of which at least one of the
dimensions is in 1–100 nm range. Over the past two decades, nanomaterials have been a topic of
both scientific and technological interest2. Due to their compact dimension and enlarged surface
area, these materials possess new physical and

Thales was the First Recorded Philosopher from Miletus
Thinkers within the realm of philosophy possessed a different train of thought that allowed them to
make massive discoveries. Thales is regarded as the first recorded philosopher from Miletus. He
believed reality was defined by water. Water rests on earth, reflects objects, and conforms to the
shape of other objects. During what we call the ancient period, 600–300 BCE, communities lived by
water supplies. Water is necessary to have the ability to obtain other means of survival. As opposed
to referring to religion, Thales rejected the concept of Gods on Mount Olympus. The reality beyond
mythology for Thales relied on the basis of water. Thales touched base with the concept of
knowledge through observing and perceiving the way water functioned around him.
Opposed to Thales, Anaximander perceived reality to be apeiron. Apeiron is defined as the
indefinite. Anaximander believed the origin (arkhe) of reality to be divine and eternal while
containing and guiding all within it. For him, water was too "concrete" of an object to be divine. In
addition, remaining opposite elements triumphs water. Anaximander reasoned even if water were
reality, it lacks in areas that makes it unable to be divine. Apeiron is an indefinite reality that is
beyond the fixed matters on Earth. Anaximenes rejected this theory. In turn he contradicted that
physics translated into objects surrounding us. The concept of aer does not refer to the air we breath
rather a thick mist containing two processes:

When Diving Into The Details Of Gravitational Theories
Before diving into the details of gravitational theories with anisotropic scaling, we discuss some
important ingredients of the theory and why they are essential. 2.1.1 Higher order terms The non–
renormalizability of General Relativity means that it is an effective theory and the Einstein–Hilbert
action contains only the terms relevant at low energies. Then one naturally is tempted to add higher
order curvature terms to the action thereby making the theory applicable at high energies. This
possibility was first explored in 1962 by R. Utiyama and Bryce S. DeWitt [33]. They noticed that
the action of quan– tum gravity should contain functionals of higher derivatives of metric tensor
besides the Einstein–Hilbert action. But is such a theory renormalizable? This question was
answered in affirmitve in 1977 by Kellogg Stelle [34]. He showed that the theory is renomalizable
with quadraditic curvature invariants. However due to the presence of higher time derivatives, such
a theory has the negative norm state called ghosts which allow the probability to be negative and
hence breaks the unitarity. In fact, as back as in 1850, Mikhail Ostrogradsky showed that presence
of time derivatives higher than two will lead to the problem of ghosts [35]. Combining all these
ideas, Horava added only the terms containing higher spacial derivatives while keeping the time
derivatives to second order. Also the power–counting renormalizability restricts the number of
spatial derivatives to six. This

How Do Students Become If Cornstarch And Water Were Mixed?
to mix matter by mixing cornstarch and water. They will be observing and documenting any changes
that occur over the first couple minutes of mixing the two substances. (Synthesis: Students were
hypothesizing what they thought would happen when water and cornstarch were mixed together;
following their hypotheses up with immediate observations and again after two minutes. Can you
predict the outcome if cornstarch and water were mixed?)
5. Students will be able to describe how matter changed and explain why it changed. (Evaluation:
Students were required to form a hypothesis of what would happen when a given liquid were to stay
outside all day long in the winter cold and state what happened to the molecules to change the liquid
into a solid. Based on what you know, how would you explain why the liquid changed into a solid?)
All objectives align with this PAAcademic standard:
S.K–2.C.1.1.1 Describe basic changes to properties of matter (e.g., formation of mixtures and
solutions, baking and cooking, freezing, heating, evaporating, melting).
The objectives for this unit use several different forms of Bloom's Taxonomy. I started this unit off
by having the students complete simple tasks to get their feet wet and introduce them to matter and
what matter is. Based on my pre–assessment, many of the students could label pictures of a solid,
liquid, or gas, but they could not tell me the definitions of each solid, liquid, gas, or matter. Even
though they were given the definitions,

Essay on Physical properties
EGA108 / EG–279 ASSESSED SHEET 1
To be handed in via Blackboard by 5pm on Thurs Nov 8th. Show your workings in all cases – if you
want to include hand–written workings, embed these as a scanned or photographed image. e = 1.6 x
10–19 C NA = 6.03 x 1023 me = 9.11 x 10–31 kg kB = 1.38 x 10–23 JK–1
By: darky– 712402
1 List two aspects of materials behaviour that the Drude model can explain.
The Drude model can explain the Thermal Conductivity in metals and Electrical Conductivity of
metals.
List two aspects of materials behaviour that the Drude model can't explain but the Quantum Free
Electron model can.
Explains the effects of the temperature, impurities, and deformation on Electrical Conductivity in
which the Drude Model ... Show more content on Helpwriting.net ...
b) How the Quantum Free Electron Theory predicts that the conductivity of metals decreases as the
temperature increases.
In the Quantum Free Electron Theory the electrons are considered as waves, so the electrons will
have much similar behaviour to waves. The temperature is related to the heat capacitance. So each
element will have different heat capacitance.
The Quantum Free Electron predicts that scattering causes electrons to drop back down in Energy.
Which means that as the temperature goes down the stability of the electrons will increase; also the
amount of electron which can jump into a higher level will decrease thus more stability in the atom.
This means better conductivity in lower temperatures. So when the temperature increases, it will
cause vibrations that change the lattice, and the lower level electron will get excited to move into a
higher level which causes instability in the element. Thus, the conductivity will decrease.
c) How the Band Theory predicts that the conductivity of silicon increases as the temperature
increases.
The band theory gives explanations of how Semiconductors differ from metals because as the
temperature increases the conductivity increases. The Band Theory considers that for

My Personal Statement : Bijay Shrestha
Personal Statement – Bijay Shrestha
Respected Sir/Madam,
Thank you for your time to read my application. I believe that having read my personal statement,
you will have a clear picture of my development, enthusiasm, and experiences in physics.
Physics is a mathematical formulation and concepts that undeniably works. Being able to write
down a handful equations on a piece of paper which explains as well as predicts the outcome of an
observation is truly enchanting. This is what ignites aspiration and curiosity which led me to pursue
a career in physics. Understanding the working mechanism of the universe is surely perplexing.
However, this intricacy inspires me to behold the elegance of the physics. Furthermore, applying
physics and ... Show more content on Helpwriting.net ...
Our MD simulation is carried out using GROMACS and the trajectories are visualized and also
analyzed using VMD under Linux platform. We have performed a series of atomistic MD
simulations to understand the dynamic and structural properties of the micelle formation. The
ultimate goal of the study is to explore the plausibility of employing the self–assembly of a novel
bolaamphiphilic molecule, called VECAR, as a drug–delivery system. A manuscript of the result is
currently in preparation to be submitted to a peer–reviewed journal. Currently, I am working on
developing a coarse–grained force field of the VECAR molecule using VOTCA to be able to
simulate much larger scale system composed of micelles interacting with a bilayer membrane in a
reasonable computation time. In the spring 2017 semester, plan to write an undergraduate thesis
summarizing my research results. On publishing the thesis, Upon the completion of the thesis, a
distinction "Honor Research Scholar" would be awarded.
Participating in a research project for three years in a row, I have learned beyond the academic
realm. The experiences of working in the lab and attending professional conferences have helped me
believe that there is more to learn and motivate me to bridge the gap between the classroom and the
real–world science. This research experience has given me a valuable insight into a life of a
researcher, all the highs, and lows that come along as the research progresses. Moreover, I have been

Advantages And Disadvantages Of Zinc Oxide
Zinc oxide is a semiconductor material II–VI studied since the middle of 20the century. Most of the
physical properties of massive ZnO are therefore well known for several decades. The interest of the
researchers then declined, partly because of a major technological lock for the use of ZnO in
optoelectronics, namely the impossibility of doping the p–type ZnO.
The ability to grow thin layers and low dimensional hetero structures (quantum wells, nano–
columns, etc.) of good crystalline quality recently revitalized the research effort on ZnO, particularly
with the aim of obtaining effective devices for optoelectronics in the blue and near ultraviolet, in
complement gallium nitride. For this purpose, the main advantage of ZnO GaN is a lower cost,
enabled by the relative abundance of zinc over gallium. Zinc oxide powder is also used as an
additive in numerous products, for example plastics, ceramics, paints, pigments, cosmetics, etc.
In material science, another major benefit of zinc oxide is its strong exciton binding energy which
allows to preserve the exciton properties up to Room temperature. The cohesion energy of the
exciton is indeed twice greater in ZnO ... Show more content on Helpwriting.net ...
The first is the growth of quantum wells along non–polar axes. These axes, perpendicular to the axis
c, make it possible to overcome the internal electric field. The main axes used in growth are axes a
and m. The first samples quantum wells of ZnO / (Zn, Mg) O non–polar plan A were grown in 2007
on sapphire substrates [Cha07]. The other axis is to reduce the density of defects crystalline,
responsible for non–radiative losses. Most of the centers non–radiative are crystal dislocations,
which arise from mesh clash inherent to the heteroepitaxy method. Homoepitaxy, and therefore the
use of massive ZnO substrate, theoretically promises a clear improvement in quality crystalline. A
significant improvement was observed only very recently

Purpose Statement For Purpose In Physics
STATEMENT OF PURPOSE
In this statement of my objective I have high lighted my reasons for pursuing a master of Science in
physics at Sardar patel University. Bearing in mind my academic background, capabilities and
interests, I had decided to pursue graduate studies in physics with my focus on CONDENSED
MATTER PHYSICS AND MATERIAL SCIENCE. In what follows, I have briefly summed up my
motivation for the graduate study, my back ground and my research interest.
Right from the onset of my academic years, fascination for the physics and mathematics had
promoted me to do a major in physics. I started my education at L.G.HARIA high school, Jamnagar
where I stood fifth among nearly 100 students in the final secondary school exam (SSC) 10th exam.
... Show more content on Helpwriting.net ...
This achievement paved my way to pursue further studies in physics in an institute of excellent
repute, University college of science, A.N.PATEL PG INSTITUTE which is affiliated to the Sardar
patel University. Sardar patel university, also been accrediated with "A" Grade which confirms it to
be an institute of academic excellence by National Board of Accrediation (NAAC).
The Department of physics at A.N.PATEL P.G. INSTITUTE, its state of art facilities, infrastructure
& most importantly its distinguished & eminent Faculty members helped me to strengthen my
Knowledge in the subject. In my 2 years of Post graduate studies I had completed various courses
like Quantum Mechanics, Statistical Mechanics, Electronics, Nuclear physics, Mathematical
Physics, Physics of Atoms and Molecules, Electro Magnetic Theory & Modern
optics,crystallography etc. Throughout my post graduate study I received constant help from our
Principal Dr. J.D.PATEL, who is having great experience as professor as well as Principal at
A.N.PATEL P.G. institute. Moreover, with the continuous guidance of our Head of department
Mr.Chirag U Vyas, and all the other faculties of the physics department, had inspired me to be the
top in the class of 70

Cuo Nanoparticle Lab Report
The morphology of pristine CuO nanoparticles are determined by TEM micrograph as shown in
figure 3 (a), the exhibits stacking of small flakes broken of CuO nanostructures giving leafy profile
which had agglomeration. The leaf–like flakes have small width with an average size of the flakes is
500–600nm and thickness ~20–30nm. The corresponding SAED pattern (Fig. 3b) clearly shows that
the CuO flakes are polycrystalline. Similar observation has obtained by SEM results (Fig. 3c),
which demonstrates that the particles have rough surface and possesses flakes like morphology.
EDX spectrum of confirms the presence of Cu and O elements alone (Fig. 3d).
SEM images of Na–doped CuO nanostructures in 20,000X magnification are given in Figure 4a–d
and ... Show more content on Helpwriting.net ...
The peaks centered at 502 cm–1, demonstrate red shift and the peak at 591 cm–1 shows the blue
shift compared with the pristine CuO values (429, 502, 591 cm–1). with the doping of Na. The
observed red and blue shifts due to Na–doping may be related to the surface defects. The broad peak
at about 3450 cm–1 is related to the O–H stretching of hydroxyl group present on the surface of the
samples, which is further confirmed by the band at about 1628 cm–1. Notably, in CuO:Na5mole%
and CuO:Na7mole% samples, low feature band of pristine Na2O were found. Furthermore, the
stretching vibrations were clearly different from the value of Na–O in pristine sodium oxides. It
might be attributed to the presence of the Na–Cu–O stretching vibrations. Conclusively, we
successfully prepared CuO:Na+ nanostructures with different Na doping concentration.
3.4. Optical properties
3.4.1. Diffuse reflectance spectroscopy (DRS)
The optical properties are very important to select the materials for use in a particular application.
The band gaps were determined from diffused reflectance spectroscopic, Figure 8 exhibits the
typical UV–vis–DRS spectra of CuO:Na+ nanoparticles compared with pristine CuO nanoparticles.
The spectra were recorded between 700 and 1100 nm wavelength region at room temperature. The
Kubelka–Munk (K–M) theory was used to convert reflectance data to absorption mode

Big Bang Theory Or A Big Fabrication
Adair Day
AP English IV
Mrs. Britt Collins
14 March 2016
Big Bang Theory or a Big Fabrication The concept of creation has boggled human's minds for
centuries. Human nature has an intuitive sense of longing for an answer to solve the unknown, and
creation embodies the concept of unknown. In an effort to compile reason and scientific knowledge,
an explanation of the formation of the universe was formed and is widely known as The Big Bang
Theory. The Big Bang Theory is considered, "...the leading scientific explanation for the formation
of the universe" (Howell). The Big Bang Theory articulates that before this event there was nothing;
and after it there was something. This suggestion to how the universe was created was originally
born from the sighting that the surrounding galaxies are moving away from our own at an immense
speed as if they had been propelled by some force (Howell). The standard theory states that the
entire universe originated as a condensed, infinitely pressured, singularity, which defies the laws of
today's understanding of physics. It is a misconception this event occurred as an explosion; rather it
resembled more of an expansion. At one moment there was nothing in existence and in the
following, the universe expanded as a balloon would, from a sub atomic particle, to all that it is
today. This notion of how the universe was created, is nothing more than a shot into the dark,
literally, and holds no validity. At this exact moment there are roughly 100,000

How Was The X-Ray Diffraction Spectrum Of All Sulfurized...
3.1 Structural properties
Figure 1 showed the X–ray diffraction spectrum of all sulfurized Co–doped FeS2 films. The
comparison with JCPDS 01–071–1680 indicated a pure cubic FeS2 structure for all these samples.
The ratio between peaks from each sample demonstrated a poly–crystal structure. Also, no clear
preferential growth direction could be observed for each sample. The peaks of all Co–doped films
were very close to the pure iron pyrite peaks. No clear peak shift could be observed. This indicated
that shallow cobalt doping had little impact on the crystal structure of FeS2.
Scherrer equation, as shown in equation 1, was applied to estimate the average crystallite size of
these sulfurized films. . ... Show more content on Helpwriting.net ...
As more electrons were introduced, the net carrier concentration started to decrease until the
electrons became the majority carriers. This process may explain the change of conduction type and
carrier concentrations. The carrier mobility, however, decreased gradually from 6.52 cm2/V*s to
4.30 cm2/V*s as cobalt doping increased from 2 at% to 6 at%. This phenomenon could be explained
as the decreased mean free path of charged carriers because of the larger size of the incorporated
cobalt ions than the original iron ions. After switching to n–type, the increasing carrier concentration
may also contributed to the reducing of carrier mobility. As a consequence, cobalt doping served
well as an n–type dopant after 3 at% doping level.
3.2.2 Temperature Dependence
Figure 2 showed the relationship between the reciprocal of resistivity to the reciprocal of
temperature, graphed as a logarithmic plot. The resistance change of the Co–doped FeS2 samples
with Al electrodes were collected from room temperature (25oC) to 140oC. From Fig.2, the
resistance of all samples decreased while heating. This showed a general semiconductor behavior of
these Co–doped FeS2 films. The data in Fig.2 showed a linear dependence for each sample. The
fitting lines could be described by Arrhenius equation as shown in equation 2: . (2)
Here σ, k, T means conductivity, Boltzmann constant and temperature,

Linear And Nonlinear Optical Susceptibilities And...
Linear and Nonlinear Optical Susceptibilities and Hyperpolarizability of Borate LiNaB4O7 Single
Crystals: Theory and Experiment
Ali Hussain Reshak, Xuean Chen, S. Auluck and H. Kamarudin
Journal of Applied Physics 2012
Volume 112, Issue 5, Pages 053526 (1 – 11)
Since the successful demonstration of second harmonic generation by a propagation of a ruby laser
beam via a quartz crystal by Franken et al,1 borate materials have been widely studied to employ in
the potential applications such as nonlinear optics (NLO) and laser (mainly in visible and UV light)
engineering.2, 3, 4, 5 Materials with NLO properties are useful for generating new frequency laser
sources that cannot be directly produced from the common laser sources.2 Consequently, NLO
materials have enabled a wider range of frequencies produced from the available laser. Borate
materials have a few great properties, for example, short growth period, high damage threshold,
large effective nonlinear coefficient and good mechanical properties.6 This suggests that borate
materials are well fitted for the purpose of laser frequency conversion. BaB2O4, LiB3O5, CsB3O5
and YCa4(BO3)3O are examples of well–known borate–based NLO crystals.2 An early review on
the comparison of the damage threshold and optical transmittance of these mentioned borate crystal
compounds have been done by Becker in which the use of the favourable anionic group and
birefringence in the borate materials are the essential features needed to produce

The Complex And Interesting Optical Properties Essay
The complex and interesting optical properties can be shown clearly on Nanostructured metals the
collective oscillations of the conduction electrons termed plasmons lead to most striking
phenomenon encountered in these structures are resonances . Plasmon modes exist in a number of
geometries and in various metals – most importantly in noble metals such as gold, copper and silver.
Under certain circumstances plasmons are excited by light, which leads to strong light scattering and
absorption and an enhancement of the local electromagnetic field. In 1989, based upon calculations,
Neeves and Birnboim proposed that a composite spherical particle with a dielectric core and a
metallic shell could produce SPR modes with a much larger range of wavelengths. The first
nanoshells were made by Zhou et al. In the 1990's. They used a Au2S core surrounded by a gold
shell. Variations of these shells made it possible to shift the standard gold colloid plasmon resonance
peak from ~520 nm up to ~900 nm. There was a limit however, of less than 40 nm on the size of
nanoshell that they could achieve due to the chemistry of their synthesis reactions. The process also
produced large amounts of gold colloid as a secondary product which gave an additional absorption
peak at ~520 nm. Halas and coworkers synthesized a new type of gold nanoshell that overcame
many of the limitations of the Au2S core type nanoshell. The new method replaced the Au2S core
with a silica core and made it possible to exert

Typical Medium Dynamical Cluster Approximation
We generalize the typical medium dynamical cluster approximation (TMDCA) for systems with
off–diagonal disorder.
By applying our approach to the Anderson model we consider the effects of nonlocal correlations
and typical environment beyond the local Blackman, Esterling, and Berk (BEB) method. %coherent
potential approximation.
Our formalism allows us to systematically study the effects of off–diagonal disorder on the phase
diagram of traditional three dimensional Anderson model.
Disorder which is inevitably present in most real materials can drammatically affect their
properties~cite{Lee_RevModPhys,Belitz_RevModPhys}. It can lead to changes of their structure
and transport. One of the most prominent effects of disorder is the spacial confinement of charge
carriers known as Anderson localization ~cite{Anderson}.
The simplest model used to study these disorder effects is the
Anderson model which is a single band tight binding model with a random on–site disorder
potential.
Such a model is justified when the introduction of disorder in, for example a binary alloy by
substitution of host atoms by impurities, does not affect the neighbors and leads to the change of the
local potential on the substitution site only. In this situation the disorder appears only in the diagonal
terms of the Hamiltonian and hence is referred to as diagonal disorder (DD) case. However, in the
case when the bandwidth of from the dopant impurity atoms is very different from the band width
of

Louise Nevelati Installation: Sky Cathedral
Q12–2: What is an assemblage? This an additive sculptural process in which various and diverse
element and objects are combined. Installation is an environment that are indoor. Earthwork is an
environment that tare outdoors. They are similar because they help the viewer get more engaged into
the sculptural, they allow you to physically enter into or explore either outdoor or indoor. They use
common material into art. How are they different? Assemblage is different because it's a process of
bringing individual objects together as a whole for example welding them together. It is used to
transformation material into art. This can be indoor or outside. Example of this is Louise Nevelson
"Sky Cathedral". Is a giant assemblage of wooden boxes, woodworking remnants and scraps of
objects he found. Nevelson is able to make a piece of almost endless variety look like a grid and
look as they belong. ... Show more content on Helpwriting.net ...
It doesn't need to be create into an art form like assemblage is. They are generally indoors but can
also exist outdoors in contained spaces such as a plazas. For an example: Anish Kappor, "cloud
gate". Is a site specific sculpture in City of Chicago Millennium Park. Shaped like a giant bean and
has seamlessly weld together stainless–steel plates. This reflected the surface of Chicago skyline.
Earthworks are made in and of the land. They are outdoor. Large scale artwork outdoor. An example
is Robert Smithson "Spiral Jetty". Stretching into the Great Salt Lake and is make from salt, mud,
crystals, rocks and water. It is a record of geological history. It was created by man and is

Applying Two Kinds Of A Spherically Symmetric...
In this work, we consider two kinds of a spherically symmetric semiconductor quantum dots: (a)
type I single quantum dot (SQD) with radius r_1, in which electrons and holes are confined in the
same region of space, and (b) type II core/shell quantum dot (CCQD) with the same core radius, r_1,
coated with shell thickness t=r_2–r_1, in which the spatial confinement of electrons and holes
depends strongly on the geometrical parameters (core radius and shell thickness) and strain effects.
Due to the potential structure of CdSe/CdTe CCQD, electrons mainly reside in the CdSe core
region, while the holes dwell mainly in the CdTe shell region. This separation is shown in Fig. 1.
For clarity, we designate the band–gap energy, the conduction band minimum (CBM) and the
valence band maximum (VBM) of bulk semiconductor materials in the unstrained case by E_g0î,
E_c0î and E_v0î, respectively. E_cî and E_vî denote the bulk band edges of each
nanoheterostructure compound including strain effect. In this paper, the index i=1,2,3 refers to the
CdSe region (1), CdTe region (2) and the external medium (3), c(v) holds for conduction (valence)
band and e(h) holds for electron (hole). E_g and V_(e(h)) are the bulk gap energy and the electron
(hole) confining potential of strained hetero–nanocrystal, respectively. In Fig 1, ε_1, ε_2 and ε_3 are
dielectric constants of core, shell and external medium, respectively. For simplicity, we assume that
the potential outside each kind of nanocrystal is

Why Is Running Hot Water Over The Metal Lid Of A Glass Jar
Running hot water over the metal lid of a glass jar makes it easier to open the jar. Why? Discuss two
other practical examples based on matter and/or heat concepts.
Physics explains thermal expansion as linear dimensions increasing by the same percentage with an
increase in temperature. In other words, when you heat an object, that object expands and becomes
larger due to the change in the object's temperature. Raising an object's temperature, in this case, the
metal lid, causes it's molecules to move faster. The faster molecules move, the more space they
occupy. If something occupies more space than it originally did, then by definition it is now bigger.
Therefore, the heat exchange from water to metal heats the molecules within the lid

Silicon Based PV Cells
CHAPTER 2 – SILICON BASED PV CELLS 2 2.1 Doping Procedure of Silicon based PV Cells A
Silicon solar PV Cell is a device which is made up of semiconductor materials that produce
electricity when exposed to light energy. [1] The doping process of a Silicon based PV Cell works
by the photovoltaic material converting the light energy, photons, it absorbs into electrical energy.
[1] Light (Photon) Energy ––––––– Electrical Energy Using a doping process, a p–n junction is
created in silicon as shown below: From the image above the photons, light energy, prompt the
electrons flowing from the n–junction to the p–junction creating an electric current flow. [1] This is
highlighted below: The process of doping involves the addition of atoms with different number of
electrons so it creates an unbalanced number of electrons on the material that is being doped, in this
case Silicon. [1] The material being doped, in this case Silicon will carry a negative charge if the
base material absorbs excessive electrons. However, if the base material, Silicon, absorbs to little
electrons then the material will carry a positive charge. [1] To achieve a doped material, using
Silicon then there are 2 methods: Ion implantation of diffusion. These methods are carried out using
Boron (B) to form a positively charged doped material and Arsenide (As) or Phosphorus (P) to form
a negatively charged doped material. This is shown below: Ion Implantation can be achieved at
room temperature for

A Brief History of Time Summary Essay
Theoretical Physics, a modern topic of science with an extremely deterring sound and famous for
being beyond complex, is a subject which cannot be explained with ease. Stephen Hawking, the
most famous living scientist today, wrote A Brief History of Time in 1988, updated in 1996, in order
to take upon this daunting task of explaining basic theoretical physics to a population who had
previously barely studied any science. Within A Brief History of Time, Hawking touches upon seven
topics in–depth while easily explaining them in a simple manner: our picture of the universe, space
and time, the expanding universe, the uncertainty principle, elementary particles and the forces of
nature, black holes, and the origin and fate of the universe. ... Show more content on Helpwriting.net
...
Thus, the ether was created. Albert Einstein proposed though that the ether was not needed, for
objects do not have to be at absolute rest as long as there was no absolute time. Thus, the theory of
relativity was developed. In his discussion of light, Hawking cites that light is described by a cone.
The top of the cone represents the future path of light, the bottom half of the cone represents the past
path of the light, while the central vertex represents the actual light. In the third chapter, Hawking
takes upon the continuous and accelerated expansion of the universe. In order to prove this, he uses
the "Doppler shift" which is almost identical to the Doppler Effect. In sound, the Doppler Effect
creates an increasingly louder sound as the event approaches us, and then as the event moves away
the sound begins to dull. In light the same basis applies, but with a color shift. Blue shifting and red
shifting are the opposite effects of the "Doppler shift". When objects are moving away from us, their
light is shifted in the red direction on the electromagnetic spectrum. Inversely, as objects approach
us; their light is shifted in the blue direction. Hawking uses this to prove the expansion of the
universe, for many stars found by Edwin Hubble, of whom the Hubble telescope is named after, are
observed to be red shifted. Thus, Hawking cites the

States of Matter
States of matter are the distinct forms that different phases of matter take on. Historically, the
distinction is made based on qualitative differences in bulk properties. Solid is the state in which
matter maintains a fixed volume and shape; liquid is the state in which matter maintains a fixed
volume but adapts to the shape of its container; and gas is the state in which matter expands to
occupy whatever volume is available.
This diagram shows the nomenclature for the different phase transitions.
More recently, distinctions between states have been based on differences in molecular
interrelationships. Solid is the state in which intermolecular attractions keep the molecules in fixed
spatial relationships. Liquid is the state in which ... Show more content on Helpwriting.net ...
Solids can also change directly into gases through the process of sublimation.
[edit]Liquid
Main article: Liquid
Structure of a classical monatomic liquid. Atoms have many nearest neighbors in contact, yet no
long–range order is present.
The volume is definite if the temperature and pressure are constant. When a solid is heated above its
melting point, it becomes liquid, given that the pressure is higher than the triple point of the
substance. Intermolecular (or interatomic or interionic) forces are still important, but the molecules
have enough energy to move relative to each other and the structure is mobile. This means that the
shape of a liquid is not definite but is determined by its container. The volume is usually greater than
that of the corresponding solid, the most well known exception being water, H2O. The highest
temperature at which a given liquid can exist is its critical temperature.[5]
[edit]Gas
Main article: Gas
In a gas, the molecules have enough kinetic energy so that the effect of intermolecular forces is
small (or zero for an ideal gas), and the typical distance between neighboring molecules is much
greater than the molecular size. A gas has no definite shape or volume, but occupies the entire
container in which it is confined.

Anisotropy And 3d-4f Magnetic Exchange Interactions
relaxation barrier depends on both single–ion anisotropy and 3d–4f magnetic exchange
interactions.10 Thus when the 3d–4f magnetic exchange coupling is strong enough, the exchange
coupled levels are well separated (avoiding mixing of low–lying excited states in the ground state)
and the QTM is suppressed, so that large energy barriers, hysteresis loops and relaxation times are
observed. It should be noted that only a few heterometallic 3d/4f complexes where the magnetic
exchange interaction is able to effectively reduce the QTM process have been reported so far. The
best example of this phenomenon, is the family of heterometallic tetranuclear CrIII2 LnIII2
butterfly–like type SMMs complexes recently reported by Murray et al.,10b, 10f, 11 ... Show more
content on Helpwriting.net ...
MMCs are complexes exhibiting enhanced magneto–caloric effect (MCE), which is based on the
change of magnetic entropy upon application of a magnetic field and can be exploited for molecular
refrigeration.6 Contrary to SMM behaviour, which is favoured by highly anisotropic Ln3+ ions, the
MCE is improved in molecules containing isotropic metal ions and exhibiting weak magnetic
coupling between them. This is because in these conditions multiple low–lying excited, field–
accessible states are generated, which can contribute to the magnetic entropy of the system. In view
of the above considerations, 3d–4f dinuclear complexes containing the isotropic Gd3+ ion, which
has the maximum entropy value calculated as Rln(2SGd + 1)/MGd = 110 Jkg–1K–1 and the MnIII
ion (despite being anisotropic has a maximum entropy value of 271 Jkg–1K–1) could be good
candidates for constructing magnetic coolers. It should be noted that although numerous MnIII/LnIII
cluster complexes exist,13 to the best of our knowledge, no examples of fully structurally and
magnetically characterized simple dinuclear MnIIILnIII complexes have been reported so far
(actually, an example of dinuclear MnIIIGdIII can be found in the literature, but its crystal structure
was not reported). This is

Taking a Look at Quantum Dots
To begin with in layman's language or maybe for a person who has limited or little knowledge about
physics, quantum dots are materials that are small but are sufficient to exhibit quantum mechanical
properties. Quantum dots were first discovered in 1980. They exhibit electronic properties which are
between semiconductors and discrete molecules. That is the very reason for the unusually high
surface to volume ratio. The most visible use of quantum dots is in fluorescence where the
nanocrystal is capable of producing different distinctive colors determined by their particle size.
For the more experienced and the more technical personals, Quantum dots are semiconductor
nanostructures confining the motion of the conduction band electrons, the valence band holes or the
excitons and are in all the three spatial directions. The excitons are confined to the three spatial
directions only. There would be a doubt about what excitons is thus the definition; an exciton is a
state or rather a bound state of an electron or a hole which are attracted to each other by the
coulombs force. They are neutral quasiparticles that are generally existent in semiconductors and
also in insulators. They may also be found in some liquids.
The reasons for confinement can be electrostatic potential which can be due to external electrodes,
strain, impurities and doping. According to a lot of research that has been going on in this field, a
quantum dot has a discrete quantized energy spectrum.

An Inside Look at Superconducting Qubits Essay
Superconducting Qubits
Introduction and Background
The quantum computation has remarkably improved since the use of quan– tum algorithms that
have a run time which is exponentially faster compared to classical algorithms. Implementation of
theory for practical computation presents various technological and scientific challenges. It is
required that the Qubits be entirely free from external noise while at the same time they need to be
strongly coupled amongst themselves using gates for computa– tion. We need to construct the qubits
such that their degrees of freedom are independent of the noise in the environment. For example
electronic spins or spins of nuclei are isolated from surrounding noise. In superconduct– ing qubits
... Show more content on Helpwriting.net ...
These are termed as macroscopic quantum coherence effects.
1.1.2
Superconductivity
On lowering the temperature of some metals (materials) to a scale of few kelvins the electrons
experience a net attractive force amongst themselves.
This is attraction is phonon mediated. As a result of bonding between two electrons near the Fermi
level the net energy decreases. The pair has a spin zero .The pairing process changes the Fermi level
and further formation of pairs takes place which can all occupy the ground state(zero spin state not
affected by Paulis exclusion principle).The entire resistance less flow of cooper paired electrons is
called as 'supercurrent'. The superconducting state is lower in energy from the normal material state
by an amount of energy called the superconducting energy gap. ψ = n0.5 eiθ s Where ns cooper pair
density, θ is the superconducting phase.
1.2
Josephson effect
A junction formed by placing two superconducting chips with a thin insula– tor in between is called
Josephson junction tunnel. We see that at sufficiently low temperatures such that thermal energy
cannot break the cooper pairs, these pairs tunnel from one superconducting electrode to another,
even in the absence of biasing voltage.
IJ = Io sin(δ)
1.2. JOSEPHSON EFFECT
3
Where IJ : supercurrent, Io : critical current, h 2e φo =
Where, φo is the quanta of flux. δ = φL − φR

The Complex And Interesting Optical Properties
1. Introduction
The complex and interesting optical properties can be shown clearly on Nanostructured metals the
collective oscillations of the conduction electrons termed plasmons lead to most striking
phenomenon encountered in these structures are resonances . Plasmon modes exist in a number of
geometries and in various metals – most importantly in noble metals such as gold, copper and silver.
Under certain circumstances plasmons are excited by light, which leads to strong light scattering and
absorption and an enhancement of the local electromagnetic field. In 1989, based upon calculations,
Neeves and Birnboim proposed that a composite spherical particle with a dielectric core and a
metallic shell could produce SPR modes with a much ... Show more content on Helpwriting.net ...
The interest in plasmon modes dates back to the beginning of the 20th century, but recent advances
in structuring, manipulating and observing on the nanometer scale have revitalized this field even
though these technological advances were at first driven by the increasing demand for a
semiconductor based integrated electronic components, optical applications are now receiving
increasing attention. Guiding light in an integrated optical system and interfacing with electronic
components remain important challenges for research and development today. Nanostructures
metals are believed to be one of the key ingredients of such future optoelectronic devices.
1.1 Plasma
Plasma is a distinct phase of matter, separate from the traditional solids, liquids, and gases. It is a
collection of charged particles that respond strongly and collectively to electromagnetic fields,
taking the form of gas–like clouds or ion beams. Since the particles in plasma are electrically
charged (generally by being stripped of electrons), it is frequently described as an "ionized gas."[1]
so that the electrons and ions are separately free. When does this ionization occur? When the
temperature is hot enough.

James Simons Research Paper
James Simons is an American mathematician and the founder of the famous Renaissance
Technologies, where he was able to demonstrate his hedge fund managerial expertise. Mr. Simons is
widely known for his code breaking skills and being an expert in pattern recognition. During his
time at the Renaissance Technologies he employed mathematical models to analyze hedge funds in
his company that was needed for better accuracy predictions instead of other methods. During his
career, he made a name for himself as a highly accomplished mathematician. He spent most of his
time working in the areas of geometry and topology of manifolds. He eventually started his own
company (Renaissance Technologies) which made him a billionaire.
He was born in 1938 in ... Show more content on Helpwriting.net ...
Now he spends his time giving back to the community both locally and abroad in different states.
James Simons founded a nonprofit charitable organization that supports projects related to both the
education, healthcare, and the science industry. He and his wife's missions are to improve
mathematics education in the U.S. public schools. The Simons foundation was very prosperous; in
fact The Simons Foundation made a $60 million donation to found the Simons Center for Geometry
and Physics at Stony Brook. It was the largest gift to a public university in the history of the state of
New York.
James Simons went on to win many prestigious awards. In 1976 he won the AMS Oswald Veblen
Prize in Geometry for his involvement to geometry and topology. In 2006 he was named Financial
Engineer of the Year by the International Association of Financial Engineers. His most recent
accomplishment was in 2014 where he was elected to the National Academy of Sciences of the
USA.
Dr. Simons was married to a computer scientist name Barbara Simons; that marriage ended in a
divorce. He remarried Marilyn Hawrys, together they had five children; two of teir children died in
separate accidents when they were young

The Theory Of Classical And Quantum Mechanics
If one thought that time and its direction reduce to some reductive base in fundamental physical
science one would encounter a perceived barrier viz., the fact that the underlying dynamical laws of
fundamental physical theory do not privilege the past or the future. If those laws permit certain
physical processes to be future directed or oriented, then they also allow for those self–same
processes to be past directed or oriented. The dynamical laws are time–reversal invariant. As Roger
Penrose stated, ...the dynamical equations of classical and quantum mechanics are symmetrical
under a reversal of the direction of time! As far as mathematics is concerned, one can just as well
specify final conditions, at some remote future time, and evolve ... Show more content on
Helpwriting.net ...
Moreover, we have experimentally confirmed a violation of time reversal invariance in B0 meson
systems. Weakly interacting systems are anomalous for this reason. I will have more to say about
how to understand such systems in the context of discussing the arrow of time. For now, let's
unashamedly affirm that the fundamental dynamical laws are time–reversal invariant, deliberately
suppressing worries about weakly interacting systems for the purposes of deliberation. Even though
the dynamical laws of our fundamental physical theories are time–reversal invariant, there appear to
be macroscopic energetically isolated processes that are temporally irreversible. So the microphysics
is such that it suggests temporal symmetry, though macroscopic goings–on suggest temporal
asymmetry. To make things worse, given an appropriately robust reductionist story in the
background, macroscopic phenomena depend in some strong sense on underlying microphysical
phenomena. We should now ask: "what could be the source of...[the]...widespread temporal bias in
the" macroscopic "world, if the underlying" microphysical "laws are so even–handed?" This is the
puzzle of the arrow of time. Why isn't the temporal handedness accounted for by the phenomenon of
weakly interacting systems previously discussed? Answer: That phenomenon does not occur
frequently enough to serve as

Essay On Personal Statement At Fordham University
I am a non–terminating senior at Fordham University pursuing both a physics, and a joint
mathematics and computer science degree. I've chosen to apply to contribute to Cornell's CNF and
PARADIM REU program because of my interest in the intersection of experimental condensed
matter physics and nanotechnology. Since May of 2016, I have been doing an independent study on
quantum computation with the assistance of two advisors. Among learning about the many facets of
quantum computation, my obligations also include developing computer programs using both
python and C++ to simulate quantum computational phenomena, seeking contemporary
advancements in this field, and presenting short talks on quantum computational phenomena. In
particular, I had ... Show more content on Helpwriting.net ...
For these reasons, the CNF and PARADIM REU program would be greatly advantageous for my
future. Earlier in my collegiate career, I was burdened with a selection of personal complications
that derailed my academic performance. However, persevering through these hindrances taught me
an indispensable lesson on how to encounter adversity and overcome hardships while juggling
everyday duties. My success in my more recent coursework should express my ability to work
efficaciously. After learning about the responsibilities of this REU program, I've found that these
responsibilities and my set of skills in computer programming, mathematical reasoning, and
physical knowledge are quite compatible. Although I am familiar with other programming
languages, more relevantly, I am proficient in C++ up to a data structures and algorithms level, and I
have taken a course on scientific computation in python. I also interned as a software engineer for
Skanatek AB this past summer. Alongside my knowledge of quantum physics from my coursework
and my independent study, I will also be taking a solid–state physics course in the upcoming spring
semester. Also in the spring semester, I will be taking a course in experimental techniques in physics
and engineering, which will prepare me for experimental and laboratory work. This experimental
physics course has a large component focused on written and oral communication skills

Statement Of Teaching Accomplishments And Philosophy
Statement of teaching accomplishments and philosophy by Shinsei Ryu Graduate supervising
Current status overview Graduate students and graduate education are large parts of my research
activities, and naturally I spend a lot of time and put a lot of efforts for this. Starting from small
initial projects, I have been successful to make some students to get involved in real research
activities. These students seem to find the projects I gave interesting, and managed to find a way to
get along with me. Right now, I am actively working with the following six UIUC graduate
students: Olabode Sule, Xueda Wen, Chang–Tse Hsieh, AtMa (Packon) Chan Apoorv Tiwari,
Hassan Shapourian. In addition, one student, Po–Yao Chang, has just graduated, and moved to the
Rutgers University for his new postdoctoral job. These students listed above finished and published
a few research papers with me or are preparing for a paper. Four students (Olabode Sule, Xueda
Wen, Chang–Tse Hsieh, AtMa Chan) have finished their prelim, and are currently working to finish
their Ph.D programs in the coming years. There are also two exchange graduate students from Brazil
and Sweden, Pedro Lopes and Thomas Kvorning, who finished and have been finishing research
papers with me. Thomas Kvorning spent three months in my group in 2014, by making use of
INSPIRE partnership of UIUC and Swedish institutions. In addition to these "core" students in my
group, there are a couple of more students who I am involved with. (They

Firefighting Research Papers
Much like all events and natural phenomena that pose a threat to civilization, humans have learned
to cope with and prevent the loss of human life and destruction of property in devastating blazes that
can break out seemingly at random. Fighting fires was not always the science it is today, but due to
the use of new technologies and the fundamental understanding of what fire is, how it spreads, how
it can kill, and how it is stopped, our protocol when dealing with fires has increased our success rate
and continues to grow with applications of engineering, chemistry, and meteorology.
An understanding of how fires, wildfires in particular, work was a fundamental part in learning how
to fight fires properly. This understanding entailed knowing what makes a fire a fire, what could
cause a fire, what hinders and aids a fire's growth, what different types of fire there are, and the
characteristics of said types. Without the basic understanding of these things, it would have made
the evolution of aerial firefighting next to impossible.
Fire is explained in a tetrahedron of necessary requirements a fire needs before it is able to spring to
life. First, is sufficient fuel. Different types of fuel coincide with different types of terrain. In dry,
sparse areas, dead grass and shrubs provide the best fuel. In lush, green forests, pine needles, leaves,
twigs, and other such things typically underfoot makes for the best fuel . Second, is an oxidizing
agent. This could be the oxygen

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