Lithography In Society

Lithography In Society
In the modern day, it's easy to see man's need for technology. The need to surpass previous limits is what drives society today in
such a technologically advanced world. Although we continuously push for newer, faster, more powerful computers and
components, we barely stop and think about how society in turn affects its development. The best place to start would be the
CPU1, given they are undoubtedly the most important hardware of computers, as they act as the brain or command center,
taking and processing billions of instructions per second. Now, there are two main topics I'd like to focus on with CPUs: AMD's
Ryzen architecture's2 influence and Intel's current developments with it's lithography3 process. So, to begin with AMD and
Ryzen, ... Show more content on Helpwriting.net ...
The files first need to exist somewhere where the computer can reach them, our hard drive. Currently, there are two different
types of hard drives available on the market. Hard disk drives, otherwise known as HDD's and solid state drives, otherwise
known as SSD's respectively. Hard disk drives have been used since the early days of modern computing. They act the same
way as old VCR and tape cassettes, with magnets. HDD's are composed of one or more circular, metallic platters that currently
spin at speeds of 5400, 5900, or 7200 RPM's14. Once they spin up to their designated speed, a little arm with a magnet spans
over the metallic disks and proceeds to read and write to the disk, with reading being a whole lot faster than writing as the arm
doesn't have to change the arrangement of the magnetic particles on the disk. Solid state drives however are different in respect
to that they have no moving parts. They are little PCB's15 with silicon NVMe chips used to hold the
... Get more on HelpWriting.net ...

The Initiation Of 3 D Printing
Initiation of 3–D printing took place in end 1980s. Fundamentals of 3–D printing were laid by Japanese Professor. Although he
was not able to contribute 100% with his idea, but later on, Mr. Charles Huck carried on with this idea and finally came up with
a machine that can create prototypes. Later he also co–founded a 3–D manufacturing company that is right now one of the
largest 3–D company in the world and contributes a lot to modern era problems. After this initiative, progress on additive
manufacturing process or 3–D printing got started, and since then, it became one of the most important sector of science,
specifically engineering, as it have produced a lot of useful results and have also simplified some lengthy tasks, transforming
them into efficient, accurate and cost effective activity.
As discussed in introduction about types of 3–D printers and variety of industries where they can be used, explanations
regarding these aspects are as follows:
i. STEREO LITHOGRAPHY (SLA) ii. FUSED DEPOSITION MODELLING iii. SELECTIVE LASER SINTERING (SLS) iv.
MULTI–JET MODELLING (MJM)
v. VFLASH PRINTER vi. FUSED FILAMENT FABRICATION (FFF) OR FUSED DEPOSTION MODELLING (FDM)
Fundamentals of all types of printers stated above are same. As prototypes are printed layer by layer, so certain dimensions are
required by printers to print that part. As all designing activities are performed on computer and computers are used to directly
send commands to printers, defining actual structure of

Optical Properties Of Thick Metal Nanohole Arrays
2. Optical properties of thick metal nanohole arrays fabricated by electron–beam and nanosphere lithography.
INTRODUCTION
Extraordinary optical transmission (EOT) through nanohole arrays has been concentrated broadly in several aspects, including
the hypothesis and confirmation of its origin parameters influencing its intensity, the optical properties, for example like its
transmission spectra and divergence. Several parameters including the refractive index of the medium on the metal film surface,
the wavelength and condition of polarization of the incident light, the holes shape and periodicity of the structures change the
spectral behavior in term of intensity and position of the transmitted peaks. The structures that support EOT have discovered
their applications in numerous fields including visible spectroscopy, Raman spectroscopy, sub–wavelength optics, nonlinear
optics, and photolithography. As the EOT is influenced by parameters like the shape and periodicity of the holes, devices made
in light of this marvel will be more sensitive and supports larger selectivity. Regardless of these advantages a large portion of
existing use of EOT has been acknowledged on the structures with limited region of coverage. Because of the constrained
techniques and choices for fabrication of such structures, the EOT–based devices were fabricated with finite array sizes. This
paper deals with two methods that deals with two methods to produce arrays of nanoholes with sizes of

Poster Art History
The topic that I decided to use is the effects of poster art, how it relates to entertainment. The purpose is to answer questions on
how poster art got started and evolved overtime. The artists who influenced the posters the most to move the works forward are
discussed. This will cover the arts, Music, Dance, Theater, Movies, and Animation Poster Art All the World is a Stage
Entertainment started the first time one person said or acted out any action for another person. The purpose of this paper is to
discover when the poster art came to American shores. Hear Ye! Hear Ye! The town crier would call out as he walked the streets
of colonial America. Much as the town crier of Europe did as his predecessors before him in the year 1772, Mr. Daniel ... Show
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It was an attempt to keep records of impressions of day–to–day life on the walls of caves. With the absence of a formal spoken
language, the picture became the way to communicate. Records remain that show that man wanted to be heard and understood.
His desire for self–expression was indirectly a pictorial dairy of thoughts and activities of his daily work and superstitions. All
of the ancients used poster art in the expression of daily life. The poster had become a way to disseminating specific information
to the people.

List The Advantages And Disadvantages And Schematics Of...
2.5.4. Curing: The model is dispatched from the moving perforated base platform. The developed model contains some amount
of liquid resin attached to the surface of the model. This resin has to be cleaned and cleared. This is done by immersing the
model in the alcoholic bath or solvent bath. The model is further placed in Ultra violet Oven for further processing (heating).
2.5.5. Post processing: In this stage of post processing, the model that is removed from the perorated platform are further
subjected to the removal of the supporting structures and the final model is ready. Figure 7: Schematics of SLA
2.6. Advantages:
 Excellent building process – The system is very stable. Once started the process is fully automatic and ... Show more content
on Helpwriting.net ...
List the reasons for the failure of the investment casting shell in case of using a completely solid stereo lithography pattern?
2. List the technical specification of SLA machines
3. What are the process parameters of stereo lithography system that influence the part quality? Explain in detail how they
control or contribute to the surface integrity and part build time.
4. List the advantages and disadvantages of SLA printouts
5. What are the applications of SLA printouts? Explain why SLA printouts are more popular for medical applications.
6. What are the different build styles used to create to create SLA parts? Explain with sketches.
7. What are the limitations of deep dip SLA process? Explain how these limitations are overcome.
Chapter 3: Fused deposition modeling
3.1. Introduction:
Fused deposition modeling is a Rapid prototype process of producing the component by the extrusion process with the basic
principle of the material deposition it layer above the other by fusing it to the layer just beneath. The input file for this process is
in standard STL data format. Multiple build materials are can be used in this process as the build material and for the supporting
material. Fused Deposition modeling was invented by Stratasys. Inc for concept models development which is now used for
making the casting paterns and other products for foundry

David Bligh
ARTS DEPARTMENT INTRODUCES PRINTMAKING COMPONENT
When David Bligh joined Dexter Southfield last September he brought the love of art, teaching, and experimentation with him.
Bligh teaches upper school art with a focus on printmaking. He has shown work in numerous exhibitions, including UNC's
Crossover and Composites: Hybrid Forms, Techniques & Media, The Color of Thin Air at Sculpture Fix Gallery –Two by Two:
Small Scale Ceramic Sculpture Biennial at Eastern Washington State and The Future at Scuola Internationale di Grafica in
Venice, Italy.
Bligh's work has been included in numerous other art shows shown at other locations including The International Print Center
New York, Los Angeles Municipal Art Gallery, Attleboro Arts Museum, the Visual ... Show more content on Helpwriting.net ...
(Shown in the gallery. Have photos run alongside this.) The first project was to create a book and re–booking after destroying it.
Ella Kerner also printed a dress pattern on her book using the press (show picture). Giampaolo Nicosia '19 also utilized the press
to put text on his book. The project was a great opportunity for students to begin experimenting with the press and to become
more comfortable thinking outside the box and including more creativity in their works.
"Having a working knowledge of the printing press allows our students to access a tool that is rarely seen at the high school
level," said Bligh. "By having a printing press our students can experiment with many exciting processes that yield results
quickly."
Bligh noted that some challenges students may face when learning how to operate the press is the mere fact that he lets them
learn the process on their own.
Bligh commented on the level of creativity students have reached when utilizing the press this past year. "I have seen students
use it to quickly transfer text or pattern to a work of art," he said. "The students also used it to emboss or add pressure as well as
experiment with

Advantages Of 3d Printing
3D printing is a method where three–dimensional physical object's can be created to any shape from a digital model. In the early
19's, 3D printing was an impractical idea that was only a dream. However, in 1980 the first 3D printing technology was invented
by Charles Hull and it was called stereo lithography. The inventor of 3D printing Charles Hull mention that "This invention
relates generally to improvements in apparatus for forming three–dimensional objects from a fluid medium and, more
particularly, to stereo lithography involving the application of lithographic techniques to production of three–dimensional
objects, whereby such objects can be formed rapidly, reliably, accurately and economically" (Hull, C. W.,1986). People think
that 3D printing technology will have a strong grip on to our everyday life's and it has more positive benefits than the negatives.
Moreover, 3D printing can ... Show more content on Helpwriting.net ...
Firstly, 3D printing tools are becoming more common in the field of construction and its fast mechanized practice has started to
have an influence in the design process. Some of the advantages of using 3D printing is that; it can be build by anyone, it has
more accurate construction and it is sustainable. The process of manufacturing a building is very difficult task for persons who
are unknown to this industry. However, the project in 3D printing can be designed through a different number of software's
which is accessible for anyone and they can also learn this software very fast. James D. Qualk, a LEED associate said that
"experience, experimentation and a new generation of professionals arise in a world where the 3D printing of a facility is
commonplace, it's possible that building design could eventually become largely outsourced or even commoditized for a

Essay On Interdigitated Electrode
field between individual digits of electrodes. Using these simulations, it was observed that gold nanoparticles bound closely to
IDEs can lower the electric field magnitude between the digits of the electrode. The simulations are also shown to be a useful
design tool in optimizing sensor function. Various different conditions, such as electrode dimensions and background ion
concentrations, are shown to have a significant impact on the simulations.]. From being a simple interface, the properties of the
electrodes used in electrical and electrochemical biosensors can have a remarkable impact on the function and effectiveness of
the resulting biosensor system. The use of interdigitated electrodes (IDEs) in biosensor systems is one prominent ... Show more
content on Helpwriting.net ...
They involve interdigitated fingers (IDT) to increase the edge coupling length. Also called as comb–drive device. This study
involve fabrication of aluminium IDE because of it cost low and common electrode in biosensor technology. The design of IDEs
consist of twin electrode which are arranged in a comb like finger structure between twin electrodes to form gap distance
between electrodes as shown in figure 2. Technically, the IDEs structure is easy to fabricate, simple operation, ultra–sensitive
and low cost is main point to develop of sensor for clinical application. In other word, IDEs sensor is expected to provide are
better performance and ultrahigh sensitive and selective of biosensor detection in smaller gap sizes3.Literature review In
multiple applications the interdigitated electrodes thin film are a useful tool for enhancing the analytical parameters and taking
advantages of their inherent properties such as low cost & disposables, reusable, high fabrication resolution, high sensitivity,
low reagent consumption as well as non–tedious pre–cleaning procedures Figure 3 shows the design structure of an IDE. There
are two sets of electrodes are placed in the same plane to the substrate. Generally, it is referred to comb–drive device because it
is shaped like tooth of combs. Figure 3: Geometric parameters of IDE structureIn this work, a sensor to evaluate sterilization
processes with hydrogen peroxide vapor has been characterized. Experimental, analytical and

Post And Lintel Research Paper
The development of both architecture and pictures both have several creative forms that are associated with them. The
development of Post and Lintel, arches, intaglio/etching and planographic process are a few that have interesting backgrounds.
Post and Lintel is a system in which two members, also referred to as posts, hold up a third member called the lintel. What's
interesting about Post and Lintel is that all structural openings that have been development from the basic idea of post and lintel.
The lintel must hold a majority of the weight that rests on it, as well as, its own load without serious structural damage
occurring. The type of material used is another important factor when deciding how large the structure will be. For example, ...
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However, prints or printmaking is an interesting technique that can lead to creating unique designs. The intaglio process, which
has been around since the 1400s, and is still used today, is a perfect example. This technique is one that's not talked about much
and has a rather interesting process. Intaglio can be used with a variety of different materials such as glass, wood, and stone, but
zinc seems to be the favorite. Intaglio is used in a variety of different methods such as etching, drypoint, line engraving and
aquatint. The process may seem a little lengthy, but it's well worth the effort. A gooey black waxy material is spread all over the
material used. When it is dries, the designer scratches into it and then placed in an acid bath. The ink is then applied and ran
through a press where duplicates can be made. There are a variety of hard grounds that can be used such as aquatint, sugar lift
and spit bit. Intaglio pictures are so unique and interesting due to the simple fact of how unique the process is. The pieces are
elegant, beautiful and permanent. Intaglio is an art that only certain people can master due to the technicality associated with it.
It requires concentration and muscle control to effectively apply even pressure through each

The True Nature Of Polymers
Since the beginning Polymers have been with us; they form the very basis of life. Until the middle of the 20thcentury we were
unaware but slowly and gradually we began to understand the true nature of polymers. This understanding came with the
development of plastics, which are materials truly mady by man that are the ultimate tribute to man's creativity and ingenuity.
The use of polymeric materials has permeated in every facet of our lives. It is hard to visualize today's world with all its luxury
and comfort without man–made polymeric materials.
Polymer materials in the form of solid plastics, fibers, elastomers, or foams. They may be hard or soft or may be films, coatings,
or adhesives. They can be made porous or nonporous or can melt with heat or set with heat. The possibilities are almost endless
and their applications are fascinating. Although plastic materials in general are thermally unstable, ablation of some organic
polymers occurs at extremely high temperatures. Consequently, selected plastics are used to shield reentry vehicles from the
severe heat generated by air friction and to protect rocket motor parts from hot exhaust gases, based on the concept known as
ablation plastics. Also, there is a "plastic armor" that can stop a bullet, even shell fragments. In addition to our food industrial
sector , there are flexible plastics films that are used to wrap your favorite bread, while others are sufficiently rigid and rugged to
serve as supporting members in a

Pablo Blanche Dubois
Introductory Wall Text The Album of La Revue Blanche, a collection of prints commissioned by the late 19th century Parisian
anarchist journal La Revue Blanche, provides not only an insight into popular fin–de–siècle French print culture, but also a
beautiful case–study in the techniques developed by leading artists in the realm of fine art lithography. As a graphic art that
makes use of the immiscibility of grease and water, this planographic printing process provides a wide array of stylistic
possibilities as these various prints demonstrate. As the new invention of photography was rapidly replacing the traditional print
as the sole means for reproductions in the late 19th century, artistic quality in prints became increasingly important and
printmaking flourished as an independent art form. Parisian print publishers and dealers soon began to produce albums of prints
published regularly in limited editions that were purchased by a rapidly growing group of ... Show more content on
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The sheer range of stylistic effects within lithography is vast, and the artists of La Revue Blanche display ever more inventive
ways of working in this medium. For some of these artists, the Revue's commission would become a hallmark moment in their
career, and inspire much more sustained work in the graphic arts. For others, it bolstered an already flourishing graphic career.
In this sense, La Revue played an active role in promoting the modern lithographic print, and is perhaps one of the most
successful examples of the symbiotic relationship between avant–garde art prints and the particular culture that fueled their

Printing Is A Process For Reproducing Text And Images
Abstract––Printing is a process for reproducing text and images, typically with ink on paper using a print press.3D printing is
method of converting a virtual 3D model into a physical object from a digital file. It is achieved using Additive Process, where
an object is created by laying down successive layers of material until the entire object is created.3D printing could
revolutionize and reshape the world. Advances in 3D printing technology can significantly change and improve the
manufacturing world with effects on energy use, waste reduction ,customization, product availability, medicine, art, construction
and science. By using this technology it becomes easier to transmit designs for new objects around the world.
Keywords––Stereo lithography, Fused Deposition Modelling, Selective laser sintering, Laminated Object Manufacturing.
__________________________________________________*****_________________________________________________
I. INTRODUCTION
Since the 1980 's, the large–scale inkjet printer was widely used in a variety of flat printing tasks with full colour, and
established its unshakable status in the printing industry. With the improvement of the printing technology and the development
of the computer 3D simulation, more and more 3D printing requirement become burst. However, the existing ink–jet printing
equipment could only print on the plane material, the printing technology for the three–dimensional model is currently only at
the exploratory stage,

Significance Of Uncle Sam
I want YOU for US army
The red, white and blue colored poster with a man named Uncle Sam in front of it, is the most iconic image in the American
history. The patron of the military propaganda, he is worldwide known for saying that he wants YOU to join his army. In a way
Uncle Sam became the symbol of the American government. But how did the image become so representative for the American
people? And who is the person behind this iconic image that still is an iconic symbol to the American government?
James Montgomery was born on June the 18TH 1977, in New York. He was a very talented artists and sold his first illustration
for 10 dollars to St. Nicholas at the age of 12. He worked for Life Magazine when he was 14 and two years later for a magazine
called Judge. He followed a study at the Art Student League but thought he did not develop well enough as an artist there and
found it a waste of his time. James Montgomery was married to Nellie McCormick. With his wife, James Montgomery has lived
in Florida, California and Virginia. He tried to become a portrait painter which was not very successful. James Montgomery
began drawing Hollywood stars in 1903 for the Photoplay Magazine. And in 1904 he leased a studio apartment and concentrated
on magazines including Saturday Evening Post, Judge, Ladies' Home Journal, ... Show more content on Helpwriting.net ...
From a man that was once a symbol of patriotism and bravery, now seen with bitterness and displeasure. The image has been
parodied in political cartoons all over the internet, mostly mocking the government. Even though all the parodies, Uncle Sam
still represents a powerful symbol for the American government and we see many people dressed up like him for the fourth of
July parades. The posters that were made for the world war, became very wanted by collectors. The posters were cheap to print
so for the collectors it is very inexpensive, the poster designs are very powerful, bright in colors and historical

The Importance Of A Development As Helpful As Printing
A development as helpful as printing, in an Europe of expanding flourishing, promptly finds new clients. The primary Italian
press is established in 1464, at the Benedictine town of Subiaco in the ecclesiastical states. Switzerland has a press in the next
year. Printing starts in Venice, Paris and Utrecht in 1470, in Spain and Hungary in 1473, in Bruges in 1474 (on a press claimed
by Caxton, who moves it to London in 1476), in Sweden in 1483. Before the century 's over the art is settled in every European
kingdom aside from Russia.
Amid the early decades, German printing prevails. A bigger number of books are distributed in Germany than anyplace else (by
1500 there are printers in around sixty German towns); German printers convey the art mysteries abroad; and outside printers
come to Germany to study as understudies. The soonest typography is accordingly operating at a profit letter style of
contemporary German original copies. Yet, before the century 's over the most popular and persuasive printing is being done in
Italy, with a relating change in appearance. From the 1470s, when Nicolas Jenson sets up a press there, Venice turns into a city
known for the nature of its printing. Its overwhelming nature in the field is solidly settled before the century 's over through the
productions of Aldus Manutius.
These Venetian printers create sort confronts more open and exquisite than the German dark letter custom, getting them from the
scripts of the Italian humanists. In doing

Advantages And Disadvantages Of Nanowires
transport is expected to be blocked in thin 1D nanostructures. Nonetheless, if employing an alternative perspective, poor heat
transport is useful for thermoelectric materials, which are characterized by a figure of merit :ZT = α2T/[ρ(κp + κe)], where α, T,
ρ, κp and κe represent the Seebeck coefficient, absolute temperature, electronic resistivity, lattice thermal conductivity and
electronic thermal conductivity, respectively. It is found that as the proceeding of the phonon transport worsens, the value of the
figure would improve. In fact, the Dresselhaus research group has predicted that ZT can be increased above bulk values in thin
nanowires as long as the diameters, compositions and carrier concentrations are carefully manipulated [14,15]. This contention
has been confirmed by different levels of experiments. Various types of nanowires have been fabricated using different methods,
including evaporation [16], laser ablation [17], chemical vapor deposition (CVD), ... Show more content on Helpwriting.net ...
The exceptionally high surface–to–volume ratio of thin one–dimensional nanostructures has enabled them to function well with
inherently high sensitivity and short response time. A common sensing device can be produced by configuring high
performance, field–effect nanowire transistors, in which the specific function of sensing is achieved by coupling a recognition
group and the surface of the nanowire. The device incorporates a Si nanowire with distinct p– or n–type doping, source drain
electrodes that are insulated from the environment, and a microfluid device for delivery of solutions. Since the Si nanowire is
suspended in ethanol and flow aligned on substrates, and the contact leads are characteristic of emerging with electron –beam
lithography, for manufacturing purposes, it would be beneficial to grow the device directly from

Circus Posters of P.T. Barnum and The Ringling Brothers
Before there was the Ringling Bros. and Barnum & Bailey and their Greatest Show on Earth there was just P.T. Barnum and the
Ringling brothers each with their own traveling circus. Barnum's circus was originally known as P.T. Barnum's Grand Traveling
Museum, Menagerie, Caravan and Circus, which was unveiled as the largest American circus in 1870 and quickly became a hit
(Barnum's Timeline). Then in 1881 Barnum, James Bailey, and James Hutchinson partnered up to create P.T. Barnum's Greatest
Show on Earth & The Great London Circus, which later became Barnum & Bailey's Greatest Show on Earth in 1888 (P.T.
Barnum). Sixteen years after Barnum's death in 1891, the Ringling brothers bought out their competition, but the two shows
continued to ... Show more content on Helpwriting.net ...
Furthermore, the largest display text of the Barnum poster has been treated much differently than that of the Ringling poster. The
Barnum poster advertises the performer Lulu's human cannonball–type act, so the fact that the text "The Only and Original" is
curved and shaped in such a way that it seems to somewhat resemble a cannon with the barrel pointed towards the full–body
illustration of Lulu is most likely not a coincidence. Additionally, the typeface of the "LuLu" text is fancier with its decorative
serifs and swirly tails than the other typefaces on that poster and on the Ringling poster. The two posters both employ serif and
sans serif typestyles but the Ringling poster uses a slab serif while the Barnum poster has a more decorative style serif.
Moreover, the serif type on the Ringling poster has a bulkier, rounder, slightly casual appearance to it while the Barnum poster's
serif type appears more angular and rigid with a more formal appearance. The sans serif type on the bottom of the Ringling
poster has that same slightly round and informal feel to it that the poster's serif typestyle has, much like the way that the angular
rigidness of the Barnum poster's serif typeface is echoed in the choice of sans serif typestyle. In addition, the smaller display text
at the top of the Barnum poster has a light gray drop shadow to set it apart from the other black text around the poster and to
grab the viewer's attention away from the colored type and image.

History Of Marketing And The Marketing Strategy
The history of marketing can be traced back to the longest possible time– probably further than you thought. It will not be an
exaggeration to say that it is as old as civilization itself. The probability of success of any business lies in the marketing strategy
it adopts. Simply put, if you are not marketing your business, you are in for a loss. While this concept remained unchanged, the
ways of marketing have changed several folds over the last few centuries.
1450–1700– Printed Advertisements Appears
The concept of marketing started many moons back, as far back as 1450! The first printed advertising started with the invention
of 'moveable type', which made mass printing possible for the first time.
If an advertisement is printed on ... Show more content on Helpwriting.net ...
Fruits and vegetables were sold in the city square in the carts and wagons and their proprietors used street callers (town criers) to
announce their whereabouts for the convenience of the customers.
In the 18th century weekly advertisements began to be featured in newspapers in England. These early print advertisements
were mainly used to promote books, newspapers and research papers, which became increasingly affordable with advances in
the printing press; and medicines, which were increasingly in demand as disease ravaged Europe.
1730's –Magazines Used as a Marketing Tool
One of the earliest examples of magazine is Erbauliche Monaths Unterredungen, a literary and philosophy magazine, which was
first published in 1663 in Germany. The Gentleman 's Magazine which was first published in 1731 in London, is considered as
the first general–interest magazine. Edward Cave, who edited The Gentleman 's Magazine under the pen name "Sylvanus
Urban", was the first one to use the term "magazine," which was derived from the Arabic makhazin (or, storehouses). One of the
oldest consumer magazines still in print is The Scots Magazine, which was first published in 1739. But soon the concept of
magazine as marketing tools lost its

Joseph Nicéphore Nieepce Research Paper
Joseph Nicéphore Niépce
Joseph Nicéphore Niépce was one of the first people to create a photograph using camera obscura. Niépce had a breakthrough
when he created a permanent image by exposing pewter plates to a camera picture then using vapors from heated iodine crystals
to correct the contrast. He created the first heliograph named "View from the Window at Le Gras after expirimenting with
lithography.
Joseph Nicéphore Niépce was born in Chalon–sur–Saône, France in 1765. He had two brothers and a sister and was raised in the
middle class. In 1786 he studies physics and chemistry in Angers at the Oratorian Brothers. In 1788 he enlisted in the National
Guard. In 1789 the French Revolution began and in 1792 he enlisted in the Revolutionary Army. During his time spent in the
military he decided to start experimenting with photography with his brother Claude. In 1794 he left the army, got married, and
began to live in Nice with his brother Claude. A year later he had a son named Isidore. ... Show more content on Helpwriting.net
...
Nicéphore spent more and more time on researching light sensitive substances. Within a few more years the brothers came up
with the idea of heliopgraphy and created the first non–permanent paper negatives. Claude left for London in 1817 and
Nicéphore continued experimenting with dangerous materials to use with cameras. In 1818 he created a photo that retained an
image for three months. He experimented with different kinds of resins and stones and glass until 1822 when he used pewter

Lithography Essay
Over the years since 1796 when Lithography first came to be known, the founding engineers never would have believed that
technology would bring us to a path today where automation has taken over the skilled tradesman. The ever constant industry
changes have impacted management decisions and approaches to this ever changing industry. Technology is changing society as
much as it's changing the world around us. Technology is always improving and it's only getting faster. There are positive and
negative things that come with technology.
Change is rarely, if ever, an easy process, especially within an organization. The term "technology" has been used by
economists, managers, consultants, and business analysts to describe machinery and equipment ... Show more content on
Helpwriting.net ...
The world of business is faced with critical challenges. By understanding that innovation is more of a process than a single plan
and that innovation that cascades throughout the organization is essential for its progress, companies can begin to build
unforeseen growth potential. Both internal and external factors force today's companies to continuously redefine their
organizational goals, purposes, and their "way of doing things" As technology advances it is the goals of companies and their
management teams to have enhanced organizational performance by lowering costs, increasing efficiency, differentiating
products, and services, or creating broader markets. Just in the last 2 ½ years since I have been with the company, we have done
2 very large systems upgrades for our plate maker, optimizing the work flow to increase productivity, however with that upgrade
comes a cost but can be made up later as we streamline our system. Also since coming back to the company we have got various
forms of new offset presses, along with a new folder and a booklet maker to increase our capabilities. We have expanded our
"Wide Format Division" allowing us to up our production and keep things in–house that we use to have to send out. During
these transitions, various change agents play important roles in ensuring a successful implementation of the change and
stabilization of the organization. DocuMart appoint's the department manager

Advantages And Disadvantages Of Linocut
Linocut –A block made of linoleum
–Carving tools –Paper fabrics
Linocut is a form of relief printing in which the artist cuts a design into the surface of the block. Then a mirror image is created
when the artist places a paper or fabric over the surface and presses down with a hand or a roller. The raised parts of the piece
transfer over on to the paper or fabric to create the overall desired print. Linocut has both benefits and drawbacks as a form of
printmaking. The major benefit of this form of art is that it is softer than wood making it easier to carve and use. Another benefit
is that color can be added to the prints. However, there are several drawbacks of using linocut such as linoleum "wears down
more quickly under pressure, ... Show more content on Helpwriting.net ...
The artist first coats the metal plate in an acid–resistant substance known as ground and is drawn on. The artist then uses a sharp
tool or etching needle down to the plate. "Hard grounds are employed for finely detailed linear work. Soft ground can also be
used, and virtually any tool can be used to expose the plate and resembles crayon and pencil drawings" (Sayre, 2012).
Whichever ground is used by the artist is then placed in an acid bath. "The acid eats, or etches, into the plate where the lines
have been drawn; the longer the exposed plate is left in the bath, and the stronger the solution, the greater the width and depth of
the etched line" (Sayre, 2012). An artist can also create a way in stopping out a section by using varnishes or ground over the
etched surface. Once the plate is finished being exposed to acid, it is inked and printed. Etching has both benefits and
drawbacks. Some of the benefits to etching are that it is a fluid and free process and it is able to capture the sense of immediacy
as a sketch. However, some drawbacks to etching include "it is a medium that requires calculations and planning, an ability to
manipulate chemicals, and a willingness to risk losing everything in order to achieve the desired effect" (Sayre,

Woodcut Research Paper
Printmaking is a work of art made up of ink on paper and existing in multiple examples, moreover, a print is created through an
indirect transfer process when the artist starts by drawing a composition on another surface by placing a sheet of paper in
contact with the drawn surface and then is run through a printing press. By doing a work of art in this way is that numerous
impressions can be made as new papers and can be sent through the press in the same way. In this case, the artist should decide
how many to make and that total number of impressions is called an edition, which is then signed by the artist. For the reason
that there is more than one example, many people may have these prints. Throughout the long history of the medium, different
... Show more content on Helpwriting.net ...
In the United States, the screen printing process is often called color printing, this is a print that is created by a screen made of
silk or a metal mesh extending over a frame whose design is provided by a stencil on the screen and a squeegee pulled through
the ink strength through the open area on the paper. This process was used for the first time in 1930. The process was used as a
fine art medium and the term serigraph was coined to distinguish screenprints made by an artist from screenprints produced for
commercial

Photolithography Essay
Following exposure, a developer solution is utilized to remove regions that have (positive resist) or have not (negative resist)
been exposed, leaving the desired pattern on the sample. At this point, it is possible to deposit a patterned layer of new material
on top of the sample, or to etch away exposed regions of the sample. Both cases are followed by removal of remaining resist,
usually through use of 1–Methyl–2–pyrrolidone (NMP) solvent. Typically, a sample will undergo multiple cycles of
photolithographic processing, complex integrated circuits typically require samples to undergo photolithographic processing up
to 50 times throughout the duration of the entire fabrication process. Without photolithographic processing, fabrication ... Show
Micromolding in capillaries (MIMIC) and template–assisted spin–coating are two such methods. Micromolding in capillaries is
capable of producing line or stripe–like patterns in perovskite films.43 When solvated precursors are applied to a substrate with
a capillary containing mold on top, the solutions wick through the mold under the influence of capillary action. Upon removal of
solvent(s) and mold, the resulting perovskite film will retain the straight–line pattern design of the mold. This process results in
comb–like features, with regions of patterned perovskite stripes, separated by void areas where no perovskite is present. Stripes
are connected to each other by a section of uniform perovskite film, where no mold was present during film growth. A relatively
straight–forward method for patterning perovskites, MIMIC is largely limited to simple line geometries. Template–assisted spin
coating is a similarly easy patterning technique, and, as such, has limitations in the associated geometries which it can produce.
A recent effort shows the ability to create an inverse–opal (IO) structure in perovskite films through template–assisted spin
coating.44 In this procedure, a monolayer of polystyrene microspheres was placed on top of the substrate during spin–coating of
precursor solutions. Following perovskite film growth, the polystyrene

The Chemical And Gas Sensors
Introduction:
There has been a rapid growth in the field of biosensing through both ultrasensitive chemical and gas sensors. The bio–sensing
protocols that are able to detect specific biological and chemical species, sensitively and specifically (selectively) can noticeably
influence our daily lives. The issues related to monitoring of industrial emissions, medical diagnosis and public security are
significant application fields of gas sensing in particular. Nano–engineered materials including Carbon Nanotubes and Graphene
are being used to develop miniaturized sensors that can detect very low concentrations of gases which are biomarkers of certain
diseases like lung cancer in particular. The composition of exhaled breath contains valuable information about certain volatile
and semi–volatile compounds which can be used to generate a chemical "fingerprint" and thereby screen patients with lung
cancer. Graphene and Carbon Nanotubes have been discussed for the development of chemical sensing platform.
A. Graphene for biosensing:
Graphene is a 2–D form of carbon with planar structure and sp2 bonding. It is a single layer of graphite with inter–planar
spacings of 3.35 A0. It has attracted tremendous interest due to its exceptional and unique properties. Some of its properties that
are relevant to its widespread use in gas sensors have been discussed below.
Properties:
1. The high specific surface area of graphene (both suspended and supported on substrate) provide increased

The Album Of La Revue Blanche
Exhibition Overview:
Among the many fabulous pieces of art housed at the DMA, there lies a hidden gem that has yet to be on display. The Album of
La Revue Blanche, a collection of prints commissioned by the late 19th century Parisian anarchist journal, provides not only an
insight into popular fin–de–siècle French print culture, but also a beautiful case–study in the techniques developed by leading
artists in the realm of fine art lithography. It is the goal of this exhibit to explore the place of the graphic arts in early modern art
through the example of this journal, and to examine more closely the stylistic hallmarks of the lithograph in a more detailed
way.
Lithography: Method
Lithography is planographic printing process that makes use of the immiscibility of grease and water. In the lithographic
process, ink is applied to a grease–treated image on the flat printing surface. Non–image areas hold moisture and repel the
lithographic ink. This inked surface is then printed by means of a special press as in most fine–art printmaking . The earliest–
though no longer the only–method of creating lithographs involved the use of a block of porous limestone. An image is drawn
with "tusche"– a carbon pigment in liquid form, and "litho" crayon – a type of grease pencil– before the printing surface is fixed,
moistened, and inked in preparation for printing. The printing itself is done on a press that exerts a sliding pressure, and because
it undergoes virtually no wear in

What Are The Advantages And Disadvantages Of Double Gate...
5.2 DOUBLE GATE FET : Double–gate CMOS (DGCMOS) offers distinct advantages for scaling to very short gate lengths.
Fabrication of FinFET–DGCMOS is very close to that of conventional CMOS process, with only minor disruptions, offering the
potential for a rapid deployment to manufacturing. Planar product designs have been converted to FinFET–DGCMOS without
disruption to the physical area, thereby demonstrating its compatibility with today's planar CMOS design methodology and
automation techniques. Double–gate (DG) FETs, in which a second gate is added opposite the traditional (first) gate, have better
control over short–channel effects [SCEs]. SCE limits the minimum channel length at which an FET is electrically well
behaved. ... Show more content on Helpwriting.net ...
In shorted–gate (SG) FinFETs, the two gates are connected together, leading to a three–terminal device. This can serve as a
direct replacement for the conventional bulk–CMOS devices. In independent–gate (IG) FinFETs, the top part of the gate is
etched out, giving way to two independent gates. Because the two independent gates can be controlled separately, IG–mode
FinFETs offer more design options as shown in following figure.
Fig 6.2 : SG–mode FinFET and IG–mode FinFET
6.2 Threshold Voltage Control Through Multiple Supply Voltages for Power–Efficient FinFET Interconnects :
In modern circuits, interconnect efﬁciency is a central determinant of circuit efficiency. Moreover, as the technology is scaled
down, the importance of efficient interconnect design is increasing. FinFET interconnect design can provide several new
promising interconnect synthesis

A Report On Additive Manufacturing
Additive Manufacturing(AM) is a manufacturing technology that creates objects rapidly with the help of Computer Aided
Design (CAD) files. Different from traditional manufacturing method, additive manufactured models are usually stacked out by
a serial of planer slices which are produced by processing wanted CAD designs with mathematical code.
Stereolithography, commonly known as SLA, is one of the most applied forms of AM technology. Stereolithography researches
were first appeared in 1970s, then in 1986 Chuck Hull patterned a technique capable of stacking planer cross–sectional
geometries, in the direction of bottom to top, into a complete physical model. The unique material in Hull's pattern was
ultraviolet sensitive photopolymer. This technology was named and coined as the term "Stereolithography". In the same year,
Hull also founded 3D system Inc., currently known as the first and biggest 3D printing enterprise.
After decades of development, stereolithography now can be described as an Additive Manufacturing process that hardening or
curing photopolymer resin layer by layer into actual objects. The light source, usually using ultraviolet light, provides essential
energy for stimulating and maintaining photo–polymerization reaction in which smaller molecules bond and form cross–linking
polymer molecular chains. The energy source of photo–polymerization reaction can be a laser beam or mask projection patterns.
The laser beam moving trajectories or mask projection

The Age of Poster: Pictorial Poster
The main focus point of Chéret's poster 'Folies–Bergere, La Loïe Fuller 1893, (Figure 1) is an American dancer and display
capture another classic Chéret woman dancing cabaret culture of passion and emotional abilities examples of Paris . colored
lithography Chéret skills let him to express in a variety of silk garments Fuller wore light the lamp shades found in a black
background , she seems to spin out of darkness , which is a typical Chéret composition, dancing women at the forefront , the
smallest in the background and layout on the top and bottom. usual type considered here is clearly legible from a distance due to
the black from the red background of praise , but because it is very less important that the compositions and only used for
advertising , sometimes the type spoilts the images Compared to La Loïe Fuller Chéret's Fleur de lotus of 1893 (Figure 2)is
much lighter in feeling and colour pallet. In this work, six ballerinas dance over the page, promoting Armand Silvestre's ballet et
pantomime, Fleur de Lotus. This lighter, airy feeling of ballet is portrayed through these pastel colours and light fades of colour
oozing from the background. The typography and main colour pallet are more considered here, and it is clear to see they work
well together. However, this image is missing the simplicity of the previous poster and the skill in which Chéret prints La Loi
fuller's dress in movement cannot be overlooked, it is what carries the whole poster with ease. As

Swot Analysis Of Intel
Individual Assignment– Intel Corporation (Intel)
1a. Briefly provide some background information to the organisation. Then provide an overview of the products/services/raw
ingredients that your firm acquires from the 'upstream' business suppliers as well as provides the 'downstream' business
customer.
Intel is an American multinational business established in July 18, 1968. It is currently the largest and most valued
semiconductor chip makers in from 1992 to 2014 (Intel, n.d.), and according to Interbrand, the world's leading brand consultant,
it is currently the 12th powerful brand in the world and 15th best global green brand (Interbrand, 2014). In 2015, it is reported
that the company posted revenue and non–GAAP (generally accepted accounting principles) EPS (earnings per share) of $13.2
billion and $0.55, respectively (Shields, 2015). The business's main rivalling companies include IBM, Nvidia, Advanced Micro
Devices, Microchip Technology, Avago Technologies, Oracle, and other businesses within the hardware manufacture and
software designing fields. The company creates technological hardware such as platforms that integrate various components and
... Show more content on Helpwriting.net ...
Daifuku Co. Ltd is a Japanese company which assists Intel in work–in–progress logistic transporting and storage. KLA–Tensor
Corporation processes capital equipment control and services for Intel. Furthermore, they partnered with Siliconware Precision
Industries Co. Ltd., which they assist in business specializing semiconductor assembly test the services of products. Tokyo
Electron Limited provides with dry etch and wet etch services and thermal and test systems. Tosoh SMD Inc. provides
sputtering targets for physical vapour deposition. Veolia Environment assists Intel with waste management services, and lastly
Moduslink Global Solutions Inc. provides integration and supply chain services for Intel customer

Whale Printing Case Study
ACCOUNTING 5250 Managerial Accounting Case Study– Whale Printing Company This case study is located in the
Assignment Section of your Blackboard. You are to analyze: Question 1: – What are the key issues? Answer 1: – An
organization should include the 5 M's of management in order to create value, run the business successfully and efficiently.
These 5 M's include: Money, Materials, Manpower, Machinery, and Methodology. The requirements for production usually
represented as capital, labour, and land. Capital covers all man–made aids to future production; fixed capital stays put, and
includes the physical plant, buildings, tools and machinery, while circulating capital includes raw materials and components.
Labour includes all human ... Show more content on Helpwriting.net ...
The company can increase employee responsibility through delegation. If they are responsible for a task a person is more likely
to ensure that it gets done and done well, even more so if the task contributes to a team effort and they can expect to receive
recognition for their contribution. Lastly, employees like every other person seek recognition and appreciation. Therefore, they
should be appreciated when they perform exuberantly in their jobs. One needs to clearly convey how an employee's
performance contributed to organizational results. By appreciating them, you are motivating them to do better. Monetary
rewards in the form of year–end bonuses are also always a great way to improve the morale of the employees. I believe, that
Mr.Hussey after considering the above motivational factors, should then take the final decision, as to how the work could be
performed in the best possible manner. Question 3: – How is the company REALLY doing financially? Answer 3: – |Particulars
|Amount ($) |Amount ($) | |Sales |4,000,000 | | |Direct

Secession 16 By Alfred Roller Essay
Design 1: Secession 16 by Alfred Roller (1902) Heller, S., & Ilic, M. (2001). Genius moves: 100 icons of graphic design (First
ed., p. 12). Cincinnati, OH: North Light Books. The design is a poster designed as a part of the 16th exhibition of the Viennese
secession (1902). The design is a poster, laid out in a narrow vertical format. The title text stands at the top with the s glyphs
stretched out to two thirds of the page length, where they draw the eye to an ornate and densely packed font outlining the names
of those exhibiting, the date and presumably the location. The colours are subtle so as to recede into the background and allow
the solid black of the text to stand out. The pattern in the background consists of three inverted, uneven pentagons; the inverted
form creates an arrow like motion and the implied movement, aids in drawing the eye toward the bottom of the poster. The
process used to create this image is lithography. In lithography, the stone is not raised as in relief printing, nor incised, as with
intaglio. Rather it is formed on the flat plane of the printing surface. Printing from a flat surface is called planographic printing.
(Meggs & Purvis (2012)) German printers spearheaded colour lithography, and the French printer Godefroy Engelmann (1788–
1839) patented a process named chromolithographie in 1837. After analysing the colours contained within the original image,
the printer separated them into a series of printing plates and printed these

The Hungry Workshop, By Graphic Designers, Simon And Jenna...
Melbourne letterpress printing and graphic design studio, The Hungry Workshop, was founded by graphic designers, Simon and
Jenna Hipgrave. The married couple met studying at University together in Queensland and after graduating from Graphic
Design; each spent six years working in industry. Simon was an art director at large advertising agency, Junior, which was a
contrast to Jenna's work in a 'boutique graphic design studio' called Oblong. Through their contrasting industry experiences the
pair developed a complimentary skill set. Simon's strength is in his conceptual approach and consistency of ideas throughout a
project, while Jenna is very detail orientated, suiting areas such as quality control and finished artwork. First learning ... Show
With each project that is completed, the studio maintains key values that underline the process that include 'hold(ing) in equal
regard the process and craftsmanship' while 'exploring the boundaries of print through letterpress, colour and tactility' . There is
a large emphasis on craft and the importance of ownership of the process. These key principles are aligned with key
philosophies of the British Arts and Crafts movement, which occurred as a result of the Industrial Revolution.
The Industrial Revolution resulted in changes to living and working conditions. Rather than the village lifestyle that supported
families working in small groups to oversee local production, there was a shift in population from rural landscapes to vast cities.
This resulted in work in factory settings. Fredreich Engels describes how this 'caused the isolation of the individual' in his book
The Condition of the Working Class in England . The working class were especially sacrificed, being subject to overcrowding,
and inappropriate conditions. Engels describes the unhygienic living and working conditions including 'rough, dirty' unpaved
streets that lacked sewers and gutters. This contributed to the spread of disease. Factories were made for the machine, and the
work was autonomous with workers being assigned one part of a production

Honore Daumier
Slide 83 Discuss the works of Honoré Daumier and describe the technique of lithography. (Slides 84–86) Honoré Daumier
studied drawing at the Académie Suisse where he learned the technique of lithography. He began creating lithographs for
magazines after the 1830 revolution in Paris. The Rue Transnonain (84) was sold by subscription to raise money for a legal
defense fund and further freedom of the press. The Rue Transnonain is a rather gruesome scene. It features the dead bodies of
residents who were killed by a government squad. The squad killed everyone they believed could have been the assassin of one
of their guards. In the black and white scene an entire family is dressed in nightgowns and appear to have been woken from their
sleep.

Propaganda During World War I
The Means of Propaganda From the First World War
By Evan MacArthur–Waltz
3/4/18
Many people have called the Great War, or World War I, the first modern war because it involved many technological and
tactical advancements. One of the less obvious changes that supported and sustained the war was propaganda, specifically in the
form of lithographic posters. Propaganda posters were a widely used tool to influence public opinion. What factors caused
propaganda posters to be uniquely significant during WWI in the United States? Unlike previous wars, U.S. participation in
WWI was at times widely unpopular (Hicks, 1949 ). The war was much less immediate in the United States than it was in
Europe, which made it easier for people to remain disengaged. ... Show more content on Helpwriting.net ...
Because of the unpopularity of the war, those posters were needed to sway opinion. The perceived effectiveness of the posters in
changing views led those in power to continue to create and distribute them. Posters were never again used as the main form of
propaganda in a war. In later conflicts, radio and television became the primary way of distributing information to large numbers
of people.
Work Cited
Silverstein, Brett. "Toward a Science of Propaganda." Political Psychology, vol. 8, no. 1, 1987, pp. 49–59. JSTOR, JSTOR,
www.jstor.org/stable/3790986.
Marzio, Peter C. "Lithography as a Democratic Art: A Reappraisal." Leonardo, vol. 4, no. 1, 1971, pp. 37–48. JSTOR, JSTOR,
www.jstor.org/stable/1572229.
Hicks, Walter Edmund. "World War I and American Public Opinion, 1914–1917." University of Louisville, 1949.
Lasswell, H.D. Propaganda Technique in the World War. (Reprint of the 1938 edition.) Martino Fine Books, 2013.
James, P. (Ed.) Picture This: World War I Posters and Visual Culture. University of Nebraska Press,

Bank Of The New Edition Of Macbeth
In the political cartoon called by the name of New edition of Macbeth. Bank–oh's Ghost a very ghastly scene was unfolding.
The primary context for the painting itself was the Panic of 1837 that occurred just as Andrew Jackson was leaving office in
1836, leaving the venerable Martin Van Buren to fend for himself in a mess not of his own doing. The Panic of 1837 was a
consequence of many factors sprawling from Jackson's election in 1828 to 1836. The first of these factors was the bank war
between the Jackson administration and the 2nd national bank of the United States created by the market revolution in 1816. The
bank symbolized the hopes and fears inspired by the market revolution. The expansion of banking helped to finance the nation's
economic development. But many Americans, including Jackson, distrusted bankers as "non–producers" who contributed
nothing to the nation's wealth but profited from the labor of others. The tendency of banks to over–issue paper money, whose
deterioration in value reduced the real income of wage earners, reinforced this conviction. Jackson himself had long believed the
"hard money" –gold and silver–was the only honest currency. Nonetheless, when he assumed office there was little reason to
believe that the Bank War would become the major event of his presidency.1 Page 388 of Give Me Liberty The Bank War and
its Results Therefore, the consequence of Jackson declaring war on the 2nd bank of the United States was in 1832 the head of
the bank

Pressure + Ink: Lithographic Process Analysis
Video 1: In the video Pressure + Ink: Lithography Process, the artist had to go through some very specific procedures before he
could transfer the print to another paper surface. Since Lithography revolves around the fact that water and grease do not mix
together, someone had to first draw a picture on a water/grease absorbing lithographic stone using a greasy drawing media like
litho–pencils or crayons to create the grease printing image areas. Afterwards, the artist had to treat the stones through an
etching process by first rubbing gum arabic onto the lithium rock surface to designate the areas where the water will be absorbed
(or the non–image area) and then lithotine (a greasy solvent that helps create the greasy base for the ink on the ... Show more
content on Helpwriting.net ...
First, the artist drew his design on a piece of paper, and then he put that paper over the woodblock matrix and traced the design
again so that it would show up on the woodblock. After he covered the wood surface with a sealer mix, he carefully chiseled
away the unnecessary wood areas in the block to create the relief print using special carving knives. What stood out to me as I
watched him carve the block was that he worked slowly around the shapes to create even and precise lines around them, and that
he usually cut the lines into the block in the same direction, which gave the carved away portions a more even look. Also, if the
artist wanted to create wider design areas, he had to carve around those larger shape areas to leave them on the surface where
they could get inked later on. Then, the artist took some ink on a roller and gently spread the ink out on the design's raised
surface, covering all the areas he had left to be printed. To finish it all off, he spread a huge piece of paper on top of the design,
pressed it down, and then rubbed over the entire sheet with some type of cushioned tool to help the design imprint itself more
firmly onto the paper. What was left behind on the paper was a beautiful and very precise relief wood cut

The Starry Night By Vincent Van Gogh
Vincent van Gogh
Post–Impressionists left behind the Impressionist doctrine of truth to nature. Rather, they chose "in favor of restless feeling and
intense color, as in this highly charged picture, van Gogh made his work a touchstone for all subsequent Expressionist painting"
(WikiArt, 2016). Vincent Van Gogh's, The Starry Night, is Post–Impressionism oil painting on canvas. He created it in 1889,
during the time he was committed to the mental asylum in Saint–Rémy, France.
The Starry Night, Vincent expresses a turbulent sky with bright intensity of moon and stars. In the foreground, one sees an
overproportioned cypress tree. It is dark and lingers to the left. The background shows a small, quiet village and a church in the
outskirts; perhaps reflecting the society around him going on about their everyday lives. The canvas evokes strong emotions
with its use of movement within the painting. The sky is a mixture of blue and yellow hues. The calming of the blue defies the
energy of yellow. White and black are emphasizing the rolling movement within the sky. Calming blues reflect the quietness of
the village and church in the background. The dark cypress tree to the left reminds me of darkness with a moody solemnest.
Cypress trees at the time were associated with graveyards. This may be expressing what overwhelming concern of death, and the
struggles he faced.
The contextual properties reflect Vincent's struggle with depression. During 1889, at the asylum, he

Analysis Of The Book ' The Principle '
Selected lithograph Paper (Edited) The "The Principle" was lithographed in 1918 by the artist named "Oskar Kokoschka". The
Principle is a stationary, bust sculpture like lithograph that depicts a sad laughing clown. The lithograph seems like it takes place
in a large bare room with the clown bust gazing up and to the right of the room as if is pondering or thinking and has been for a
very long time which gives the bust like lithography life.
The Principle, was published in 1919 on cream, smooth, Japanese woven paper. Was published by Verlag Gustav Kiepenheuer
from Berlin with the theme of death and war with political. The art work has blood splatter all over it, especially from the mouth
the meaning is war with the clown face showing some type of comic sadness, and sadness is the heart of all comedy.
He was friends with a sculptor and critic named Adolf Loos, which influenced Oskar to turn away from many of his old ways of
decorative ideas and move on an expressive style of painting. 1910 he was in contact with many expressionist circles in Berlin,
one specifically was Herwarth Walden who pushed and spread his work out to many others. Oskar was in the Great War, he
volunteered for the Austrian Army when the war started, but was heavily wounded in 1915 and left the army. From 1916 to 1931
a fellow named Paul Cassirer who supported and showed many of Oskar works of art in his gallery and published many of his
works, during this time Oskar had moved to Dresden in 1917 and

Jose Guadalupe Posada
Jose Guadalupe Posada, "father of Mexican modern art", was a lithographer, printer and illustrator for newspapers and much
more in the 19th and 20th century. He was born on February 2, 1852 in Aguascalientes. His gifts as an artist was revealed at a
young age. In 1868 at the age of 16, he began working at a printing house owned by Jose Trinidad Pedroza.
From him, he learned the techniques of printmaking and lithography.
He soon shifted his artistic abilities to create illustrations that displayed the idea of political satire. This resulted from a flood
striking where he had lived causing him to move to Mexico City, where he met Manuel Manila, who taught him about
engraving. Posada's later works which consisted of a majority of engravings that

Gujarati : English : Calligraphic Form
Gujarati : Calligraphic form
Gradually paper like birch–bark (known in Sanskrit as Bhurjupatru) came to be in vogue as writing material (the earliest
mention of birch–bark is found in the accounts of the Greek writer Q.Curtius (Historiule Alexandri Magni, Q.R. Curtius, 1908)
who writes that at the time of Alexander's invasion of India the Indians wrote on bark; the earliest extant manuscript on bark
belongs to the second or third century after Christ). The Himalayan regions produced this material in abundance and originally it
was used in the north–western part of India and later on it travelled to other parts of the country. The black ink that was most
common was made of some pulverised charcoal mixed with water, gum, sugar or some other sticky substance. Bhurjaputra was
very smooth for writing, and a flat hollow pen (shown in Fig. 1 ) was frequently in use.
In both north and south India, theses scripts took on distinctive characteristics apparently dictated by the materials on which they
are written. In the north, witting was done either as carving in the stone or "with Indian ink paper or birch–bark.1" The writing
of each letter was broken down into numerous calligraphic strokes which demanded the pen to be lifted several times,
eliminating any possibilities of an increase in speed induced by y–loops or re–traced lines.
On the other hand did not employ the use of reed– pens, but relied on the more efficient pointed nib pen. The modulation
achieved by the use of these

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