Introduction to Internet of Things

Sayed Chhattan Shah
Associate Professor
Department of Information Communications Engineering
Hankuk University of Foreign Studies Korea
www.mgclab.com
The Internet of Things

 IoT is simply a concept wherein machines and everyday objects are
connected via Internet
o The thing refers to all the things that can be connected to Internet
 Door locks
 Lights
 Household appliances
 Car
 Clothes
IoT refer broadly to extension of network
connectivity and computing capability to
objects, devices, sensors, and items not
ordinarily considered to be computers

Source: GIV 2025 Unfolding the Industry Blueprint of an Intelligent World
 More than 9 billion IoT devices are connected to the Internet
 Number of IoT connected devices is projected to increase to 43 billion by
2023

 The architecture of IoT is divided into three basic layers
o Perception layer is used to collect data
o Network layer provide data transmission services
o Application layer deliver application specific services to users

IoT Communications Models
 Device-to-device communications
o The device-to-device communication model represents two or more devices
that directly connect and communicate between one another
o These devices communicate over many types of networks, including IP
networks or Internet.
o This communication model is commonly used in applications like home
automation systems

 Device-to-cloud communications
o IoT device connects directly to an Internet cloud service
o This approach frequently takes advantage of existing communications
mechanisms like traditional wired Ethernet or Wi-Fi connections to establish a
connection between the device and the IP network, which ultimately connects
to the cloud service

 Device-to-gateway model
o There is application software operating on a local gateway device, which acts
as an intermediary between the device and the cloud service and provides
security and other functionality such as data or protocol translation

 The concept of combining computers and networks to monitor and control
devices has been around for decades
o Systems for remotely monitoring meters on the electrical grid via telephone
lines were in commercial use in late 1970
o IP enabled toaster that could be turned on and off over the Internet was featured
at an Internet conference in 1990

The technologies enabling the Internet of Things

 Sensors
o Sensors perform some input functions by sensing or feeling the physical
changes in characteristics of a system in response to a stimuli
Converts a non-electrical input into
an electrical signal that can be sent
to an electronic circuit
Visual Sensor Ultrasound Sensor Infrared Sensor

 Analog sensors
o Analogue sensors produce a continuous output signal or voltage which is
generally proportional to the quantity being measured.
o Physical quantities such as temperature, speed, pressure, displacement, and
strain are all analogue quantities as they tend to be continuous in nature.

 Digital sensors
o Digital sensors produce a discrete digital output signals or voltages that are a
digital representation of the quantity being measured
o Digital sensors produce a binary output signal in form of logic 1 or logic 0

 Active sensors
o Emit energy of their own and then sense the response of the environment to
that energy
 Radio Detection and Ranging (RADAR)
 Passive sensors
o Passive sensors simply receive energy that is produced external to the sensing
device
 A standard camera is embedded with a passive sensor—it receives signals in the
form of light and captures them on a storage device

Sensor types Sensor description Examples
Position A position sensor measures the position of an
object
Potentiometer
Proximity sensor
Occupancy and motion Occupancy sensors detect the presence of
people and animals in a surveillance area,
while motion sensors detect movement of
people and objects
Electric eye
RADAR
Velocity and acceleration Velocity sensors indicates how fast an object
moves along a straight line or how fast it
rotates. Acceleration sensors measure
changes in velocity.
Accelerometer
Gyroscope
Force Force sensors detect whether a physical force
is applied and whether the magnitude of
force is beyond a threshold.
Force gauge
Touch sensor
Pressure Pressure sensors are related to force sensors
and measure the force applied by liquids or
gases. Pressure is measured in terms of force
per unit area.
Barometer
Piezometer
Source: Deloitte analysis

Flow Flow sensors detect the rate of fluid flow.
They measure the volume or velocity of fluid
that has passed through a system in a given
period of time.
Mass flow sensor
Water meter
Acoustic Acoustic sensors measure sound levels and
convert that information into digital or
analog data signals.
Microphone
Hydrophone
Humidity Humidity sensors detect humidity (amount
of water vapor) in the air or a mass.
Hygrometer
Soil moisture sensor
Light Light sensors detect the presence of light Infrared sensor
Photodetector
Flame detector
Radiation Radiation sensors detect radiations in the
environment. Radiation can be sensed by
scintillating or ionization detection.
Scintillator
Neutron detector

Temperature Temperature sensors measure the amount of
heat or cold that is present in a system. They
can be broadly of two types: contact and
non-contact. Contact temperature sensors
need to be in physical contact with the object
being sensed. Non-contact sensors do not
need physical contact, as they measure
temperature through convection and
radiation.
Thermometer
Temperature gauge
Chemical Chemical sensors measure the concentration
of chemicals in a system.
Breathalyzer
Smoke detector
Biosensors Biosensors detect various biological
elements such as organisms, tissues, cells,
enzymes, antibodies, and nucleic acids.
Blood glucose
biosensor
Electrocardiograph
List of sensors

 Actuator
o Actuator is a device that converts an electrical signal into action, often by
converting the signal to nonelectrical energy, such as motion
 A simple example of an actuator is an electric motor that converts
electrical energy into mechanical energy

 Actuator Types
o Hydraulic
o Pneumatic
o Electrical
o Thermal
o Mechanical

 Things in IoT usually refers to IoT devices
 These devices
o Exchange data with other connected devices and applications
o Send the data to centralized servers or cloud-based application for processing
o Perform some tasks locally and other tasks within the IoT infrastructure

 There are three primary factors driving the deployment of sensor technology
o Cheaper sensors
Smart sensors: global average sales price 2010-2020, Statista Research Department, Dec 2020
The price of sensors
has consistently fallen
over the past several
years

o Smarter sensors
 A sensor is a part of a larger system that comprises microprocessors, modem chips,
power sources, and other related devices.
 Over the last two decades, microprocessors’ computational power has improved.
o Smaller sensors
 There has been a rapid growth in the use of smaller sensors that can be embedded in
smartphones and wearables.

 Enabling network technologies
Personal area network Local area network Wide area network
Bluetooth
Bluetooth Low Energy
ZigBee
Wi-Fi
Wi-Fi
WiMAX
WiMAX
LoRa
4G (LTE)
5G

Bluetooth Low
Energy
Wi-Fi Z-Wave ZigBee LTE-M NB-IoT LoRa
Range 10 m – 1.5 km 15 m – 100 m 30 m – 50 m 30 m – 100 m 1 km – 10 km 1 km – 10 km 2 km – 20 km
Throughput
125 kbps to
2 Mbps
54 Mbps to
1.3 Gbps
10 kbps to
100 kbps
20 kbps to
250 kbps
Up to 1 Mbps Up to 200 kbps 10 kbps to
50 kbps
Power
Consumption
Low Medium Low Low Medium Low Low
Topology P2P
Star
Mesh
Broadcast
Star
Mesh
Mesh Mesh Star Star Star
Module Cost ~ 5 USD ~ 10 USD ~ 10 USD 8 ~ 15 USD 8 ~ 20 USD 8 ~ 20 USD 8 ~ 15 USD
source: https://www.bluetooth.com/blog/wireless-connectivity-options-for-iot-applications/

 Factors driving adoption within the IoT
o Data rates

 Factors driving adoption within the IoT
o Internet transit prices
 The price charged by an Internet service provider (ISP) to transfer data from one
point in the network to another
o Power efficiency
 Availability of power-efficient networks such as BLE is critical given the increase
in the number of connected devices

 Data analysis tools and technologies
o Extracting insight from data requires analysis

 Analysis is driven by cognitive technologies
o Computer vision
 Ability of computers to identify objects, scenes, and activities in images
o Natural-language processing
 Ability of computers to work with text the way humans do, extracting meaning from
text or even generating text that is readable
o Speech recognition
 Speech recognition focuses on accurately transcribing human speech

Introduction to Embedded Systems
 Computers we are familiar with:
o Desktops
o Laptops
o Servers
o Mobile phones

 Computers that are often hidden in environment for which they are created
o Refrigerator
o Air conditioner
o MR System

 An embedded system is a computer system that has a dedicated function
within a larger mechanical or electrical or biological system
 Embedded within other system
 Computers other than desktop, laptop, and server machines
 A microcontroller-based system that is designed to control a function or
range of functions, and is not meant to be programmed by the end user
o User may make choices concerning the functionality but cannot change them
o User cannot make modifications to the software or program

 Some common characteristics of embedded systems
o Perform a specific task or a small set of tasks
o Reactive and real-time
 Continually reacts to changes in the system’s environment
 Many embedded systems must perform tasks in real-time
• Soft real time
• Hard real time
o Tight constraints on
 Cost
 Energy
 Size
 Memory

 Basic hardware components
o Sensor measures physical quantity
o A-D converter converts analog signal sent by sensor into a digital signal
o Processor processes the data
o Memory stores data and instructions
o D-A converter converts digital data fed by processor to analog data
o Actuator responsible for moving and controlling a mechanism or system

 Software Components
o Firmware is a computer program typically stored in a non-volatile memory
embedded in a hardware device
o Firmware is not meant to be modifiable by users, although some systems could
provide means of performing upgrades

 Processors are broadly classified into 3 major categories
o General Purpose Microprocessors
o Microcontrollers
o Digital Signal Processors

 Microprocessor
o It is basically entire CPU fabricated on a single chip
o It consists of a set of registers to store temporary data
o It consists of an ALU and CU
o It consists of some mechanism to interface with external devices such as
memory and IO through buses

 Microcomputer
o It is a computer system build using microprocessor
o Since microprocessor does not contain memory and IO, we have to interface
these to build a microcomputer

 Microcontroller
o A computer on a single chip

 Digital Signal Processor
o It is a specialized microprocessor chip, with its architecture optimized for the
operational needs of digital signal processing
o Digital signal processors are widely used in audio signal processing,
telecommunications, digital image processing, radar, sonar and speech
recognition systems, and in common consumer electronic devices such as
mobile phones, disk drives and high-definition television (HDTV) products
source: https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Digital_signal_processor
A typical digital processing system

McKinsey Global
Institute describes
the broad range of
potential applications in
terms of settings where
IoT is expected to create
value for industry and
users.
Applications of IoT

 Apple Smart Watch
o GPS
o ECG
o Blood oxygen level
o All day activity tracking and sleep monitoring
o High and low heart rate notifications
https://www.apple.com/lae/watch/

 Smart Diapers
o A diaper and smartphone app for monitoring child's health.
o Diapers have patches at the front with several colored squares that change color
as they react to different compounds, such as water content, proteins or bacteria.
o Sensors read the data and send it to a physician.
http://iotlineup.com/

 Smart Home
o Several environmental, video, audio, and bio sensors are deployed to observe the
home environment and physiological health of an individual.
o The data collected by sensors are sent to an
application where numerous algorithms for
emotion and sentiment detection, activity
recognition and situation management are
applied to provide healthcare- and
emergency-related services and to manage
resources at the home.
Credit CC0 Public Doma

Next generation hospital management system

https://www.lgcns.com/En/platform/SmartFactory-Factova
 Smart Factory is a highly digitized shop floor that continuously collects and
shares data through connected machines, devices, and production systems.
 The data can then be used by self-optimizing devices or across the
organization to proactively address issues, improve manufacturing processes
and respond to new demands.

Freight Transportation
Internet of Things in Logistics: A collaborative report by DHL and Cisco on implications and use cases for the logistics industry

 Smart grid is a next-generation electrical grid that features a variety of
ICT-based smart functions aimed at providing high-quality electricity
while maximizing energy efficiency

 Smart building is any structure that uses automated processes to automatically
control the building’s operations including heating, ventilation, air conditioning,
lighting, security and energy.
A smart building uses sensors,
actuators and microchips, in
order to collect data and manage
it according to a business’
functions and services.

Smart city put data
and digital
technology to work
to make better
decisions and
improve the quality
of life
More details

 Device Management
o Discovery, Monitoring, and Control
 Interoperability
o Device
o Data
o Applications
o Network
 Scalability
 Data collection and storage
Research Challenges

 Energy Efficiency
o Many IIoT applications need to run for years on batteries.
 Failure Management
 Security and Privacy
 Real-Time Performance
o The industrial internet of things and Smart health
Research Challenges

 Middleware is software that provides common services to applications beyond those
available from the operating system
 Types of middleware
o Message-oriented middleware enables application components using different messaging
protocols to communicate to exchange messages
o Remote procedure call middleware enables one application to trigger a procedure in
another application
o Data or database middleware simplifies access to, and interaction with, back-end databases.
o Device middleware provides a focused set of integration and connectivity capabilities for
developing apps for a specific mobile OS
o Robotics middleware simplifies the process of integrating robotic hardware, firmware and
software from multiple manufacturers and locations
IoT Middleware

 Key Middleware Requirements
o Resource Discovery, Monitoring, Configuration, and Control
o Interoperability
o Data Management
o Event Notification Services
o Scalability
o Reliability
o High Availability and Disaster Recovery
o Real-time Services
o Security and Privacy
IoT Middleware Requirements

 AWS IoT provides the cloud services that connect your IoT devices to other devices and
AWS cloud services
AWS IoT
Architecture diagram of AWS IoT Core components

 Device Registry keeps track of all of your devices
 Device SDK helps you easily and quickly connect your hardware device or your mobile
application to cloud
 Device Gateway serves as the entry point for IoT devices connecting to AWS. It provides
bi-directional communication, so not only receiving data from devices but also sending it
back out to devices
 Message Broker is a high throughput pub-sub message broker that securely transmits
messages to and from all of your IoT devices and applications with low latency.
 Authentication and Authorization Service ensures that data is never exchanged between
devices and AWS IoT Core without a proven identity
AWS IoT
https://aws.amazon.com/iot-core/features/?pg=ln&sec=hs

 Device Shadow is a virtual representation of your device in the cloud.
o It includes the device’s latest state so that applications or other devices can read messages and
interact with the device.
o Device Shadow persists the last reported state and desired future state of each device even when
the device is offline.
 Rules Engine evaluates inbound messages published into AWS IoT Core and transforms
and delivers them to another device or a cloud service, based on business rules you define.
 IoT Device Management helps track, monitor, and manage device fleets for hundreds of
thousands to millions of devices.
 AWS IoT Core for LoRaWAN enables customers to connect wireless devices that use
LoRaWAN technology.
AWS IoT
https://aws.amazon.com/iot-core/features/?pg=ln&sec=hs

 Azure IoT solutions involve things that generate data, insights that you form about the
data, and actions that you take based on the insights
Azure IoT Reference Architecture
https://docs.microsoft.com/en-us/azure/architecture/reference-architectures/iot

 Devices Azure IoT supports a large range of devices, from microcontrollers running
Azure RTOS and Azure Sphere to developer boards like MX Chip and Raspberry Pi
 Devices might perform some local processing or just connect directly to central system
o Azure IoT Hub is a cloud gateway service that enables secure bidirectional communication
from a variety of devices. It also include device management with command and control
capabilities, and entity store that can be used to store device metadata
o IoT Hub Device Provisioning Service is used for registering and connecting large sets of
devices
o Azure Digital Twins enables virtual models of real world systems

 Insights Once devices have been connected in the cloud, their data can be processed and
explored to gain custom insights about their environment
 At a high level there are three ways to process data
o Hot path analyzes data in near-real-time as it arrives. The output may trigger an alert, or be
written to a structured format that can be queried using analytical tools
o Warm path analyzes data that can accommodate longer delays for more detailed processing
o Cold path performs batch processing at longer intervals

 Actions You can use the insights gathered about your data to manage and control your
environment
 Business integration actions might include storing informational messages, raising alarms,
sending email, or SMS messages
o Power BI connects to, models, and visualizes your data
o Azure Maps allows you to create location aware web and mobile applications
o Azure Cognitive Search provides a search service over varied types of content
o Azure Web Apps enables you to deploy web applications that scale with your organization
o Mobile Apps allows you to build cross platform and native apps for Android, Windows, or Mac

Introduction to Internet of Things

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