The document discusses the Internet of Things (IoT). It defines IoT as a wireless network of objects using embedded sensors to collect and exchange data. It outlines the basic structure and components of IoT including RFID, sensors, and applications in consumer and industrial domains. It discusses current trends, standards used, security issues, challenges, and open problems regarding IoT.

3.  Introduction to IoT
 Definition
 IoT’s Timeline
 Basic Structure
 RFID & Sensors
 Applications
◦ Consumer
◦ Industrial
 Current Trends and future of IoT
 Standards used (Zigbee and Zwave)
 Security & Vulnerability
 Challenges
 Open Problems and Q & A

4. ● Simply put, this is the concept of basically connecting any device with an
on and off switch to the Internet (and/or to each other). This includes
everything from cell phones, coffee makers, washing machines,
headphones, lamps, wearable devices and almost anything else you can
think of.
● This also applies to components of machines, for example a jet engine of
an airplane or the drill of an oil rig. As I mentioned, if it has an on and off
switch then chances are it can be a part of the IoT.

5.  The Internet of Things, also called The Internet of Objects, refers to a wireless network
between objects, usually the network will be wireless and self-configuring, such as
household appliances.
 By embedding short-range mobile transceivers into a wide array of additional gadgets and
everyday items, enabling new forms of communication between people and things, and
between things themselves.
 The term "Internet of Things" has come to describe a number of technologies and
research disciplines that enable the Internet to reach out into the real world of physical
objects.
 “Things having identities and virtual personalities operating in smart spaces using
intelligent interfaces to connect and communicate within social, environmental, and user
contexts”.

6. The Internet of Things has been gestating for decades,
but its growth really started to accelerate around 2008.

7. 1993
US Government allows civilians to us GPS
1990
Presenters at the Interop networking conference
control a Sunbeam Deluxe Toaster via the Internet
1999
Kevin Ashton coins the phrase “Internet of Things”,
moves to MIT to launch its Auto – ID center
2000
LG launches the first Internet - connected refrigerator
2008
Google tests self driving technology.
IOT was born, according to CISCO there
were more connected devices than people
2009
Google unveils self driving car.
CISCO, GE, AT&T, Intel forms Industrial Internet
Consortium to create IOT standards
First International Conference of IOT held at Zurich.
2014

8. RFID
• To identify
and track
data of
things.
Sensors
• To collect
and process
data to detect
the changes
in physical
status of
things.
Smart Tech
• To enhance
power of
networks by
transferring
processing
capabilities to
different part
of networks.
Nano Tech
• To make the
smaller
things that
have the
ability to
connect and
interact.

9. The IoT can be viewed as a gigantic network consisting of networks of devices and
computers connected through a series of intermediate technologies where numerous
technologies like RFIDs, wireless connections may act as enablers of this connectivity.
 Tagging Things: Real-time item traceability and addressability by RFIDs.
 Feeling Things: Sensors act as primary devices to collect data from the environment.
 Shrinking Things: Miniaturization and Nanotechnology has provoked the ability of
smaller things to interact and connect within the “things” or “smart devices.”
 Thinking Things: Embedded intelligence in devices through sensors has formed the
network connection to the Internet. It can make the “things” realizing the intelligent
control.
9

10.  Dynamic control of industry and daily life.
 Improve the resource utilization ratio.
 Better relationship between human and nature
 Universal transport & internetworking.
 Acts as technologies integrator.

11.  RFID is a wireless communication
technology that uses microwave or ultra-
high frequency electromagnetic signals
within the radio spectrum to send digitally
encoded data between a tag and a reader.
 Elements of RFID:
◦ a microchip containing nonvolatile memory
◦ an antenna to collect and transmit radio waves.

12. ● Sensors are the magic of IOT. The ability to detect changes in the physical status of things is
essential for recording changes in the environment.
● Sensors play a pivotal role in bridging the gap between the physical and virtual worlds, and enabling
things to respond to changes in their physical environment. Sensors collect data from their
environment, generating information and raising awareness about context.
MEMS -are micro scaled devices that integrate electrical and mechanical elements
● Gyroscope
● Accelerometer
● Step Counter
OTHERS-
● Pressure Sensor
● Proximity
● Humidity
● Temperature

15.  It involves the control and automation of lighting, heating (such as smart thermostats),
ventilation, air conditioning, and security, as well as home appliances such as
washer/dryers, ovens or refrigerators/freezers.
 Modern systems generally consist of switches and sensors connected to a central hub
sometimes called a "gateway" from which the system is controlled with a user interface
that is interacted either with a wall-mounted terminal, mobile phone software.
 Applications
◦ Heating, ventilation and air conditioning.
◦ Lighting control system.
◦ Occupancy-aware control system: it is possible to sense the occupancy of the home using smart
meters and environmental sensors like CO2 sensors.
◦ Security: a household security system integrated with a home automation system can provide
additional services such as remote surveillance of security cameras over the Internet, or central
locking of all perimeter doors and windows.
◦ Leak detection, smoke and CO detectors

17. ● Logistics
● Automation
● Transportation:
– Vehicle to Infrastructure:
- Traffic Management: (Google Real Time Traffic and
Pathadisha)

18. 18
“Change is the only thing permanent in this world”

20.  Zigbee communication is specially built for control and sensor networks on IEEE
802.15.4 standard for wireless personal area networks (WPANs) and is a product
of Zigbee alliance.
 It operates at 868 MHz, 902-928 MHz and 2.4Ghz.
 It consist of Coordinator (acts as a rote and bridge of network), Router and End
devices.
 Zigbee two way data is transferred in two modes: Non-beacon mode and Beacon
mode.

21.  Zwave or Z Wave is a protocol for communication among devices used for home
automation. It uses RF and signaling for control.
 It operates at 908.42 MHz using a mesh networking topology.
 A central, network controller, devices is required to setup and manage a Zwave
network.
 Each Z-Wave network is identified by a network ID (4 bytes) and each devices are
further identified by a Node ID.

23.  Botnets are networks made up of remote-controlled computers, or
“bots.” These computers have been infected with malware that
allows them to be remotely controlled. Some botnets consist of
hundreds of thousands — or even millions — of computers.
 If your computer is part of a botnet, it’s infected with a type of
malware. The bot contacts a remote server and waits for instructions
from whoever is controlling the botnet. This allows an attacker to
control a large number of computers for malicious purposes.

25. Since as early as 2000, hackers have been using botnets. But the
Internet of Things has made the problem much worse. The market
has been flooded with inexpensive devices, these devices have little or
no built-in security, and even when they do, users often neglect to even
take the basic step of setting a password for them
That makes them easy targets for hackers wanting to create and use a
botnet.
Occurred incident:-
 In October of 2016, a botnet comprised of an estimated 100,000
unsecured IoT devices took an integral Internet infrastructure
provider, Dyn, partially offline. As a result, many high-profile and
high-traffic websites, including Netflix and Twitter, disappeared
from the Internet for a short time.

26. DoS
 In computing, a denial-of-service attack (DoS attack) is a cyber-attack where the
perpetrator seeks to make a machine or network resource unavailable to its
intended users by temporarily or indefinitely disrupting services of a host
connected to the Internet. Denial of service is typically accomplished by flooding
the targeted machine or resource with superfluous requests in an attempt to
overload systems and prevent some or all legitimate requests from being fulfilled.
DDoS
 In a distributed denial-of-service attack (DDoS attack), the incoming traffic
flooding the victim originates from many different sources. This effectively makes
it impossible to stop the attack simply by blocking a single source.

28.  A DDoS attack means that it is administered with the same target
from different sources – and here the Internet of Things must feel for
hackers a bit like a toyshop would to children: millions of devices,
all too often unprotected and unmonitored for long periods of time.
The scale in which these attacks are now possible is rising
tremendously with the advancement of the Internet of Things.
 Hence it doesn’t come as a big surprise that researchers say that
nearly 21% of DDoS attacks now result from Internet of Things
devices. We predict this will only keep increasing over the next few
years.

29. 64% of IoT projects fail globally – CISCO survey report
 Scalability
 Technological Standardization
 Inter operability
 Software complexity
 Power Supply

30. Scholars and social observers and pessimists have doubts about the
promises of the ubiquitous computing revolution, in the areas as:
 Privacy
 Security
 Autonomy and Control
 Social control
 Political manipulation
 Design
 Environmental impact
 Influences human moral decision making
30

31. 31

32. "In the next century,
planet earth will don an
electronic skin. It will
use the Internet as a
scaffold to support and
transmit its sensations."
- Arihant Kumar Seraogi
- Ishani Ray
- Navonil Mukherjee
- Vishal Agarwal 3rd SEMESTER MCA (HERITAGE INSTITUTE OF TE