The European Intellectual Revolution: “The Enlightenment” Readings: Smith, et al., 759-767 Lecture 10 1 Enlightenment is A Product of the Scientific Revolution If you can know the “natural” world, then you should be able to know the “social, political, economic worlds. Sir Isaac Newton was a model. The goal was to make everyone happy. Lecture 10 2 Immanuel Kant “What is Enlightenment” “Don’t be Afraid to Know” “Have Courage to Use Your Own Reason” Lecture 10 3 John Locke Was English and lived from 1631-1704. Two Treatises on Government: Political Liberalism and Representation. John Locke felt that property was necessary to have a stake in the government. Lecture 10 4 Baron de Montesquieu Was French and lived from 1689-1755. Spirit of Laws: Separation of Powers Checks and Balances Lecture 10 5 Voltaire Was French and lived from 1694-1778. “Enlightened Despotism” Religious Toleration Lecture 10 6 Jean-Jacques Rousseau Was French from 1712-1778. The Social Contract: The General Will Public must be generous Make other people happy Private happiness linked to public happiness Lecture 10 7 Emile Education The Woman Question Idea of State religion: Nationalism, Patriotism Lecture 10 8 Adam Smith The Wealth of Nations (1776) Laissez-faire economy Free Trade The Invisible Hand Lecture 10 9 Jeremy Bentham Utalitarianism Best Policy which promotes Greatest happiness of the greatest number. Lecture 10 10 Benjamin Franklin Poor Richard’s Almanac Public Opinion Coffee Houses Newspapers Academies Salons Lecture 10 11 HISTORY 110B WORLD CIVILIZATIONS SINCE THE 16TH CENTURY DR. NANCY FITCH Summer 2013 Compare and contrast the outcomes of the American and French Revolutions, and the Latin American Independence movements. In which ones did governments become more inclusive (ruled with the input of more people)? How do you account for the differences in outcomes? Why were specific groups of people—slaves, mixed races, Blacks, poor people, women—included or excluded in the various movements and revolutions? Why was there so much bloodshed in the various efforts to achieve political and social change? In terms of your answer, which revolutions were most/least successful? Revolution Revolutions have been instrumental in the shaping of the world. Revolutions started many years ago when people realized that they were not being treated right. Revolutions were not just against issues like racial discrimination or slavery as many people would imagine. Many revolutions have been carried out by people against their own governments. Some of the worlds known revolutions were the French revolution, North American revolution and Latin America revolution. The three revolutions had some common aspects as well as differences. The three revolutions came as a result of people realizing that people are born free and therefore they were not subject to others whether ...

1. The European Intellectual Revolution: “The Enlightenment”
Readings: Smith, et al., 759-767
Lecture 10
1
Enlightenment is A Product of the Scientific Revolution
If you can know the “natural” world, then you should be able to
know the “social, political, economic worlds.
Sir Isaac Newton was a model.
The goal was to make everyone happy.
Lecture 10
2
Immanuel Kant
“What is Enlightenment”

2. “Don’t be Afraid to Know”
“Have Courage to Use Your Own Reason”
Lecture 10
3
John Locke
Was English and lived from 1631-1704.
Two Treatises on Government: Political Liberalism and
Representation.
John Locke felt that property was necessary to have a stake in
the government.
Lecture 10
4
Baron de Montesquieu
Was French and lived from 1689-1755.
Spirit of Laws:
Separation of Powers
Checks and Balances

3. Lecture 10
5
Voltaire
Was French and lived from 1694-1778.
“Enlightened Despotism”
Religious Toleration
Lecture 10
6
Jean-Jacques Rousseau
Was French from 1712-1778.
The Social Contract:
The General Will
Public must be generous
Make other people happy
Private happiness linked to public happiness

4. Lecture 10
7
Emile
Education
The Woman Question
Idea of State religion: Nationalism, Patriotism
Lecture 10
8
Adam Smith
The Wealth of Nations (1776)
Laissez-faire economy
Free Trade
The Invisible Hand

5. Lecture 10
9
Jeremy Bentham
Utalitarianism
Best Policy which promotes Greatest happiness of the greatest
number.
Lecture 10
10
Benjamin Franklin
Poor Richard’s Almanac
Public Opinion
Coffee Houses
Newspapers
Academies
Salons
Lecture 10

6. 11
HISTORY 110B
WORLD CIVILIZATIONS SINCE THE 16TH CENTURY
DR. NANCY FITCH
Summer 2013
Compare and contrast the outcomes of the American and French
Revolutions, and the Latin American Independence movements.
In which ones did governments become more inclusive (ruled
with the input of more people)? How do you account for the
differences in outcomes? Why were specific groups of people—
slaves, mixed races, Blacks, poor people, women—included or
excluded in the various movements and revolutions? Why was
there so much bloodshed in the various efforts to achieve
political and social change? In terms of your answer, which
revolutions were most/least successful?
Revolution
Revolutions have been instrumental in the shaping of the world.
Revolutions started many years ago when people realized that
they were not being treated right. Revolutions were not just
against issues like racial discrimination or slavery as many
people would imagine. Many revolutions have been carried out
by people against their own governments. Some of the worlds
known revolutions were the French revolution, North American
revolution and Latin America revolution. The three revolutions
had some common aspects as well as differences.

7. The three revolutions came as a result of people realizing that
people are born free and therefore they were not subject to
others whether in leadership or high status, this line of thinking
encouraged people to start questioning some decisions that were
being made at that time. Across the Atlantic, the revolution was
mainly caused by the differing opinions of people concerning
economic issues, colonial elites who wanted to force their
economic ideas on the people and as a result people reacted to
what they thought was not fair. The idea that someone wanted to
control an economy meant that people would lose their
sovereignty and therefore, to avoid this, people had to take
radical decisions . The revolutionists mainly championed the
concept of popular sovereignty to have free people, free
markets, as well as free labor. Meanwhile in North America,
people were crying for the freedom of slaves with the
revolutionists here advocating for the end of slavery.
Slavery had been one of the things that had caused a lot of pain
and anguish to people and this made the revolution to champion
for the fact that human beings were supposed to be treated with
dignity. The main reason that sparked off this type of thinking
was due to the fact slaves were mistreated on plantations where
they were subjected to inhuman conditions. In France the issue
of serfdom had taken over society and people wanted to bring it
to an end hence the need for the French revolution. Feudalism
had also taken center stage and citizens were not happy. The
creoles were not happy with the French leadership and therefore
they wanted independence.
The differences in revolution were however experienced by
different approaches. In North America people were more
united and had a common goal. One person would suggest an

8. idea and the others would agree, this unification was key to
planning for the revolutions. On the other hand, the southern
Americans were not united partly because of geographical
locations like mountains and river e.g. the Amazon Jungle and
Andes Mountains. The lack of unification meant that each group
had to revolt independently from other, eventually the masters
related to demands because they became too frequent. In
France, the revolution was not also unified because it happened
through five separate movements
We can therefore say that the main common characteristics of
the revolution were that all the revolutions were started to fight
equality and unfairness. The goals of the revolutionists were to
help in ending feudalism, discrimination and slavery so as to
have human dignity restored. The differences in the revolution
were majorly in the way in which the actions were carried out.
While some states took a unified stand, others carried out the
rebellions separately but. In terms of success, some of the
revolutions were successful while others were not. Some of the
most successful was the North America one because it saw the
abolishment of slavery. The South America one was not very
successful because some leaders were captured and killed.
Latin American Independence Movements
Readings: Smith, et al., 777-784, 829-832

10. Latin American Unique qualities
Unlike North America, Latin America did not have any
unification.
Partly because of geography
Andes Mountains and Amazon Jungle.
Five separate movements which were all related to the French
Revolution
Saint Domingue/Haiti

11. Creoles wanted independence from France during French
Revolution
Mulatto planters wanted equality with Creoles
May 6, 1794 Slaves Revolt
Toussaint L’Ouverture understood the place of Saint
Domingue in global trading networks
They would have to maintain plantation system
1/3 planters
1/3 workers
1/3 state
Educate everyone

12. Military Spending
Send People back to Africa
Toussaint and Haiti
Toussaint is arrested by Napoleon’s soldiers and later he dies in
France
But, slaves win and Haiti is independent in 1804.
Jacques Desallines divides property, destroys plantations and
makes himself dictator

13. Other Latin American Movements
Creoles are important and see themselves different from the
Peninsulares.
After independence, United States wanted to trade with Latin
America
Spanish were opposed to US trading with Latin America
Terror Scares People and the Haitian Revolution really scared
people
Everything changes in 1807 when France invades Iberian
Peninsula

14. Movements from North
(Colombia, Venezuela, Ecuador, Panama)
Simon Bolivar
In 1811 Venezuela Independent
Earthquake of March 26, 1812
In 1813 Bolivar becomes dictator of Venezuela:
Abolishes Indian tribute and other special privileges
But, refuses to free slaves, made Catholicism state religion,
limited full citizenship to those with property
1814-1816: Spanish regain Spain- allowed them to reconquer
Venezuela
In 1816 with Haitian and English support:
Bolivar regains Venezuela after agreeing to free slaves

15. South--Argentina
In 1807—Britain tried to get control and the Spanish caved but
Argentinians fought them
In 1810 launches independence movement.
Paraguay’s independence movement is successful

16. South (continued)
1813 The National Assembly ended Encomienda, Titles of
Nobility, and the Inquisition
1816 Jose San Martin launches another independence movement
to acquire Chile.
1817 the Army of the Andes
June 1821, he conquered Peru

17. South continued
July 26-27, 1822 San Martin joins Bolivar
San Martin retires
Bolivar becomes military dictator December 9, 1822

18. Mexico
Priest Miguel Hidalgo y Costilla—September 16, 1810.
Hidalgo is captured and killed in 1811

19. Jose Maria Morelos
Proclaimed independence in 1813
Institutes social and fiscal reforms
Wanted land reform and the breakup of haciendas

20. Agusti’n de Iturbide
Agustin de Iturbide defeated Morelos.
Morelos was executed December 22, 1815
Who gained and who lost?
Creole elites
Slaves
Military

21. Millions of miners and agricultural workers
Latin American Economy
Latin American Democracy
Stability
American and French Revolutions

22. Readings: Smith, et al., 771-776
D 18.7: “Declaration of the Rights of Man and Citizen”
Enlightenment Ideas
The spread of revolutionary ideas across the Atlantic world in
the second half of the eighteenth century followed the trail of
Enlightenment ideas (in a way, the product of the new scientific
method based on reason in action):
“All men are born free yet everywhere they are in chains” –
Jean-Jacques Rousseau
“Challenge Authority” – Immanuel Kant
“Have the Courage to use your own reason”-Immanuel Kant
Absolute Monarchy bad, government is the result of a social
contract between the ruler and the people—John Locke
The best government are those characterized by “separation of
powers” and “checks and balances” –Michel de Montesquieu
Government should keep their hands out of markets – Adam
Smith
People disagreed over the meaning of terms such as liberty,
independence, freedom, and equality
We still do
2
Political Reorderings

23. As Enlightenment ideals spread, certain groups in the colonies
began seeking a new relationship with their respective
motherlands. More sought involvement in politics and claimed
to serve the interests of the “people.” Ideas like independence,
freedom, and equality had power and prompted political revolts
in the Americas and Europe. Since then revolution has been a
powerful force.
Revolutionary transformations and new languages of freedom
The transatlantic disruption between 1750 and 1850 had roots in
the economic systems of the previous century
Every major power engaging in capitalist-like markets through
monopolistic companies and colonial empires
Colonial elites want to become part of new economies—don’t
like colonial and merchant monopolies from England, France,
Spain, and Portugal
3
Revolutionary Transformations and New Languages of Freedom
Dissatisfied with their exclusion from power and wealth,
politically aware people began organizing in hopes that a new
or reformed system would provide freedom to trade and
representation in government. Initially unwilling to revolt, these
reformers found powerful resistance among the aristocracy.
Arguing for popular sovereignty and free trade, they denounced
trade monopolies and aristocratic domination of politics. New
identities and concepts of “nation” arose. The question of how
much freedom and to whom, however, generally meant for white
males only.
Revolutionary transformations and new languages of freedom

24. As wealth increased, men and women demanded a relaxation of
economic restrictions
Demanded greater freedom to trade
Demanded more influence in governing local institutions and
making local economic decisions
4
Revolutionary transformations and new languages of freedom
Over time, these demands became more radical and
revolutionary
Revolutionaries championed the concept of popular sovereignty,
free people, free trade, free markets, and free labor as a more
just and efficient foundation for society (in America: must end
slavery; in France, must end serfdom, feudalism)
5
England was the exception to the Pyramid Shaped Societies
The English Civil War and the “Glorious Revolution” led to an
increasing role of Parliament.
6
Puritan New England

25. Town Meeting
Wanted consensus
Kicked out dissenters
7
The South
Had Locke-inspired Constitution
40 shilling freehold
Excluded Many poor Appalachia Farmers
County was the basic unit of Government
Many counties in the South were 50% slaves
8
All Colonies
Had minor legislative institutions
Were diverse
All happy to be English citizens
All believed they had some rights

26. 9
End of French and Indian War: Grenville Plan – 1764
Salutary Neglect
Grenville attempts to find old laws
Navigation Acts
Molasses Tax
Sugar Act
Stamp Act
Quartering Act
10
Committees of Correspondence
Propaganda makes Boston Conflict a Massacre—The Boston
Massacre
3 years later was the Boston Tea Party
Punished for the Boston Tea Party
11
First Continental Congress
September 4, 1774

27. All colonies but Georgia
Refused to Import Goods
British angered by this and decided to destroy colonial stores in
Concord
Paul Revere’s ride
13
Declaration of Independence
Was signed in 1776, about a year after the war had started
It made the French realize that we were serious and they joined
the colonists to fight the British
14
.
Key Points in Declaration
“We hold these truths to be self-evident, that all men are
created equal, that they are endowed by their Creator with
certain unalienable Rights, that among these are Life, Liberty,
and the pursuit of Happiness.”
15

28. The Decision to Redesign the State
Building a republican government – Articles of Confederation
not working
Government weak and in debt for war
Couldn’t make trade agreements with other countries (all states
had to go along or did they)
Unable to protect shipping of particular states
During this time, the prospect of a social revolution of women,
slaves, and artisans was very real; elites labeled this "excesses
of democracy"
Shays's rebellion of 1786 protested negative effects of
revolutionary wars on bankrupt farmer veterans from Western
Massachusetts
16
Building a Republican Government
Landed elites, however, convened the Constitutional Convention
to prevent the revolution from falling into anarchy. There, the
new federal government was empowered, and the power of the
legislature was reduced to moderate the popular will. The
Constitution and a bill of rights formed the basis for
government. New lands deflected the slave issue, but the
problem did not go away. For the moment, white elites
maintained their privilege by suppressing black uprisings.
Hamilton and Jefferson

29. 17
Constitutional Convention
Building a republican government
Scope of power of federal government versus state power
continued to be debated hotly
Constitution a Compromise, but more Federalist (Hamiltonian)
The new constitution substantially enhanced the power of the
federal (national) government over state legislatures
Anti-Federalists (Jefferson) insisted on the inclusion of a bill of
rights to protect individual liberties from government
interference
18
The French Revolution, 1789–1799
The French Revolution, even more than the American
Revolution, inspired other rebellions around the world, lasting
into the twentieth century

30. Origins and outbreak
Enlightenment ideas against oppressive government had gained
legitimacy among millions and helped propel the nation into
revolution
20
THE FRENCH REVOLUTION, 1789–1799
Also inspired by Enlightenment ideas, the French Revolution
had global impact.
The French Revolution, 1789–1799
Origins and outbreak
Harvests had been poor for years, leading many peasants to
protest unreasonable tax burdens
King Louis XVI opened the door for reform when he convened
the Estates-General in 1788 to seek new forms of revenue to
service the crown’s debt
22
Origins and Outbreak
In France, peasant suffering and widespread hostility toward the
court, aristocracy, and church raised tensions. Visions of an
Enlightenment-based polity and France’s extraordinary fiscal
problems opened the door for revolution. Sustaining huge debts

31. in support of the American bid for independence, the French
court convened the Estates-General to raise taxes. The Third
Estate (wealthy commoners), however, condemned the nobles
and clergy as parasites and formed the National Assembly—a
body claiming to speak for the people of France. After news
spread of the storming of the Bastille, crowds attacked
aristocratic manors and records of feudal dues with such
ferocity that frightened aristocrats renounced their privileges.
The French Revolution, 1789–1799
Reform turned to revolution as members of the Third Estate (the
common people) called for greater representation
Upon hearing of these events, peasants rose up in the
countryside to protest unfair feudal dues and obligations
On July 14, 1789, a Parisian crowd attacked the Bastille, an
infamous political prison
23
24
The French Revolution, 1789–1799
Revolutionary transformation
In August, the Third Estate, calling itself a national assembly,

32. abolished feudal privileges of the nobility and clergy and passed
a “Declaration of the Rights of Man and Citizens”
It recognized political equality and popular sovereignty
Some people suggested that women be included as citizens, but
women's petitions were rejected
Olympe de Gouges completed “Declaration of the Rights of
Women and Citizens”
25
Revolutionary Transformations
The “Declaration of the Rights of Man and Citizen” championed
individual rights and the right of the people to representative
government. Women were granted some rights, but not equal to
men.
French Revolution and Rights
Granted many civil liberties
Granted freedom of worship to Jews and Protestants—ended
Catholic monopoly
Ended serfdom—everyone equal under the law
Grappled with ending slavery
Maybe first attempt at articulating the necessity of basic human
rights
26

33. Key Questions:
How much would popular violence influence rational political
debate?
Is popular sovereignty possible without violence?
How do you incorporate working class Parisians, peasants, and
women into the polity without violence—elites want to protect
privilege?
28
The French Revolution, 1789–1799
Revolutionary transformation
As the revolution gathered speed, it split into different factions
over the goals
More elites fled country
The Terror
Launched by radical Jacobins, including Robespierre
Eliminated all symbols of the old regime
29
The Terror
As aristocracy fled the country, the French Revolution

34. splintered into factions with the more radical Jacobins
eventually taking control. They executed the king and launched
a Reign of Terror to rid France of counterrevolutionaries.
Universal conscription made the revolution’s armies the world’s
largest and spread revolutionary ideas to other parts of Europe.
The transformation of France into a revolutionary system led to
new names, times, and even religion. With time, however,
enthusiasm for the radicals heading the revolution waned and
was eclipsed by the rise of Napoleon. Napoleon’s reign marked
a return to more moderate policies. The bloodletting ended.
Catholicism returned. A new constitution and legal system were
adopted.
Popular Rule/Mob Rule
Ended Serfdom
31
Constitution of 1793
“The aim of society is the happiness of all.”
“Public assistance is a sacred debt. Society owes a living to the
unfortunate among its citizens, either by finding work for them
or by guaranteeing the means of subsistence to those who are
not in a fit condition to work.”

35. “Education is a necessity for all.”
“When the government violates the rights of the people, then
insurrection …is the most sacred and necessary of duties.”
32
Women’s Clubs
Universal Manhood suffrage proclaimed with Republic
(September 1792)
Women actively involved in clubs, Parisian sections,
Convention (as hecklers)
Women allowed to vote on Constitution of 1793
Women’s Clubs Closed (October 30, 1793)
33
Abolition of Slavery
Abolition of slavery in French colonies (February 4, 1794)

36. 34
BUT: The Revolution “Devours Its Own”
Terror: Put on Trial “Enemies of the Nation” for crimes against
“the nation,” “against the people”
Law of 22 Prairial II (June 10, 1794):
“Every citizen is empowered to seize conspirators and
counterrevolutionaries, and to bring them before the
magistrates. He is required to denounce them as soon as he
knows of them.”
Eventually friends kill Robespierre before he can kill them
40,000 Killed, 300,000 arrested
35
The French Revolution, 1789–1799
The Terror
Tried to do away with aristocratic and Catholic influences on
the nation’s culture
In 1794, moderates regained control of the government upon the
execution of Robespierre
In 1799, in light of ineffective government, Napoleon Bonaparte

37. and other generals from the army organized a coup
36
The Terror in The French Revolution: Contrasting Images
37
The French Revolution, 1789–1799
In 1804, Napoleon declared himself emperor of the French
nation
Checked the excesses of the Radical era but let many
revolutionary changes continue
Allowed religious freedom
Submitted a constitution to a plebiscite
Code Napoleon codified the nation’s laws into one legal
framework emphasizing the equality of men and the protection
of individual property
But—reintroduced slavery
38

38. Napoleon’s empire, 1799–1815
Napoleon envisioned a new Roman empire based on the
principles he espoused in France
His attempts to bring Europe under French rule laid the
foundations for nineteenth-century nationalist strife
Strong local resistance appeared in Spain, Germany, and Egypt
39
NAPOLEON’S EMPIRE, 1799–1815
French expansion into neighboring states was accompanied by
promises of liberty for those who supported the revolutionary
armies. As French successes mounted, however, many so-called
liberated peoples began to resist. Even as Napoleon sought to
unify Europe, he awakened nationalism in people, such as the
Germans, who had cause to notice it before. A world war
developed as Napoleon struggled against all of Europe’s
powers. Forced to retreat from Moscow, Napoleon was defeated
at Paris and later Waterloo, and dreams of a French empire
collapsed. At the Congress of Vienna, Europe’s old aristocratic
interests moved to build a new order capable of meeting the
revolutionary threat. Rejecting the option of a constitution, the
Congress based itself on a system of mutual support and
balancing power politics. The French monarchy was restored.
While France seemed to have returned to its former self,
German and Italian principalities began to unify, upsetting the
Congress of Vienna’s balance of power.

39. Napoleon’s empire, 1799–1815
The Congress of Vienna could not turn the clock back
completely
In many areas, some of Napoleon’s reforms were kept in place,
such as the abolition of serfdom among German states
The nationalist sentiments that French troops stirred continued
in places such as Germany and Italy
41
Question of Sovereignty Up for Grabs – Still Is
42