CXC Caribbean History School Base Assignment on haitian revolution. THEME: RESISTANCE AND REVOLTS TOPIC: What effect did the Haitian Revolution (1791-1804) have on Haiti and the rest of the Caribbean?

1. CARIBBEAN HISTORY SCHOOL BASE ASSIGNMENT
CANDIDATE’S NAME: CHAMIQUE BROWN
SUBJECT: CARIBBEAN HISTORY
SCHOOL: ST. CATHERINE HIGH SCHOOL
CANDIDATE NUMBER:
CENTER NUMBER:
TERRITORY: JAMAICA
TEACHER’S NAME: MR. MCKENZIE
YEAR:2021-2022
AREA OF RESEARCH : Resistance and Revolt
TOPIC: What effect did the Haitian Revolution (1791-1804) have on Haiti and the rest of the
Caribbean?

2. TABLE OF CONTENT
Area of research ………………………………. 3
Acknowledgement……………………………………. 4
Rationale…………………………………………………… 5
Objective…………………………………………………… 6
Introduction………………………………………………. 7
Body/Essay………………………………………………… 8-12
Conclusion…………………………………………………. 13
Bibliography………………………………………………. 14
Appendix…………………………………………………… 15 -16
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3. THEME: RESISTANCE AND REVOLTS
TOPIC: What effect did the Haitian Revolution (1791-1804) have on Haiti and the rest of the
Caribbean?
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4. ACKNOWLEDGEMENT
First and foremost, I want to thank myself for inspiring me to keep going through these rough
times. I would like to express my gratitude to Mr. McKenzie, my teacher, for his insightful
comments and support in helping me coordinate my SBA. I would like to thank the Caribbean
Examination Council for providing this SBA, which allowed me to learn more about my own
history as well as the history of my Caribbean neighbors. They have my gratitude. I would like to
express my gratitude to my parents and friends for putting up the effort to assist me within the
time limits of the SBA.
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5. RATIONALE
What effect did the Haitian Revolution (1791-1804) have on Haiti and the rest of the Caribbean?
The Haitian Revolution is frequently referred to as the the only successful uprising against
slavery in history and the first successful non- white movement.
The goal of selecting this topic is to have a greater understanding of how the events of the
Haitian Revolution (1791-1804) began, what are the goals of the social groups involved in the
revolution were, and how the aftermath impacted the Caribbean.This issue broadened the
researcher's perspectives as a historian by exploring the severe conditions slaves/free color
people/mulattoes faced, as well as the role of Toussaint L'Ouverture in the Revolution and
applying it to the SBA.
The Haitian Revolution shaped Caribbean history as well as subsequent revolutions. As a result,
the researcher felt compelled to choose this theme.
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6. OBJECTIVE
The purpose of this study is to give readers a quick rundown of the widely acknowledged
historical facts surrounding the Haitian Revolution.
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7. INTRODUCTION
What is the Haitian Revolution ?
The Haitian Revolution is a political revolution. A political revolution is the forced overthrow of
a system of power by a group of people, followed by the establishment of a new power
structure.The Haitian Revolution is a phrase for the catastrophic events that occurred between
1791 and 1804 and was the consequence of a lengthy fight by slaves who were treaten badly in
the French colony of St. Domingue, but it was also fueled by free Mulattoes who had long
suffered the trials of being labeled as semi-citizens. The Haitian Revolution would go on to be
the stories to modern haitian of their predecessors' struggle for independence, and its heroes
continue to inspire a people facing nearly impossible issues around the world
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8. ESSAY
The Haitian Revolution is frequently referred to as the largest and most successful slave
insurrection in the Western Hemisphere. Slaves started the insurrection in 1791, and by 1803
they had ended not only slavery, but also French sovereignty over the colony. The Haitian
Revolution, on the other hand, was far more complex, consisting of numerous revolutions
occurring at the same time.
There were strong legal groups split by race in St. Domingue, and there was sub
stantially more mutual hatred and dislike than on other French islands. The whites were
separated into two categories: grands blancs and petits blancs. The grands blancs were wealthy
planters and seigneurs with land and education who dominated the colonial government, whereas
the petits blancs were overseers, craftsmen, bookkeepers, and small business owners who were
impoverished, uneducated, and had little political power. Then there were the free Mulattoes,
who were frequently wealthier than the petit blancs, and had a particularly vulnerable position in
Haitian society. While they had considerable freedom, they were constrained by the conservative
White power structure, which only acknowledged them as racial minorities.The final two social
groups of African descent were free blacks and slaves; slaves who suffered some of the harshest
treatment in Saint Domingue . Slaves in Saint Domingue were legally
killed as a consequence of accidents, sicknesses, and deadly diseases. Some slaves escaped into
the rugged interior and were known as Maroons, engaging in guerilla warfare against colonial
forces.Regulations were created to prohibit the other groups from mixing with whites . There
was a long list of activities in which free coloreds could not engage and slaves were kept in their
place by a system of laws that were specifically devised for them. These laws were called the
Code Noir (Black Code).
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9. The French Revolution of 1789 spawned a new understanding of human rights, universal
citizenship, and participation in governance with the slogan Liberty, Equality, and Fraternity.
These revolutionary ideas and writings disseminated through black gangs on plantations and
slaves became aware of the French Revolution and organized gatherings to argue their rights,
helping to unite resistance themes in San Domingo. Pro-slavery sugar plantation owners debated
various ideals of liberty and equality inspired from new French Revolutionary ideologies.Soon
after, plantation owners were challenged by slaves who believed that they, too, deserved liberty,
equality, and fraternity. Although St. Domingue was subject to French law, these rights were not
applied when the Revolution began on August 23, 1791. White colonists were too afraid of
change to grant these privileges to colored men and women. Because profiting from slave
exploitation was a lucrative industry. Nonetheless, a revolution was the only other option.
Resistance permeated black souls and was irreversibly altered and represented by a few slave
leaders. In the hands of leaders, slaves' interests became strategic aims. Men like
Toussaint,Dessalines, Dutty Boukman, Vincent Ogé advocated for abolition of slavery
In the Haitian revolution, Toussaint was the key figure in directing the slave insurrection. His
choice to join the insurrection was motivated by more than just a desire to protect his way of
life.He abolished slavery on the island, and created a constitution that declared all people were
equal, regardless of race or color. He enforced military discipline on the workforce and enhanced
workers' working conditions. In June of 1802, the end was in sight. Under the guise of seeking
peace, French General Jean-Baptiste Brunet invited Toussaint to his quarters. Toussaint was
caught and taken to Fort-de-Joux in France's Jura Mountains. On April 7, 1803 he died of
pneumonia and malnutrition while being interrogated.
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10. Dutty Boukman was enslaved in Jamaica at first, but was captured and sold to a plantation owner
in Saint-Domingue.Boukman had a few notable positions during his lifetime, which enabled him
to hold secret meetings with other enslaved Africans in Haiti.He was a spiritual leader in the
voodoo faith known as 'Zamba.' He was larger than life and immortal in the eyes of his
followers.Boukman was a major figure in the slave insurrection in the colony's northwestern
province of Le CapFrançais. A few months after the insurrection began, he was assassinated by
French planters and colonial forces. The French then publicly displayed Boukman's head in an
effort to shatter the illusion of invincibility that Boukman had created. The fact that French
officials did this demonstrates their conviction in Boukman's significance to Haitians at the time.
Jean-Jacques Dessalines was the second in command under Toussaint L'Overture during the
Haitian Revolution . Dessalines was able to flee the plantation and join emerging rebel leader
Toussaint L'Ouverture after a slave insurrection broke out in Saint-Domingue in 1791.
Dessalines, although being illiterate, was a quick student, quickly establishing himself as
L'Ouverture's lieutenant and gaining the moniker "the Tiger '' for his ferocity in combat. Initially,
their objective was to free all slaves on the island, but as time passed, the goal shifted to
independence.Dessalines' military abilities and leadership were critical to L'Overture's success in
seizing the Spanish-controlled eastern half of the island in 1794, and L'Overture appointed him
governor of the south in exchange. When Dessalines declared Saint Dominque's independence,
he picked the name Haiti, which was used by the island's native people. Dessalines was attacked
and killed by his own lieutenants on August 17, 1806; his body was carried through the streets
before being mutilated. The Haitian Revolution and its leaders, such as L'Overture and
Dessalines, have served as both an inspiration and a warning about the "possibilities and risks of
revolution."
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11. Vincent Ogé was a member of Saint-free Domingue's colored planter class. During the French
Revolution, he moved to Paris and battled for the rights of the island's free colored citizens. In
1791. Vincent Ogé Jeune was born in Saint-Domingue, He was the son of a white man, and a
mulatto mother . Ogé was sent to Bordeaux, France to be the apprentice of a goldsmith and built
his fortune as a merchant. He was later a member of Société d'Amis des Noirs (Society of the
Friends of Blacks) in Paris, which fought for the rights of black people.In 1789, Ogé began
working with the Colons Américains (American Colonists), a small group of free colored
craftsmen and slaves who created a book of grievances against the French colonies. After
campaigning for voting rights for colored people with Jean-Baptiste Chavanne, Vincent Ogé was
killed by the wheel at Le Cap, Saint-Domingue, in 1791. France adopted a law in 1790 granting
colonies the ability to organize a local Assembly, but it was never completely enforced. As a
result, tensions between whites and people of color have risen. Ogé's action is tied to the slave
rebellion that became the Haitian Revolution in August 1791, as well as the National Assembly
in Paris granting voting rights to free colored people that same year.
The news of the Haitian Revolution echoed across the Atlantic slave nations. The immediate
consequences of the Revolution were mainly felt throughout the Caribbean.During the years of
warfare, many coffee and sugar estates were destroyed due to the effects of the Haitian
revolution. As a result, Haiti's sugar and coffee output were significantly cut. As a result,
Caribbean countries such as Jamaica were able to sell more coffee and sugar on the European
market now that their main competitor had been seriously harmed. Several coffee and sugar
growers fled to neighboring Caribbean countries, including Jamaica. The success of the Haitian
revolution in freeing the enslaved motivated and inspired those enslaved elsewhere in the
Caribbean to fight for their freedom.
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12. CONCLUSION
In conclusion,the conditions in Haiti immediately prior to the French Revolution were ideal for
an uprising. The White colonists were unable to suppress the insurrection that they had been
pushing on themselves for years because they lacked a clear and defined political authority. Their
despicable treatment of free coloured and slaves in Haiti has incited the elimination of slavery in
the country. The extremes of that despicable treatment were the fundamental reason for the
victory of the Haitian Revolution. The French Revolution sparked the revolution in Haiti,
providing the inspiration that the cause of abolition of slavery in Haiti need to achieve its
objectives.
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13. BIBLIOGRAPHY
Britannica, The Editors of Encyclopedia. "Haitian Revolution". Encyclopedia Britannica, 9 Mar.
2020,
https://www.britannica.com/topic/Haitian-Revolution.
Claudia Sutherland,( July 16, 2007), “Haitian Revolution (1791-1804)
https://www.Blackpast.Org/Global-African-History/Haitian-Revolution-1791-1804/
C.Jason Bromley“ Resistance and Haitan Revoultion”
https://scholar.library.miami.edu/slaves/san_domingo_revolution/individual_essay/jason.html#A
nchor
Biography.com Editors,( April 2, 2014)”Toussaint L'Ouverture Biography”
https://www.biography.com/political-figure/toussaint-louverture
Tanasia Kenney( February 17, 2018)Dutty Boukman, The Fearless Leader Who Helped Spark
the Haitian Revolution
https://atlantablackstar.com/2018/02/17/dutty-boukman-fearless-leader-helped-spark-haitian-revo
lution/
Wikipedia. The Free Encyclopedia ,(2021, September 1). Dutty Boukman -
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Dutty_Boukman
McNally, D. (2007, August 01). Jean-Jacques Dessalines (1758-1806). BlackPast.org.
https://www.blackpast.org/global-african-history/dessalines-jean-jacques-1758-1806/
Tsakanias, C. (2018, January 28). Vincent Ogé (ca. 1755-1791). BlackPast.org.
https://www.blackpast.org/global-african-history/oge-vincent-1755-1791/
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14. APPENDIX
Map of Saint Domingue (1725)
Flag of Saint Domingue before the
revolution
Toussaint Louverture
Vincent Ogé
Jean-Jacques Dessalines
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15. Dutty Boukman
A drawing of a battle in the Haitian
Revolution
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