SNU + UW iSchool Joint Workshop 2014 / Proceeding @ CHI EA '14 The spread of smartphone has enabled everyone to easily participate in information activities regardless of time and space. The interiors of cars are not an exception to this phenomenon. Many drivers use their smartphone while driving, though it is legally restricted due to safety issues. This research intends to (1) observe the information behaviors of drivers (2) classify their information activities (3) and finally induce design implications. For this purpose, we conducted user research using an in-car monitoring system observing drivers in situ (Figure 1) and a smartphone application usage tracker. After gathering and integrating the data through a multi-coding process, we were able to introduce special categories, "five sessions," explaining a smartphone usage pattern in cars particularly. Moreover, using the drivers' voice recordings, we found out drivers' specific informational needs. The results informed us of four implications that could be used in smart cars or car-related services in the future.

2. Good Morning!
Information School,
University of Washington!

3. Welcome To
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SEoul NAtional University!

4. I aam CChannghhooon OOhh.
a third-year PHD Candidate in UXlab @ SNU
UX / HCI Research Major

5. USER EXPERIENCE LAB

6. Prof. Joon Lee
• the Captain of User Experience LAB
• Tried to Travel Around the World By His Yacht.
• Lives in “The Gangnam” District.
• Creative and Thoughtful

7. Research Area
User Research Information Architecture

8. Projects
EMR
GPS NAvigation
Artist
Book 2.0
Traveler
Driver Prototyping Tool
ICT4D

9. Projects
EMR
GPS NAvigation
Prototyping Tool
Artist
Book 2.0
ICT4D
Traveler
Driver

10. Understanding
in-car ssmarrtpphoonne UUsaggee Pattteerrn

11. CHI 2014 work-In-Progress

12. Supported by
SAMSUNG ELECTRONICS
dMC UX Center

13. BACKGROUND
Smartphone Offers the Same Service regardless of
Users’ Context and Situation.
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Driving

14. “AS IS” Approaches
Supporting Technically
• are not sufficient to solve this problem.
• cannot fully support driver’s information needs and don’t
reflect the distinctiveness or issues of driving context.
Prohibiting Legally
• simply legally prohibiting cannot be a fundamental solution.
• providing appropriate ways of satisfying their needs should be
concerned instead.

15. “AS IS” Approaches
Supporting Technically
•
• insufficient to solve this problem
• cannot fully support driver’s information needs and don’t
The driver’s distinct information behavior
reflect the distinctiveness or issues of driving context
is worth analyzing in peculiar.
Prohibiting Legally
• simply legally prohibiting cannot be a fundamental solution.
• providing appropriate ways of satisfying their needs should be
concerned instead.

16. We aimed to…
• investigate the information behaviors of drivers based on
in-vehicle smartphone usages in situ.
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• classify their information activities in a meta-level.
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• induce design implications that would be helpful to
smartphone services in cars or new ways of car
interactions in the future.

17. METHODOLOGY

18. Real Daily Driving Trips
14 drivers in the Seoul Metropolitan Area
Three days

19. Data Gathering
1. An In-Car Video Recording System for quAlitative data
2. AppCatcher for Quantitative dAta

20. Data Gathering
50 Analyzable Trip Data
× 50
A Trip
• Total: 32h 59m 58s
• Average: about 40min per Trip

21. Data Analysis
Repetitive Video Recording Clips Coding & Ideation Process
+
Application Usage Logs

22. Data Analysis
Repetitive Coding & Ideation Process

23. Results

24. What is “Session?”
• A combination of elements from when a driver picks up a
smartphone until he/she puts it down.
• Each sessions possess distinguishing characteristics and
has sub-elements such as initiating way, application,
action, interaction, duration, situation.
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Initiating way
Action
Duration
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Application
Interaction
Etc…
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A Session
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• The total of 139 sessions was observed.

25. Five “Sessions” of Smartphone Usage in Cars

26. Five “Sessions” of Smartphone Usage in Cars
Cycling
Through

27. Five “Sessions” of Smartphone Usage in Cars
Coming
Up With
Cycling
Through

28. Five “Sessions” of Smartphone Usage in Cars
Active
Pursuing
Coming
Up With
Cycling
Through

29. Five “Sessions” of Smartphone Usage in Cars
Active
Pursuing
Coming
Up With
Cycling
Through
Conversing

30. Five “Sessions” of Smartphone Usage in Cars
Active
Pursuing
Coming
Up With
Cycling
Through
Conversing
Deferring

31. CYCLING THROUGH
Habitually turning on the smartphone
and drifting aimlessly

32. CYCLING THROUGH

33. CYCLING THROUGH (10%)
Duration: Short (12~60s)
Habitual Connection

34. COMING UP WITH
Conducting information behavior by using smartphone
as something Suddenly comes to Driver’s mind

35. COMING UP WITH

36. Duration: Long (1~5m)
COMING UP WITH (9%)

37. Active Pursuing
Concentrating on using smartphone for a longer time
in order to complete information behaviors
related with specific purposes

38. Active Pursuing

39. Duration: Long (1~5m)
Active Pursuing (18%)

40. Conversing
communicating with others
by using communication apps such as
telephone call, mobile instant messenger(MIM) and SNS

41. Conversing

42. Habitual Connection
Duration: Long
Conversing (56%)

43. Deferring
Avoiding or postponing a response
toward push notification in the smartphone

44. Deferring

45. Unfinished
Very Short
Deferring (5%)

46. “VOICE OF DRIVERS”

47. “VOICE OF DRIVERS”
• Additionally gathered “Voice of Drivers” by doing Think-aloud
while driving and conducting half-open survey after
the experiment.
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• Organized them into four issues.
Voice
Interaction
Habitual
Traits Modality Safety

48. Voice interaction
• need for voice interaction
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“I don’t know if such functions already exist, but I wish my
phone could be changed like ‘driving mode’ before I start
driving. Then, I can use my voice for all the functions.”
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“I’d like a system where I can answer the message by
voice, even simply. Also, when message arrive while
driving, it would be convenient if there’s a service that
reads it out loud.”

49. Habitual Traits
• (1) setting and (2) dealing with backlogs
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“I drive, after I start the car and choose the music”
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“Before I drive to work, I check the messages or SNS
alarms that are piled up from the night before to the
morning… and I answer to KakaoTalk messages after
I finish driving.”
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50. Modality
• a variety of needs for additional interface
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“It’s very inconvenient because I need my hands for both
driving and using the smartphone. I wish there were
something that can control my smartphone on the
steering wheel. And I wish I can get my calls easily like
folder phones”
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“I want my windshield to show the smartphone screen”
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“I want a sort of ‘driving mode’ in my phone
in which the letters get bigger”

51. Safety
• restraint of information activities
!“I usually hold back the usage of smartphone.
If I should, I slowly start the apps when it’s safe”
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• changes in the forms of smartphone usage
! “I look at my smartphone in one hand in a glimpse,
placing it in the middle of my wheel.”

52. Conclusion

53. DESIGN IMPLICATIONS
1. Providing relevant update at an appropriate time
2. Communicating selectively and integrally
3. Introducing new interaction
that does not hamper attention and safety
4. Capturing immediate thoughts

54. CONTRIBUTIONS
• Tried to observe “real” information behaviors of drivers
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• Introduced the concept of “Session”— the meta level
categorization unit
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• Induced design implications applicable to smart devices
in cars or smart car related services

55. THANK YOU!
iamohchanghoon@gmail.com
yurial@snu.ac.kr
ux.snu.ac.kr
www.facebook.com/
userexperiencelab
www.facebook.com/
changhoon.oh.94