1. A Project Report On Production and
Operation Management on
Submitted to: Prof. Sandeep Trada
Tolani Institute of Management Studies,Adipur.
Submitted by :
Group A-5
Nikita Bali (11004)
Sunny Bhuva (11010)
Chandan Pahelwani (11047)
Himani Parihar (11049)
Sonia Dadlani (10022)
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2. INDEX
Sr.no Particulars Page no.
1 Introduction 3
2 ISO standards 4
3 ISO brand 7
4 Who can join ISO? 8
5 What is ISO 9001 9
6 ISO 14001 13
7 Difference between 14
ISO9001 and ISO14001
8 Conclusion 15
9 Reference 15
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3.  INTRODUCTION:
ISO (International Organization for Standardization) is the world's
largest developer and publisher of International Standards.
ISO is a network of the national standards institutes of 163
countries, one member per country, with a Central Secretariat in
Geneva, Switzerland, that coordinates the system.
ISO is a non-governmental organization that forms a bridge
between the public and private sectors. On the one hand, many of its
member institutes are part of the governmental structure of their
countries, or are mandated by their government. On the other hand,
other members have their roots uniquely in the private sector,
having been set up by national partnerships of industry associations.
Therefore, ISO enables a consensus to be reached on solutions that
meet both the requirements of business and the broader needs of
society.
 HISTORY:
The organization which today is known as ISO began in 1926 as
the International Federation of the National Standardizing
Associations (ISA). This organization focused heavily on mechanical
engineering. It was disbanded in 1942 during the Second World War
but was re-organized under the current name, ISO, in 1946.
ISO is a voluntary organization whose members are recognized
standard authorities, each one representing one country. The bulk of
the work of ISO is done by the 2700 technical committees,
subcommittees and working groups. Each committee and
subcommittee is headed by a Secretariat from one of the member
organizations.
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4.  ISO standards:
 make the development, manufacturing and supply of products
and services more efficient, safer and cleaner
 facilitate trade between countries and make it fairer
 provide governments with a technical base for health, safety
and environmental legislation, and conformity assessment
 share technological advances and good management practice
 disseminate innovation
 safeguard consumers, and users in general, of products and
services.
 make life simpler by providing solutions to common problems.
o How to recognize an ISO standard?
In paper form, an ISO standard is published in A4 format - which is
itself one of the ISO standard paper sizes. It may be anywhere
between a four-page document and one several hundred pages'
long. ISO standards are also available as electronic downloads and
many are available as part of a collection on CD or in handbook. An
ISO standard carries the ISO logo and the designation, "International
Standard".
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5. o Who Standards Benefit?
 ISO standards provide technological, economic and societal
benefits.
 For businesses, the widespread adoption of International
Standards means that suppliers can develop and offer products
and services meeting specifications that have wide
international acceptance in their sectors. Therefore, businesses
using International Standards can compete on many more
markets around the world.
 For innovators of new technologies, International Standards on
aspects like terminology, compatibility and safety speed up the
dissemination of innovations and their development into
manufacturable and marketable products.
 For customers, the worldwide compatibility of technology
which is achieved when products and services are based on
International Standards gives them a broad choice of offers.
They also benefit from the effects of competition among
suppliers.
 For governments, International Standards provide the
technological and scientific bases underpinning health, safety
and environmental legislation.
 For trade officials, International Standards create "a level
playing field" for all competitors on those markets. The
existence of divergent national or regional standards can create
technical barriers to trade. International Standards are the
technical means by which political trade agreements can be put
into practice.
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6. o ISO standards are useful everywhere in the world.
 For developing countries, International Standards that
represent an international consensus on the state of the art are
an important source of technological know-how. By defining
the characteristics that products and services will be expected
to meet on export markets, International Standards give
developing countries a basis for making the right decisions
when investing their scarce resources and thus avoid
squandering them.
 For consumers, conformity of products and services to
International Standards provides assurance about their quality,
safety and reliability.
 For everyone, International Standards contribute to the quality
of life in general by ensuring that the transport, machinery and
tools we use are safe.
 For the planet we inhabit, International Standards on air, water
and soil quality, on emissions of gases and radiation and
environmental aspects of products can contribute to efforts to
preserve the environment.
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7.  The ISO Brand
 Democratic
Every full member of ISO has the right to take part in the
development of any standard which it judges to be important to its
country's economy. No matter what the size or strength of that
economy, each participating member in ISO has one vote. Each
country is on an equal footing to influence the direction of ISO's
work at the strategic level, as well as the technical content of its
individual standards.
 Voluntary
ISO standards are voluntary. As a non-governmental organization,
ISO has no legal authority to enforce the implementation of its
standards. ISO does not regulate or legislate. However, countries
may decide to adopt ISO standards - mainly those concerned with
health, safety or the environment - as regulations or refer to them in
legislation, for which they provide the technical basis. In addition,
although ISO standards are voluntary, they may become a market
requirement, as has happened in the case of ISO 9001 quality
management systems, or of dimensions of freight containers and
bank cards.
 Market-driven
ISO only develops standards for which there is a market
requirement. The work is mainly carried out by experts from the
industrial, technical and business sectors which have asked for the
standards, and which subsequently put them to use.
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8.  Consensus
ISO standards are based on international consensus among the
experts in the field. Consensus, like technology, evolves and ISO
takes account both of evolving technology and of evolving interests
by requiring a periodic review of its standards at least every five
years to decide whether they should be maintained, updated or
withdrawn. In this way, ISO standards retain their position as the
state of the art.
 Globally relevant
ISO standards are technical agreements which provide the
framework for compatible technology worldwide. They are designed
to be globally relevant - useful everywhere in the world.
 Who can join ISO?
Membership of ISO is open to national standards institutes most
representative of standardization in their country (one member in
each country).
 Full members, known as member bodies, each have one vote,
whatever the size or strength of the economy of the country
concerned.
 Correspondent members pay reduced membership fees. They
are entitled to participate in any policy or technical body as
observers, with no voting rights.
 Subscriber members also pay reduced membership fees. They
are institutes from countries with very small economies that
nevertheless wish to maintain contact with international
standardization.
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9. Although individuals or enterprises are not eligible for
membership, both have a range of opportunities for taking part in
ISO's work:
 Individuals may be selected by national member institutes to
serve as experts on national delegations participating in ISO
technical committees
 Individuals and enterprises may provide their input during the
process of developing a national consensus for presentation by
the delegation. This may done through national mirror
committees to the corresponding ISO technical committee
 International organizations and associations, both non-
governmental and representing industry sectors, can apply for
liaison status to a technical committee. They do not vote, but
can participate in the debates and the development of
consensus.
 WHAT IS ISO 9000?
BSI has been certifying organizations for their quality management
systems since 1978. Its first certification is still extant and held by
Tarmac, a successor to the original company which held this
certificate. Today BSI claims to certify organizations at nearly 70,000
sites globally.
The ISO 9000 family of standards relates to quality management
systems and is designed to help organizations ensure they meet the
needs of customers and other stakeholders. The standards are
published by ISO, the International standard organization, and
available through National standards bodies. ISO 9000 deals with the
fundamentals of quality management systems, including the eight
management principles on which the family of standards is based.
ISO9001deals with the requirements that organizations wishing to
meet the standard have to fulfill.
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10. Third party certification bodies provide independent confirmation
that organizations meet the requirements of ISO 9001. Over a million
organizations worldwide are independently certified, making ISO
9001 one of the most widely used management tools in the world
today. Despite widespread use, however, the ISO certification
process has Contents been criticized as being wasteful and not being
useful for all organizations.
 BACKGROUND OF ISO 9000:-
ISO 9000 was first published in 1987. It was based on the BS 5750
series of standards from BSI .That were proposed to ISO in 1979.
However, its history can be traced back some twenty years before
that, to the publication of the Department of Defense. MIL-Q-9858
standard in 1959. MIL-Q-9858 was revised into the NATO AQAP
series of standards in 1969, which in turn were revised into the BS
5179 series of guidance standards published in 1974, and finally
revised into the BS 5750 series of requirements standards in 1979
before being submitted to ISO.
 Effectiveness of ISO 9000:-
The debate on the effectiveness of ISO 9000 commonly centers
on the following questions:
1. Are the quality principles in ISO 9001:2000 of value?
2. Does it help to implement an ISO 9001:2000-compliant quality
management system?
3. Does it help to obtain ISO 9001:2000 certifications?
Effectiveness of the ISO system being implemented depends on a
number of factors, the most significant of which are:
1. Commitment of senior management to monitor, control, and
improve quality. Organizations that implement an ISO system
without this desire and commitment often take the cheapest
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11. road to get a certificate on the wall and ignore problem areas
uncovered in the audits.
2. How well the ISO system integrates into current business
practices. Many organizations that implement ISO try to make
their system fit into a cookie-cutter quality manual instead of
creating a manual that documents existing practices and only
adds new processes to meet the ISO standard when necessary.
3. How well the ISO system focuses on improving the customer
experience. The broadest definition of quality is "Whatever the
customer perceives good quality be." This means that a
company doesn't necessarily have to make a product that
never fails; some customers will have a higher tolerance for
product failures if they always receive shipments on-time or
have a positive experience in some other dimension of
customer service. An ISO system should take into account all
areas of the customer experience and the industry
expectations, and seek to improve them on a continual basis.
This means taking into account all processes that deal with the
three stakeholders (customers, suppliers, and organization);
only then will a company be able to sustain improvements in
the customer's
 CERTIFICATION :-
ISO does not itself certify organizations. Many countries have
formed accreditation bodies to authorize certification bodies, which
audit organizations applying for ISO 9001 compliance certification.
Although commonly referred to as ISO 9000:2000 certifications, the
actual standard to which an organization's quality management can
be certified is ISO 9001:2008. Both the accreditation bodies and the
certification bodies charge fees for their services. The various
accreditation bodies have mutual agreements with each other to
ensure that certificates issued by one of the Accredited certification
bodies (CB) are accepted worldwide.
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12. The applying organization is assessed based on an extensive
sample of its sites, functions, products, services, and processes. A list
of problems ("action requests" or "non-compliance") is first made
known to management. If there are no major problems on this list, or
after it receives a satisfactory improvement plan from the
management showing how any problems will be resolved, the
certification body will issue an ISO 9001 certificate. The certificate is
limited by a certain scope (e.g. production of golf balls) and names
the locations covered.
An ISO certificate is not a once-and-for-all award, but must be
renewed at regular intervals recommended by the certification body,
usually around three years. There are no grades of competence
within ISO 9001: either a company is certified (meaning that it is
committed to the method and model of quality management
described in the standard) or it is not. In this respect, ISO certification
contrasts with measurement-based quality systems such as the
capability maturity model.
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13.  Definition of 'ISO 14001'
One of the subsets of ISO 14000. ISO 14001 pertains specifically to
the requirements for using the ISO 14000 rules and the guidance for
their use. These rules address how to use the best universal practices
when adopting an environmental management system.
 ISO 14000: Costs, Benefits and Other Issues.
 The Benefits of ISO 14000 certification.
The benefits of acquiring ISO certification go beyond the
satisfaction of doing a good deed. Adhering to the standard may
result in better conformance to environmental regulations, greater
marketability, better use of resources, higher quality goods and
services, increased levels of safety, improved image and increased
profits.
The environmental awareness and the documentation that are
required by the ISO 14000 standards assist a company in conforming
to environmental regulations. This means that a company, by
diligently adhering to the standard, is less likely to violate envir
onmental regulations and is always ready for inspection by a
regulatory agency. In addition, the certification and documentation
may aid a company in acquiring capital, in defending itself during
environmental litigation and in receiving insurance.
A wider market for a company's goods and services may result
from certification. Many corporations and governments will be
looking for suppliers that are ISO 14000 certified in order to maintain
their own certification and environment-friendly image. Al though
the European Union claims that ISO 9000 certification is not required
to do business in Europe, that was the message received by many
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14. non-European firms and lead to the amazing success of that
standard. If ISO 14000 is similarly successful, the companies who are
already ISO 14000 certified will have an advantage in global markets.
Also, producers of consumer goods may find that many consumers
not only try to purchase goods from environment-friendly
companies, but will spend a little more if they feel they are helping
the environment. In order to reap this benefit, a company must
make their environmental efforts known through advertising and
labeling.
The process analyses that go along with ISO 14000 certification
may result in streamlining processes and more efficient use of
resources and raw materials and subsequently reduce a company's
costs. Finding ways to capture emissions or recycle the product s
may, in the long run, reduce the amount of raw materials and
utilities used. Reducing the amount of potentially dangerous
substances in an end product may result in less use of dangerous
chemicals in a plant. This leads to a safer internal environment for
employees and the possibility of reduced insurance premiums.
Improved employee morale may result when employees feel that the
workplace is safer and they are contributing to the environmental
effort.
 What's different about ISO 9001 and ISO 14001
The vast majority of ISO standards are highly specific to a
particular product, material, or process. However, ISO 9001 (quality)
and ISO 14001 (environment) are "generic management system
standards". "Generic" means that the same standard can be applied
to any organization, large or small, whatever its product or service, in
any sector of activity, and whether it is a business enterprise, a public
administration, or a government department. ISO 9001 contains a
generic set of requirements for implementing a quality management
system and ISO 14001 for an environmental management system.
Generic standards can be applied to any organization.
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15.  Conclusion: ISO is important for the quality and environmental
management system.
 References: Search engine GOOGLE
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