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Congressional Budget Office
A Presentation to the House Budget Committee
April 28, 2020
Phillip L. Swagel, Director
CBO’s Current Economic Projections
and a Preliminary Look at Federal Deficits
and Debt for 2020 and 2021
For details, see Congressional Budget Office, "CBO’s Current Projections of Output, Employment, and Interest Rates and a Preliminary Look at Federal Deficits for 2020 and 2021,”
CBO Blog (April 24, 2020), www.cbo.gov/publication/56335.
1
CBO
The unemployment rate is the number of jobless people who are available for and seeking work, expressed as a percentage of the labor force.
Unemployment Rate
CBO expects the
unemployment rate to
average 15 percent in the
second and third quarters
of 2020, higher than at any
point since the early
1930s.
2
CBO
The labor force is the number of people in the civilian noninstitutionalized population who are either working or seeking work.
Labor Force in the Third Quarter of 2020
By the third quarter of
this year, about 28 million
fewer people will be
employed and about
9 million fewer people
will be in the labor force
than CBO projected in
January.
3
CBO
GDP = gross domestic product; n.a. = not applicable.
a. Real values are nominal values that have been adjusted to remove the effects of changes in prices.
b. Data are shown on a fourth-quarter-to-fourth-quarter basis.
CBO’s Economic Projections for 2020 and 2021
2020 Annual
Q1 Q2 Q3 Q4 2020 2021
Real GDP (Percentage change from
preceding quarter) a
-0.9b -11.8b 5.4c 2.5 n.a. b n.a. b
Real GDP (Percentage change,
annual rate) a
-3.5b -39.6b 23.5c 10.5 -5.6b 2.8b
GDP
(Trillions of dollars)  21.6b 19.1b 20.1c 20.7 20.4b 21.3b
Unemployment Rate
(Percent)  3.8c 14.0c 16.0c 11.7 11.4b 10.1b
Interest Rate on Three-Month
Treasury Bills (Percent)  1.1b 0.1b 0.1c 0.1 0.4b 0.1b
Interest Rate on Ten-Year
Treasury Notes (Percent)  1.4b 0.6b 0.7c 0.7 0.8b 0.7b
The nation’s output is
projected to decline
sharply in the second
quarter of this year and
to begin rising thereafter.
4
CBO
Real values are nominal values that have been adjusted to remove the effects of changes in prices. GDP = gross domestic product.
Real GDP Relative to CBO’s January 2020 Projection
Output at the end of 2021
would be more than
6 percent lower than CBO
projected in January.
5
CBO
Budget Deficits
CBO projects that if
current laws generally did
not change, the federal
deficit would be roughly
$3.7 trillion in fiscal year
2020 and $2.1 trillion in
fiscal year 2021. At
17.9 percent of GDP, the
2020 deficit would be the
largest since 1945.
6
CBO
Federal Debt Held by the Public
CBO projects that federal
debt held by the public
would grow to 108 percent
of GDP by the end of fiscal
year 2021, up from 79
percent at the end of fiscal
year 2019—again, if
current laws generally did
not change. That
percentage in 2021 would
be the highest in U.S.
history.
7
CBO
CBO is working to inform the Congress about the
economic and budgetary consequences of the
coronavirus pandemic, providing analysis that supports
the Congress as it continues to respond to the crisis.
To find other work by CBO related to the pandemic,
see www.cbo.gov/topics/covid-19.

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CBO’s Current Economic Projections and a Preliminary Look at Federal Deficits and Debt for 2020 and 2021

  • 1. Congressional Budget Office A Presentation to the House Budget Committee April 28, 2020 Phillip L. Swagel, Director CBO’s Current Economic Projections and a Preliminary Look at Federal Deficits and Debt for 2020 and 2021 For details, see Congressional Budget Office, "CBO’s Current Projections of Output, Employment, and Interest Rates and a Preliminary Look at Federal Deficits for 2020 and 2021,” CBO Blog (April 24, 2020), www.cbo.gov/publication/56335.
  • 2. 1 CBO The unemployment rate is the number of jobless people who are available for and seeking work, expressed as a percentage of the labor force. Unemployment Rate CBO expects the unemployment rate to average 15 percent in the second and third quarters of 2020, higher than at any point since the early 1930s.
  • 3. 2 CBO The labor force is the number of people in the civilian noninstitutionalized population who are either working or seeking work. Labor Force in the Third Quarter of 2020 By the third quarter of this year, about 28 million fewer people will be employed and about 9 million fewer people will be in the labor force than CBO projected in January.
  • 4. 3 CBO GDP = gross domestic product; n.a. = not applicable. a. Real values are nominal values that have been adjusted to remove the effects of changes in prices. b. Data are shown on a fourth-quarter-to-fourth-quarter basis. CBO’s Economic Projections for 2020 and 2021 2020 Annual Q1 Q2 Q3 Q4 2020 2021 Real GDP (Percentage change from preceding quarter) a -0.9b -11.8b 5.4c 2.5 n.a. b n.a. b Real GDP (Percentage change, annual rate) a -3.5b -39.6b 23.5c 10.5 -5.6b 2.8b GDP (Trillions of dollars)  21.6b 19.1b 20.1c 20.7 20.4b 21.3b Unemployment Rate (Percent)  3.8c 14.0c 16.0c 11.7 11.4b 10.1b Interest Rate on Three-Month Treasury Bills (Percent)  1.1b 0.1b 0.1c 0.1 0.4b 0.1b Interest Rate on Ten-Year Treasury Notes (Percent)  1.4b 0.6b 0.7c 0.7 0.8b 0.7b The nation’s output is projected to decline sharply in the second quarter of this year and to begin rising thereafter.
  • 5. 4 CBO Real values are nominal values that have been adjusted to remove the effects of changes in prices. GDP = gross domestic product. Real GDP Relative to CBO’s January 2020 Projection Output at the end of 2021 would be more than 6 percent lower than CBO projected in January.
  • 6. 5 CBO Budget Deficits CBO projects that if current laws generally did not change, the federal deficit would be roughly $3.7 trillion in fiscal year 2020 and $2.1 trillion in fiscal year 2021. At 17.9 percent of GDP, the 2020 deficit would be the largest since 1945.
  • 7. 6 CBO Federal Debt Held by the Public CBO projects that federal debt held by the public would grow to 108 percent of GDP by the end of fiscal year 2021, up from 79 percent at the end of fiscal year 2019—again, if current laws generally did not change. That percentage in 2021 would be the highest in U.S. history.
  • 8. 7 CBO CBO is working to inform the Congress about the economic and budgetary consequences of the coronavirus pandemic, providing analysis that supports the Congress as it continues to respond to the crisis. To find other work by CBO related to the pandemic, see www.cbo.gov/topics/covid-19.