A brief introduction to the research process for the student and teacher nurses. Please refer the books for details of the topic nursing research. kindly visit and subscribed my YouTube channel ' Bhuman '. Thank You !!
2. Introduction
Research process starts with the problem or a question and ends with the
answer to the question
It is a sequential process
The steps in quantitative and qualitative research are not the same
3.
4. Research process in quantitative
research
Formulation of
research problem
Determining study
objective
Review of literature
Developing
conceptual
framework
Formulating
hypothesis and
assumptions
Selecting research
approach/design
Specifying the
population
Developing tool for
data collection
Establishing the
ethical
considerations
Conducting pilot
study/tryout of tool
Sample selection Data collection
Preparing data for
analysis
Analysis and
interpretation of data
Disseminating the
research
5. Formulating research problem
It is a foremost step of nursing research
It must be clearly defined and understood
It is generally starts with a broad topic and later it is narrowed down to a
specific topic example: morning sickness symptoms of antenatal mother –
morning sickness symptoms during first trimester of antenatal mothers.
Features:- originality, solvability and feasibility
6. Dimensions of research problem
Substantiative dimension:-clinically or theoretically important
Methodological dimension:- best possible way to study this problem
Practical dimension:-adequate resources available to conduct the study
Ethical dimension:- respect the rights of the research subjects
7. Determining the study objectives
Clear direction to the research
Must be defined by the researcher prior
It provide guidelines to the research
Objectives can be general and specific
8. Review of literature
It is a summary of previous knowledge generated on the topic
It act as a knowledge base for the current study
The sources:- books, journal, research paper, unpublished thesis,
newspaper, magazines
Skills required:- critical thinking, brainstorming, reading, comprehending,
analysis, synthesizing, summarizing
9. Developing conceptual framework
A conceptual framework illustrate what you expect to find in the research
study.
It provide meaning to the research problem
10. Formulating hypothesis/Assumptions
Hypothesis: a statement may or may not be true but researcher assume it
as a answer to the question.
It helps to identify the outcome of the study.
It can either be accepted or rejected depending upon the evidence
produced by the researcher
Assumptions:- a statements that somehow consider to be true before get
tested.
These are the general beliefs of the people which have not necessarily
been proven
11. Selecting research approach/design
Research design is a systematic plan to obtain answer to the question
It involve the all information regarding the plan of the research
There are three basic research approach: Experimental, quasi-experimental
and non-experimental.
Each of the type is further divided into subtypes.
Experimental:-control group and randomization
Quasi-experimental:- either control group or randomization
Non-experimental:- without manipulation in natural setting
12. Specifying the population
Population is a group of all research subjects with the specific
characteristics
Population helps the researcher to identify the area of interest
13. Developing tool for data collection
It is a device that help the researcher to collect objective data regarding
the population.
The tool can be depends upon the factors such as research design,
variables, subject researcher expertise, available sources and time of the
study.
The tool and be existing one or can be developed by the researcher
The newly develop tool can be used after establishing it validity and
reliability.
The tool can be structured or semistructured
14. Establishing ethical considerations
as the nursing research’s are related to human beings so need to consider
the ethical issues.
To resolve these issues researcher need to:
Take informed consent form the participant
Avoiding error in data
Obtained permission form the authority to conduct study
Doing justice to participant in analyzing data
Maintain confidentiality of the information and anonymity of subject
15. Conducting pilot study
It is a small scale rehearsal on the 10% of the research subjects
The subjects are not the actual part of the study
It is conducted to ensure the feasibility of the research design and the tool
used in the study
16. Sample selection
The sample is a small part of the research subjects that represent the
population
The samples can be selected by the probability or non-probability
sampling technique.
Sample selection can be depends upon the many factors such as, nature of
the study, availability of time, money resources, and researchers
knowledge regarding the study population.
17. Data collection
It is a direct or indirect interaction with the samples of the study
The collection of the data can be done by using tool of the study
It is most time consuming part of the study
There are different methods of the data collection involves interviewing,
questioning, observation
18. Prepare data for analysis
Careful checking of the every tool for completeness and its coding in the
excel sheet
The code must be specify the only single piece of information
19. Analysis and interpretation
The orderly and sequential data is analysed by using descriptive and
inferential statistics.
Data can be analysed by using manual calculations or by the software
programme like statistical program for social sciences(SPSS)
The data can be presented through tables, graphs, charts
20. Disseminating the research findings
The research findings must be disseminated through the proper channels
It is communicated through writing the research thesis, article, or
presenting an oral research report at scientific professional conferences.
22. Research process in qualitative
research
Identifying research
problem area
Formulating broad
study objective
Review of literature
Entry in the research
setting
Selecting research
approach/design
Select a small
sample
Establishing ethical
considerations
Planning tools for
data collection
Collecting data
Organizing data for
analysis
Analysis and
interpretation of
data
Disseminating the
research findings
23. Identification of research problem area
A broad area is identified and general objectives are set
Initially the researcher have less and understanding and knowledge
regarding the research area
Because of this the formal plan cant be set in the qualitative research
24. Formulating broad study objectives
It act as a guidelines to conduct the study.
It can be modified based on the research need
25. Review of literature
The literature review is important in qualitative research for gaining the
previous knowledge of the study subject
It may produce bias in the interpretation of the data
26. Entry in the research setting
The prior permission is taken from the authority and entry in research
setting
‘Key informants’
27. Selecting research approach/design
Common designs:- Ethnographic study, phenomenology, grounded theory,
case study, historical research, action research etc.
ethnographic research:- cultural aspects of groups
Phenomenology:- description of experiences of people
Grounded-theory:-
Case study:- in-depth examination of people, objective, or institutions
Historical:-identifying, locating, evaluating, and synthesizing data from the
past
Action research:- leaning experiences
28. Selecting a small sample
Generally small set of sample i.e 10-15 subjected were used
No defined rules for number of samples in qualitative study
29. Establishing ethical considerations
More intimate relationship may form between researcher and participant.
Take informed consent form the participant
Avoiding error in data
Obtained permission form the authority to conduct study
Doing justice to participant in analyzing data
Maintain confidentiality of the information and anonymity of subject
30. Planning tool for data collection
Generally semi-structured or unstructured tool is used for the data
collection
Usually the items are open ended
The methods used:- tape recording, focus group interview, photograph,
reflective journals, field notes, transcript, cumulative diaries, etc.
31. Collecting data
Common methods:- interview and observation
Common skills:- rapport building and confidence establishment
32. Organizing data for analysis
Organizing the data using techniques:-
Listing
Categorizing
Comparing
Laddering
33. Analysis and interpretation of data
It start with data collection and go alongside
Focus is on words rather than numbers
Analysis can be done by descriptive coding, indexing, narrations,
integrative diagrams, thematic analysis, etc.
34. Disseminating the research findings
The research findings must be disseminated through the proper channels
It is communicated through writing the research thesis, article, or
presenting an oral research report at scientific professional conferences.
35. References
Suresh k. sharma. nursing research and statistics. 2nd edition.
Polit, D.F. & Beck, C.T. (2017). Nursing research: Generating and
assessing evidence for nursing practice.