Bsc Nursing Sociology topic-population

1. Population
Mr Sushil Humane
MSN Rn

2. Population
• The science of population is also called demography – a fundamental
approach to the understanding of human society.
• The task of a demographer is to ascertain the number of people in a
given area, the changes that have taken place over the last years and
to estimate future trend.
• Births, Deaths and Migration are considered here – it is sociologically
important also – to a great extent it is socially determined –
population is studied not only with reference to area but also with
reference to its characteristics.

3. Population
• The births depend upon the fertility whereas the deaths depend upon
mortality. Thus these three factors, i.e., Fertility, Mortality and
Migration influence the number of people in a particular area.
• These factors are, to a great extent, socially determined and socially
determining.
• The demographer studies the population not only with reference to
area but also with reference to the characteristics such as age, sex,
literacy, religion, occupation and marital status.

4. Society and population
• All these traits which are selected by the populationist are socially
important. The census, therefore, gives information that is both
demographically and socially important.
• Society plays a vital role to increase the population and to maintain
the social order.
• The uncontrolled growth of population may threaten the social order.
If that is so, the society has to impose restraints on such growth.
• Therefore, an adjustment between the rate of population growth and
the social condition is necessary.

5. Society and population
• The society does not allow the people to reproduce to their full
biological capacity.
• It always puts control on the actual reproduction which are both
conscious and unconscious controls.
• On the other hand society consciously and unconsciously encourages
fertility

6. Society and population
• Unconscious Controls for fertility: ◦ Taboos on the association of
males and females. (for Ex: a wife will not associate with men other
then her husband) ◦ Taboos on sexual intercourse. (for Ex: a brother
will not intercourse with his sister) ◦ Taboos against fornication and
adultery at different levels. (for Ex: a man and woman will not
intercourse unless married).
• Conscious Controls for fertility: ◦ In fixing the minimum age for
marriage. ◦ Forbidding widow remarriage. ◦ Monogamous Marriage. ◦
Limiting the size of the family.

7. Society and population
• Consciously encourage for fertility: ◦ A rebate (discount) in income
tax. ◦ A higher dearness allowance. ◦ A facility for getting a house ◦
Admission to certain positions.
• Unconsciously encourage for fertility: ◦ Salvation of the soul. ◦
Security of old age. ◦ The production of goods. ◦ The assurance of
affection.

8. Factors to determine fertility
• Age at marriage - Polygamy
• Separation and divorce - Widowhood
• Celibacy - Urbanization
• Family system - Occupation
• Social status of women - Transport facility
• Geographical factor - Medical facility

9. Social determinants
(i) Situations Defined as Calling for Death:-
• The aged and infirm may be left to their lot.
• Deformed children and Female infanticide exposure.
• Sati practice.
• War – suicide in war – suicide for various reasons.
• Thus, killing or suicide whether institutionalized or individualistic is an
important cause of death in society.

10. Social determinants
(ii) Practices Intended to Give Health but Having the Opposite Effect:
• Magical Treatment
• Prayer
• Sacrifice
• Priestly ministration – which are intended to give health produce
opposite effect.

11. Factors to determine fertility
• (iii) Practices considered Irrelevant to Health, but Injuring it:-
• Injurious customs such as eating with hands, walking barefooted,
betel chewing, custom of wearing tight dress. Thus, there are several
social factors which cause sickness and death. However, the society
also tries to check sickness and mortality and reduce the mortality
rate.

12. Migration
• No systematic study has ever been made of the causes of migration.
The causes are so complicated. The migrant has an end in view when
deciding migration. These ends are so varied that no absolute list can
be made of them once for all. The attitude of the people in the home
country as well as in the receiving country also determines the extent
of migration.

13. Migration
• Always in migration there is an element of emotional and economic
cost.
• It is not easy to leave one’s relatives, friends and familiar
surroundings. Nor it is easy pay for high journey fare.
• The principal attractions were economic opportunity and religious
and civil liberty available in the new land.

14. Migration
• Migration ◦ Immigration: coming people from other country. ◦
• Emigration: going people from home country.
• Mass migration: large number of people expect in time of political
emergency.

15. Migration
• Who migrates?
• Mostly young adults – males – intelligence – superior persons –
technical expert, including engineers, doctors, teachers and
scientists.
• Problems of immigrants: ◦ Mistreated – housing problems – exploited
– sense of injustice – language – culture – prejustice etc.,

16. Malthusian theory of population
• Thomas Robert Malthus was born on Feb 14, 1766. The title of his
essay was on “The Essay on the Principle of Population as it Affects
the Future Improvements of Society”.
• This important work of Malthus is a landmark in the history of
Population Studies.
• For many years to come, all views on Population were classified as
Pre-Malthusian, Malthusian, Anti Malthusian and Neo Malthusian.

17. Malthusian theory of population
• The Central Theme of Essay begins with
• Human beings great potentials of produce children.
• In agriculture Divinising returns operates.
• First, the food is necessary for the Existence of man.
• Secondly, the Passion between the sexes is necessary and it will
remain nearly in the present state.

18. Malthusian theory of population
• Also, he specifies that, “Population When unchecked increases in a
Geometrical ratio, but Subsistence increases only in an Arithmetic
ratio”.
• Statement of theory: ◦ Population growth ◦ Food production

19. Malthusian theory of population
• Human affection cannot be avoid. When husband and wife join, that
time child birth is unstopped one.
• When the family planning is failed, that time population will increase.
After 25 years, the population rate is double in particular area. The
population rate goes geometrical ratio. (E.g.) 2:4:8:16:32………

20. Malthusian theory of population
• Without food, human cannot live. Compare with population growth
the food production is less level of growth. The food production
grows is arithmetical ratio. (E.g.) 2:4:6:8:10…

21. Malthusian theory of population
• The difference is affected the people living conditions. For e.g.: Price
of items is increase its changing the living conditions.
• When the population growth and food production are disequilibrium,
that time society face evil practices. For e.g.: murder, robbery, theft
etc.,
• Food production is not increase suddenly but at the same time the
society cannot stop the population growth fully.

22. Malthusian theory of population
• Thus Malthus recognised that powerful checks were constantly in
operation to stop population growth, and classified them under two
headings.
• Restraint (Preventive Checks or control)
• Misery (Positive Checks or control)
• The first of these checks may be called as Preventive Checks to
Population. Malthus included here two types. ◦ Moral Restraint ◦
Artificial Restraint

23. Malthusian theory of population
Moral restraint:
• Control from marriage.
• Self control to child birth.
• Conduct strictly moral during the period of this restraints.
Artificial restraints:
• Contraceptive methods.
• Law restricted extra marital relations.
• Increase the family planning.

24. Malthusian theory of population
• Malthus classified the second one is positive checks into two
categories,
• Exclusive Misery which were brought about by Natural causes. for e.g.
Famine.
• The other being those which mankind brought upon himself such as
war.

25. Population explosion
• Population explosion or overpopulation denotes a situation in which
the number of people living in a country rapidly exceeds its carrying
or sustaining capabilities.
• It is not just the quantity of people but the ratio of it in connection
with the natural or artificial resources at hand.
• Population explosion can occur due to a number of reasons such as a
step-up of birth rates, down slope of mortality rates with the advent
of modern medical sciences, a simultaneous increase in immigration
and decrease in emigration and so on.

26. Population explosion
• In India, the over population has engulfed almost all our
achievements in industrial, agricultural production, supporting
services like medical care, housing, transport, educational and
banking etc.,
• It has put serious pressures on every sector of our economy and all
the sections in our society.
• If our ratio or rates of overcrowding population will decrease then all
our national problems can be traced back.

27. Population explosion
• In India the rate of growth of population has reduced in some states
while others it is yet to be reduced.
• The total available population and density of population are
important features to decide our Nation wealth.
• Whether the rate of increase in population, really affects the country
and human health progress.

28. Population explosion
Causes
• Decline in the death rate due to control on infant mortality.
• Improved medicine, science, technology.
• Age at marriage.
• Superstitious.
• Family structure.
• Poverty and economic backwardness.
• Illiteracy.
• Unemployment. Migration. Urbanization, industrialization etc.,

29. Population explosion
Impact
• Lack of Food – shelter – unemployment underemployment– poverty
– pollution – low economic status – low level of per-capita –
deforestation – high cost of price – poor sanitation – lack of water
supply – unreached Govt. plan – malnutrition

30. family welfare programmes
• The Ministry of Health and Family Welfare has a number of schemes
to cover the under-privileged sections of society and help them with
maternity, post and neo-natal healthcare and family planning.
• These include the Janani Suraksha Yojana, Rehabilitation of Polio
Victims and several financial assistance schemes for surgery and other
health problems.
• Counselling centres are also available across the country as part of
the government sponsored family welfare schemes.

31. family welfare programmes
• National Family Welfare Programme - India launched the National Family
Welfare Programme in 1951 with the objective of reducing the birth rate to
the extent necessary to stabilize the population at a level consistent with
the requirement of the National economy.
• The Family Welfare Programme in India is recognised as a priority area, and
is being implemented as a 100% centrally sponsored programme.
• National Population Policy - The National Population Policy, 2000 affirms
the commitment of government towards voluntary and informed choice
and consent of citizens while availing of reproductive health care services
and continuation of the target free approach in administering family
planning services.

32. family welfare programmes
• National Rural Health Mission - The National Rural Health Mission seeks to
provide effective healthcare to rural population throughout the country
with special focus on 18 states, which have weak public health indicators
and/or weak infrastructure.
• The mission aims at effective integration of health concerns with
determinants of health like sanitation and hygiene, nutrition and safe
drinking water through a District Plan for Health.
• Urban Family Welfare - This Scheme was introduced following the
recommendation of the Krishnan Committee in 1983. The main focus was
to provide services through setting up of Health Posts mainly in slum areas.
• The services provided are mainly outreach of RCH (Reproductive Child
Health) services, preventive services, First Aid and referral services
including distribution of contraceptives.

33. family welfare programmes
• Sterilization Beds Scheme - A Scheme for reservation of Sterilization beds in Hospital run
by Government, Local Bodies and Voluntary Organisations was introduced as early as in
the year 1964 in order to provide immediate facilities for tubectomy operations in
hospitals where such cases could not be admitted due to lack of beds etc. But later with
the introduction of the Post Partum Programme some of the beds were transferred to
Post Partum Programme and thereafter the beds were only sanctioned to hospitals send
by Local Bodies and Voluntary Organizations.
• Reproductive and Child Health Programme - The Reproductive and Child Health
Programme was launched in October 1997 incorporating new approach to population
and development issues, as exposed in the International Conference in Population and
Development held at Cairo in 1994.
• The programme integrated and strengthened in services/interventions under the Child
Survival and Safe Motherhood Programme and Family Planning Services and added to
the basket of services, new areas on Reproductive Tract/Sexually Transmitted infections
(RTI/STI).