Substance Abuse And Mental Illness

Substance Abuse And Mental Illness
Abstract
This paper evaluates the relationship between the mild to severely mentally ill and substance abuse.
Substance abuse is often seen in adolescents and adults, whether they are mentally ill or not. Mental
illness and substance abuse is more commonly known as a dual diagnosis. Often times, the
treatment for this particular diagnosis is harder to treat than if each condition were treated on its
own. Early treatment of dually diagnosed disorders may be a prevention strategy to end future
problematic behaviors. The combination of substance abuse and mental illness can be due to many
different factors. Many people often deny the association between substance abuse and mental
illness, and believe that one can't trigger the other. There are multiple theories that explain the
relationship between the two disorders. This essay will also provide statistical research information
that shows the substance use of a normal person and that of a person with mild to severe mental
illness. The Relationship of Substance Abuse and Mental Illness
For many years, both substance abuse and mental illness have existed. These diagnoses can affect
both adolescents and adults from all walks of life. Substance abuse, for those that may not know, is
defined as an overindulgence in or dependence on an addictive substance, especially cigarettes,
alcohol and drugs. Mental illness is defined as a wide range of mental health conditions such as,
disorders that affect your mood, thinking and
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Moral Model Of Addiction
Theory and Theories and Treatment
Two models of addiction utilized to explain and provide treatment parameters for substance use
disorders are the moral model of addiction and the disease model of addiction. According to the
moral model, addiction is a result of human weakness and poor choices implying that individuals
have something internally wrong with them due to lacking something in their life or childhood. This
model fails to recognize the biological, environmental, and genetic components of addiction and
offers little sympathy for those who display addictive behaviors. The disease model on the other
hand, identified alcohol use disorders as a unitary disease made up only of developmental stages
rather than continual gradation (Miller, ... Show more content on Helpwriting.net ...
It involves various factors, theories, and health risks, all of which are the foundations of personal
philosophies of how addiction works. From a psychological perspective, numerous theories and
explanations that deal with addiction exist. According to Burns (1997) as cited in Hanson,
Venturewlli, and Fleckenstein (2009), "the explanations can include escape from reality, boredom,
inability to cope with anxiety, destructive self–indulgence, to the point of constantly desiring
intoxicants, blind compliance with drug–abusing peers, self–destructiveness, and conscious and
unconscious ignorance regarding the harmful effects" (p. 57). Substance use disorders, such as
alcohol, have indeed been linked to genetic and other biological components; however, this link was
nourished and shaped by psychological, cultural, and social comments. For a theory to be truly
effective, it must provide more, be more, than a mere acknowledgement a genetic predisposition.
Rather, it should encompass their culture and lifestyles, immediate environmental influences,
community and social

Labelling Theory And Robert Agnew 's General Strain Theory
Introduction
Drug use is on the rise worldwide, and Canada is not immune to this travesty, according to the
Health Officer's Council of British Columbia 2016 report a staggering 47,000 Canadians died due to
substance abuse throughout the previous year. It is widely believed that drug use is the result of
one's own personal choice in a circumstance they decide to live in. Although concept's such as
Howard Becker's Labelling theory and Robert Agnew 's General Strain Theory presents ideas on
how the sociological environment plays a factor in shaping individuals and leading them to resort to
choices such as drug use. The Labelling theory is a concept in which the stigmatization of placing
identity markers through pre–conceived notions and ... Show more content on Helpwriting.net ...
The emotion of anger is particularly important in mediating the relationship between strain and
crime (Agnew 1992, 2001, 2006) and depressive emotions like despair and hopelessness are related
to deviant coping mechanisms like the use of drugs and alcohol.
The research conducted by "Epidemiologic Drug Abuse Research on Minority Youth:
Methodological Issues and Recent Research Advances" held on July 17–18, 1991, in Bethesda, MD
found impressive findings from these analyses are the consistent significant relationships between
strain and deviance among a testing group of Cuban and other Hispanic boys. The four–
acculturative strain and protective factor scale categories that used in the study were language–
related conflicts, familism, family acculturation conflict, and ethnic awareness. Language–related
conflict was significantly correlated with deviance in both groups: with drug use among Cubans and
alcohol use among other Hispanics. Results from familism were found to be negatively correlated
with deviance and substance use in both samples. Family acculturation conflict, which combines
describes family conflicts based on cultural strains, was highly correlated with deviance and the
abuse of substances in both testing samples. Lastly, ethnic awareness, which concerns perceptions of
prejudice, was significantly correlated with deviance and substance use in both subsamples. Results
proved to show that there is a direct correlation between elements of

John Bowlby And Mary Ainsworth's Attachment Theory
Introduction
When researching treatments for addiction, it is safe to say that because all addicts are unique there
will not be a solution that is equally effective for all. There for we must take a relative look at what
is measurable. In relation to comorbid psychological conditions, when addicts were screened for
lifetime histories of interpersonal trauma instead of PTSD, rates rose from 30–59% up to 55–99%
(Padykula, 2010). These alarming rates force us to take a second look at what exactly is the disease
of addiction. Is it a mental disease that can be solved with psychoactive drugs, a physiological
disease that cannot be cured and only maintained like cancer, or as Padykula put it; an attempt to
regulate one's attachment system in the ... Show more content on Helpwriting.net ...
As Khantzian (1990) puts it, because there is no interactive repair provided by the caregiver, the
emotional stress response system is left with early psychobiological imprints, or increased risk
factors for self–medication, and seeking physiological regulation externally via addictive
substances. Specific risk factors include compromised abilities to form healthy attachments and a
decreased capacity for self–regulation (Flores 2004; Khantzian

Substance Use Disorder ( Sud )
Substance Use Disorder's (SUD) have become an escalating issue in the mental health field over the
last few decades. The alarming incline to drug related and co–occurring maladaptive behaviors has
created a dedicated science to better understand and define this problematic situation. Definition
allows the therapeutic process to evolve around the symptomatic problem in order to deliver the
hope of recovery. Social stigmas often view drug abuse and addiction as one in the same, but when
viewed by the clinician, they take on an important role in defining treatment. Drug abuse is viewed
as a reoccurring use of a substance outside of its intended purpose resulting in negative
consequences. The use of drugs in any form, is often voluntary and has a high risk factor of
developing dependency that leads to addiction. The American Society of Addiction Medicine has
characterized addiction by the inability to consistently abstain, impaired behavior control, craving,
diminished cognitive behavior in regards to relationships, and dysfunctional emotional response
(ASAM, 2011). At this point, the progressive substance use cannot be changed without a course of
treatment. The therapist's subscription to a particular pharmacological theory, such as the disease
model, behavioral/environmental model, or diathesis–stress model can determine the therapeutic
approach.
Considering the disease model as a theory that drives substance abuse, has been debated by many
scientists for years due to how

The Tripartite of the Soul that Socrates Discussed in...
In this paper I will be discussing the tripartite (three parts) of the soul that Socrates discussed in
chapter 6 of Plato's Republic, and I will compare and contrast them to that of Aristotle and Anthony
Kenny. In Plato's Republic the three parts of the soul consist of the rational, spirited and, desire. In
this dialogue the three parts of the soul go hand and hand with three parts of a just society.
The desire or appetite of the soul is what controls our want for the pleasures of life. An example of
some of these pleasures are the want for food, money, sex, and any other material good. This part of
the soul has the ability to control your rational which then leads an individual to act in a way that
they may not normally. In the community ... Show more content on Helpwriting.net ...
Socrates then discusses what it would take for an individual and community to achieve self–
discipline or self–mastery. To achieve self–discipline one needs to have complete control between
all three parts of the soul. When someone has achieved the sense of self–discipline the rational part
of the soul has taken control of both the spirited and appetite. "There are better and worse elements
in persons mind, and when the part which is naturally better is in control of the worse part, then we
use the phrase self–mastery." (Plato, 431a) When you're spirited and desire parts of the soul do the
job of the rational, you may make decisions that are not morally right. As in a community you would
want the guardians to make the decisions rather than the farmers and fisherman because they lack
the knowledge to make the decisions that make the community prosper. To Plato the soul is
immortal and lives on after death and the body decays.
Aristotle has a different view on the make–up of the soul. In Aristotle discussion On the Soul he
talks about the kinds of souls possessed by different living things such as plants, animals and,
beings. Aristotle then goes on describing the substance that makes up the soul, the first is matter
which is not this in its own right, the second is form which makes matter this and the third form is
the compound of matter and form. Every living body is a substance and the soul is the actuality of
the body. The soul

Substance Abuse Addiction: A Case Study
There are many reasons why individuals have a substance abuse addiction. There are many theories
and pathways that have been researched and linked to substance abuse. However, according to
David Smith, MD (n.d), the three most important aspects of the development of addiction progress
is due to emotional, physical, and existence of addict's addiction (Inaba & Cohen, 2014). In
addition, according to Inaba and Cohen (2014), Individuals can have substance disorders resulting
from combinations of environmental trauma, stress, the effects of psychoactive drugs that are
addictive, and hereditary–predisposition. Furthermore, triggers and cravings are a major influence
and factor to substance abuse. Individuals may be in a certain type of environment

Social Learning Theories On Addiction
The other opinion on addiction is people having the choice to consume drugs. An article explains
that people learn to engage in addictive behaviors, such as consuming drugs. The classical
conditioning, deals with having the choice to consume drugs according to AMHC article. The
learning theory states that addiction is simply a learned behavior, which basically people learn to
engage in an addictive behavior. The AMHC talks about all the conditioning stages that result from
addiction being a choice. The third type of learning the AMHC article talks about is social learning.
Social learning is learning behaviors observed by other. For example, teens are using drugs and
other teens see that behavior and want to engage in it too.
According to this

Disease Model: Weed Smokers And Alcohol
Unit 1 Application Assignment Disease Model I don't agree with the "Gateway Theory" only
because I have friends and family who are professional weed smokers and they have been that way
since their late teens. Until this day most of them still only smoke weed and don't take part in
dealing with any other drugs. I feel if weed or alcohol was a gateway drug that leads to using
stronger and/or more illegal drugs, then we would see this happening to most weed smokers and
alcohol drinkers but we don't. I support the "Disease Model Theory" because it makes more sense
and leans closer to what I've experienced in my life. I feel a person wanting to use stronger drugs is
physiological and not a physical craving. But I also feel that peer pressure plays

Carl Rogers Chemical Dependency Counseling Model
Introduction
The role of a chemical dependency counselor can be a very challenging, yet extremely rewarding
one. There are many skills and qualities that the successful counselor possesses. Carl Rogers was the
first to spearhead the movement of person centered therapy and he has provided a very influential
theory on how a person in treatment should be treated. He deemed these to be the most important
elements in the therapeutic movement: unconditional positive regard– helps makes change happen
because they feel safe and cared about, accurate empathy– it is an understanding of what they are
going through, congruence– be who you are, and lastly the desire to help (Watkins, 2016). These
elements are the basic ingredient needed to embark on the journey of recovery with a client. This
counseling model is intended to provide in depth detail of the counseling process and covers critical
concepts that must be understood to effectively help the chemically dependent. The definition of
addiction, the subsequent theories, prevalent disorders, and treatment processes are presented as a
guide for counseling the chemically dependent.
DSM V criteria for Substance Use Disorder
In order to provide the best counseling possible to aid in the recovery of addiction it is necessary to
fully understand the definition of substance abuse and dependence (aka addiction). Alan Leshner
(1997) defines addiction as an, "uncontrollable compulsive drug craving, seeking, and use that
interferes with, if not

Descartes Theory Of Substance Dualism
Substance dualism is the two separate substances in philosophy that exist, known as the mental and
physical. The concept is that physical things do not have thought and mental things have thought but
do not contain anything in the physical world. Descartes's version gives rise to the interaction
problem by stating, "we must know that the soul is really joined to the whole body, and that we
cannot, properly speaking say that it exists in any one of its parts to the exclusion of the others..."
(pg 330). In saying this, Descartes means that the mind and body are distinct. The interaction
problem questions whether two diverse substances can collaborate with one another or not.
Descartes argues that the nature of mind is very different from the body and is possible that one can
exist without the other. ... Show more content on Helpwriting.net ...
Functionalism rejects the mental state of substance dualism. It is stated that the view of a
functionalist is "the mind is nothing other than an elaborate program of sorts, which is the product of
a spectacularly complicated pattern embodied in the physical workings of the brain." (pg 351). It
explains how the brain's frame of mind is better understood as what it can do versus what it is
composed of. Functionalism is what makes something a belief, desire, or a sensation on its purpose
or part it

Essay about Descartes' Theory of Substance Dualism
Descartes' Theory of Substance Dualism
Throughout the history of man, philosophers have tried to come up with an explanation of where our
minds, or consciousness, came from and how we are able to have a nonphysical characteristic of
ourselves. Does our physical brain automatically give us nonphysical characteristics like feelings,
thoughts, and desires or is there something else there, the mind, that interacts with our bodies and
makes us feel, think, and desire? Also, is the mind the only nonphysical entity in our universe or do
other entities exist such as ghosts or souls? One man came up with a theory to explain the two
different properties in our universe in which he called Dualism. Hopefully with his theory of ...
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Therefore, humans are composed of two types of substance: physical and nonphysical.
According to Descartes, our minds and bodies causally interact with one another almost all of the
time. Meaning that events and states in our mind can cause physical events in our bodies and vice
versa. For example, a tack puncturing your foot (a physical event) causes you to feel pain (a mental
event) and causes you to say "ouch," (a physical event)
(Barcalow, pg. 72). As a result, the term Interactionism was used to explain the relation between the
physical and mental. Descartes' theory of Substance Dualism was his best way of explaining human
life and how our minds are able to interact with our bodies. Of course, not everyone is going to
agree with Descartes theory. There are many objections one can make about Substance Dualism, but
mainly there are three. First of all, some believe causal interaction between the body and mind is a
physical phenomenon. For example, throwing a baseball is the result of one's arm being swung back
in a smooth motion and using force to release the ball (science has proven that force is physical).
What caused the arm to throw the baseball? The muscles in the arm contracted, thus the arm raised.
The electrical impulses that originated in the brain told the arm to throw the ball. Some people

Addiction Theory
Psychology Theory
The theory that I chose to use for the psychology side of addiction is the social and environmental
aspects on the person with the addiction. There is no real definition of the social and environmental
conditions of addiction but it basically means how the person starts their addiction whether it is by
where they usually spend heir time or if the people around them are doing these drugs also. But
some of these reasons include feeling that they have to use these substances because of things that
happen in their home environment or also if their friends are using it. The agreements of this states
that "Once addicts decide to quit, they must leave the scene, break all ties with opiate users and
create new interests, new social ... Show more content on Helpwriting.net ...
Social environmental and brain chemical would be two theories that I would be practicing in my
future as counselor. Social environmental is something that many people often tend to over look
when dealing with different people and how they respond to different types of things. Brain
chemical would give me an insight into what I need to approach this person when it comes to
figuring out a way to help he/she with the

Personal Experiences Psychological Theory
Addiction A chronic health issue that individuals experience that is often seen by health
psychologists is addiction. Addiction can be defined as a physical and mental depended on a
particular substance. This means that one is unable to stop taking that specific substance without
adverse effects (Merriam–Webster's Dictionary). The most commonly seen in substances are
alcohol, tobacco, opioids (heroin) and many more. List of impulse control disorders would consist
of gambling, and behavioral addictions can consist of food, sex, video games, etc. (Tracy). There are
many different classifications of addiction and they can all play a very important role in the effects
of the individual, family, and others that may be in association.
Experiences ... Show more content on Helpwriting.net ...
When helping individuals, families, and possibly in some cases communities cope with addiction
the psychologist plays the role of a health service provider (American Psychology Association). For
one to play this role they are there to provide mental and behavioral services. Teacher is to provide
education and background knowledge regarding the substance. They are there to help patients
develop a more stable self–care and self–management skills to help them overcome their addiction
(American Psychology Association). It starts at the source, one has to know and accept their
problem before they can fix it, and this is to prevent future more drastic problems. Then to research.
The psychologist is to conduct research about all aspects of the addiction and ways to treat the
addiction. This is to help in future preventions, treatments, and

Paradigm For An Epidemic Analysis
This week I chose to further explore the article Prescription Drug Abuse and Addiction: Past,
Present and Future: The Paradigm for an Epidemic written by P. B. Hall MD, DABAM, AAMRO,
Denzil Hawkinberry II, MD, DABA, Pam Moyers–Scott, PAC, MPAS, DFAAPA as more and more
individuals are abusing and becoming addicted to prescription medications. The article provides a
great amount of statistical data for the US but is primarily focused on the population in West
Virginia where Governor Joe Manchin III states, "Substance abuse affects a broader segment of
West Virginia's citizens and their state and local governments than any other single issue confronting
us today" (Hall, Hawkinberry, II, & Moyers–Scott, 2010). West Virginia is far from the only state
facing the prescription drug epidemic as it is becoming more and more prevalent across the US each
year. "It is estimated that in 2009, the number of adolescents and adults with a substance abuse
and/or dependence problem has reached 23.2 million in the US" (Hall, Hawkinberry, II, & Moyers–
Scott, 2010). In the past, addiction has been thought of as the disease of the weak, but with
advancement in brain imaging technology to accurately measure neurotransmitters addiction is now
recognized as a disease. Prescription drug abuse and addiction has enormous socioeconomic costs in
the areas of medical expenses, drug related crime, and unemployment. "Current estimates of the
financial burden to society due to substance abuse exceeds half a

Aristotle Substance And Matter
ARISTOTLE ON DISTINCTION BETWEEN SUBSTANCE AND MATTER
INTRODUCTION
Aristotle was both a political thinker and a philosopher. So, we can see their effects on his writings.
Moreover, he was hugely influenced by his great teacher Plato, who was in turn a disciple of the
great thinker Socrates.
He discussed about Substance and Matter in his book 'Metaphysics' mainly, apart from discussing
them in his book 'Ethics'. Generally, substance and matter are understood to be the same thing. But
philosophically, they are different.
ON SUBSTANCE
Epistemologically, from the definition of substance it follows:
1. that substance is its own cause
2. that it is infinite
3. that it is the only substance
4. that it is eternal
e.g., idea, soul, consciousness, God, respectively have been revered as substance by different
philosophers. For Aristotle, substance (ousia), i.e. what is in the fullest sense, is an individual person
or thing. Or rather, he normally describes the individual as substance in the primary sense. But
logically and epistemologically, the individual is less knowable than the species to which it belongs;
this is because the individual is a concrete whole, a combination of form and matter; and only the
formal element is constant and definable, and therefore knowable. Hence he often identifies
substance with the form or essence of a thing; and this seems to be the outcome of his long and
careful discussion in Book 7 of the 'Metaphysics'. He has been accused of not

A Logical System Of Classification For Relating Properties...
The ways in which we describe the world determine how we interact with it, perceive it, and
understand it. In the Categories, Aristotle develops a logical system of classification for relating
properties and substance to one another in a hierarchical manner. In order to do so, he develops a
system of ontology that offers a quite different explanation from that presented by early
philosophers, such as Plato in his Realm of Forms theory. Through his Physics, he further explains,
drawing heavily on the Categories, how it is that the fundamental units of existence and properties
undergo changes.
In the Categories, Aristotle proposes a set of ten fundamental things that exist (the categories)
(RAGP, 696). Aristotle assumes that all aspects and manners of existence can be classified within
these categories. He then seeks to demonstrate how they relate to each other by dividing existence
into four parts, presented on 695. His first central claim is the organizing principle of the Categories,
that there are essentially two fundamental relation or divisions on which the correct ontology is
based; (not) being in or present a subject and (not) being said of subject and all things are subject to
this division. According to this division, all subjects and attributes thus either are or are not said of a
subject/present in a subject (RAGP, 694–695). Correspondingly, all objects can be said to be in or
not in a subject as well. Thus a) Some things are said to be of a subject but not in the

Aristotle 's And Primary Substance
It seems that since Aristotle's Categories, he has changed his mind as to what primary substance is.
Instead of the primary substance being the individual, a change is seen in Metaphysics VII that
primary substance is now the form. It is my intention to clearly account for the reasoning that
Aristotle had for making this change as he continued to contemplate what primary substance of a
thing is. When the reader is finished, they will be able to agree that having form as primary
substance makes perfect sense and everything else just falls short of what primary substance needs
to be. In the beginning of Metaphysics VII, Aristotle asks again; what is substance? We know that
substance is the base of all things that exist, that part is ... Show more content on Helpwriting.net ...
The second criterion that a substance must fulfill is the essence criterion, in which the substance
must be intelligible, and this is what Aristotle called secondary substances in the Categories. The
problem is that, if either of these is missing reality will either be unknowable or the knowable will
be unreal.
Then Aristotle changed what he considered primary substances, and Metaphysics VII was posited
with his new considerations. One of the questions that Aristotle asked was if substance was
particular or universal? If particular, it would not be knowable because the particular is known
through its essence, so if particular, the intelligibility slips away because it is not definable. On the
other hand, if it is a universal it would be knowable, but not real because the universal concept does
not have tangibility. This reveals to us that substance must be both particular and universal at the
same time. We can now say that to be a primary substance, it must be both intelligible (knowable)
and ontologically basic (real). Once we get to the point that primary substance needs to be both
knowable and real we can then move to the three candidates for primary substance that Aristotle
considers. Lear says that "Aristotle then seems to rush headlong to his conclusion. For he says that
of the three candidates for substance – form, matter, and the composite of form and matter – both
the matter and the composite may be

Social Modeling (SLT) Can Influence Alcohol
The most significant viewpoint of the Social Learning Theory (SLT) states that modeling
(observational learning) can influence alcohol and drug use (or any other substance related
behaviors) in three ways:
Firstly, the acquisition (starting to use alcohol) is the tendency to repeat a pattern of behaviour if a
person observes similar the use of substances in the environment, he/ she will become more likely to
imitate them;
Secondly, inhibition and disinhibition (strengthening or weakening the restraints against alcohol use)
is the tendency in the person to view other people as giving in to temptation or resisting the
temptation to use addictive substances, he/ she becomes more likely to giver in or resist the use of
these addictive substances;
Thirdly, ... Show more content on Helpwriting.net ...
When expectations are formed, the person subjectively evaluates the outcome or the consequences
of a particular activity or Outcome Expectation. For e.g. the effects of relaxation after consuming
alcohol is perceived as positive. The theory emphasizes that there are various aspects of alcohol
drinking patterns such as Direct Positive Outcomes (the repetition of an action due to influence of
the family, peer and society) and Negative Reinforcement (the repetition of actions even though
negative such as drinking alcohol to block out arguments with family members). Further, the theory
proposes Observational Learning (reinforcement of behaviour will occur when the person is exposed
to such situations) such as watching peers having fun when intoxicated. The Social learning model
also suggests that alcohol drinking is impacted by Environmental Learning (other people give
approval by accepting the person to the group). The Cognitive Learning occurs when alcohol
drinking is associated with stress relief and positive alcohol expectancies such as increased
sociability, courage,

The Effects Of Exposure On Substance Usage Essay
4.1 Findings and Discussion: 4.1.1. High exposure to substance usage: The theme of exposure to
substance usage is one found within the speech of many of participants within the conducted
interview sessions. It is important to note that every single participants within the study claimed to
have been exposed to substance use, abuse and dependency to some degree, and indeed many
participants claimed to have used substances themselves. Also noteworthy is that participants
seemed unsurprised by these high levels of exposure. [Participant Group 2] INT: Have you ever
been exposed to someone who uses substances in your life? Doesn 't necessarily have to be an
abuser it can be just using? Um...Yeah we 'll start with just that, but it 's a two point question. Do
you have anyone in your life that you would identify as using, or that have used, substances? H:
Definitely, (laughs) quite a few people. INT: And what range of substances are there that they use?
H: It varies, it goes from fairly mild things like just alcohol and cigarettes to extremes like addictive
substances like cocaine and stuff, KAT etc. As can be seen from the extract above the types of
substances participants report to have been exposed to varies from common everyday substances
(i.e. alcohol and cigarettes) to illegal and highly addictive substances such as cocaine or ketamine.
This begs the question as to how this extreme level of exposure to substance use, abuse and
dependency shapes the social constructions

Compare And Contrast The Theory Of Substance Dualism
Dualism is not the most widely held view in the current philosophical and scientific community, but
it is the most common theory of mind in the public at large. Substance Dualism states that each
mind is a distinct non–physical substance, a thing, an individual "package" of non–physical
substance, a thing whose identity is independent of any physical body to which it may be
temporarily "attached". Property Dualism states that there is no substance to be dealt with here
beyond the physical brain, the brain has a special set of properties possessed by no other kind of
physical object. Dualists think that the mind and brain are one and the same substance. So, the better
term for this approach may be "Neutral Monism". The views for this approach are: No complete
physical explanation of the brain is possible. The mind is the brain, the brain itself is not physical.
According to Descartes, the mind is right there in contact with the brain and their interaction can
perhaps be understood in terms of their exchanging energy. The mind is the brain. But the brain has
special mental properties that don't reduce to physical properties. A property Dualist could ... Show
more content on Helpwriting.net ...
Argument from irreducibility: Here, once points to a variety of mental phenomena where it seems
clear that no purely physical explanation could possibly account for what is going on. Descartes has
already cited our ability to use language in a way that is relevant to our changing circumstances, and
he was impressed also with our faculty of Reason, particularly as it is displayed in our capacity of
mathematical reasoning. These abilities, he thought, must surely be beyond the capacity of any
physical system. Consider, for example, seeing the color or smelling the fragrance of rose. A
physicist or chemist might know everything about the molecular structure of rose, and of the human
brain, argues the dualist, but the knowledge would not enable him to predict or anticipate the quality
of these inexpressible

Substance Use Disorder Within Mental Health Patients
Substance use disorder in mental health patients poses a major concern to clinicians in psychiatry.
The disorder generally is associated with an underlying mental health condition(s), however, there
are multiple theories suggesting psychological to neurological and probably multifactorial
etiological profile. Substance abuse and substance dependence which are the former terms that were
used to define one with the disorder has been grouped into a set category of substance use disorder
by the 2013 Diagnostic Statistical Manual of Mental Disorders, Fifth Edition (DSM–5) (APA,
2013). Furthermore, there is a certain number of diagnostic criteria as well as severity that must be
met to best guide care services of the patient with a substance use or polysubstance use disorder.
Identification of High–Risk Population
Definition of Substance Use Disorder and Etiology
The word substance can describe a drug of abuse, a medication or a toxin that produces psycho
activation and alters cognitive, behavioral, and affective perception; furthermore, addiction has been
conceptualized as a disease, yet little is known about the underlying pathophysiology (Johnson, &
Vanderhoef, 2013). Most common theories that have contributed to some understanding to the
substance abuse and addiction are described by Johnson & Vanderhoef (2013) as psychodynamic
which within this theory is the oral stage fixation where a person seeks gratification through oral
behaviors; maladaptive regressive behaviors

Social Learning Theory And The Strain Theory Essay
Personal benefits are important to take into consideration because people need to understand the
valuable changes that they are making, the new person that they are becoming. Recovery will
change a person if they want to be changed. Family members will get their mothers/fathers back,
parents will get their children back; forgive but never forget because they can always become the
person that they once were. The reasons to thinking about life after recovery refers back to the
beginning when they're asked why they wanted to go through recovery in the first place. All of those
reasons that they started, will be a reality for most people. If they put in one hundred percent of their
efforts, the benefits of their recovery will be outstanding. When pondering about a theory that would
fit with the things I witnessed at the meeting and the questions I would as a person, I believe that
there are specifically two that would coincide with each other. Those theories are the social learning
theory and the strain theory. Social learning theory is defined as the view that people learn by
observing the actions of others (Social Learning Theory). On the contrary, Strain theory is defined as
the society putting pressure on individuals to achieve a socially accepted goals, though they lack the
means, thus straining a person and there will be a higher possibility of crime being committed
(Strain Theory). I believe that these two theories coincide for a variety of reasons: people learn each

Models Of Addiction
This assignment will focus on the abuse of drugs in society and the main reasons why some people
use and become addicted to or dependent upon drugs. Various theories and models of addiction will
be examined critically. 'Addiction', as an expression used in regard to drug abuse will be considered,
as well as explaining what other terms such as 'dependence' suggest when used in talking about
regular drug use.
Dependence as a term is described by The National Institute on Drug Abuse (2012), as when
someone needs more of a substance to bring about the same feeling as previously attained on a
lower dose. Bodily and psychological symptoms are felt if the drug is withdrawn and it is often hard
to distinguish between this and addiction, as someone ... Show more content on Helpwriting.net ...
He states that in the majority of cases where users become addicts there are other factors involved
such as susceptibility to mental problems, poverty, and a lack of good education. Leshner(1997)
agrees with this to some extent, as further reading of his paper shows that he says although it is a
brain disease "It is not just a brain disease," and that other factors are involved. The brain disease
theory also implies that 'brain disease' addiction can be treated medically like Alzheimer's or
schizophrenia. This would seem not to be the case, as up to now scientists, working together with
pharmacists have not managed to find medication that will accomplish this (Satel & Lilienfeld,
2013). Another critic of the disease model (Wilbanks, 1989) mentions that this theory can lead
addicts into believing they are victims and that there is nothing they can do about it, which can put
them off seeking treatment. Begley (2004) states that the changed brains of addicts are functioning
normally, as research has proved that any activity when repeated enough changes the brain. An
example of this is given by Schwartz and Begley (2002). They tell of a comparison which was made
between brain scans from London cab drivers and scans from non–cab drivers. There was a
significant contrast between the two groups as well as a difference between skilled and less skilled

Humanistic Perspective and Addiction Essay
Tia Gardner
September 21, 2012
Humanistic Perspective and Addiction
There are several theories of addiction. All of them are imperfect. All are partial explanations. It is
for this reason that it is important to be aware of and question addiction theories.
One contemporary psychoanalytical view of substance abuse is that it is a defense against anxiety
(Thombs D 2006). Addicts often abuse alcohol and other substances to guard against anxiety and
other painful feelings like shame, guilt, loneliness and depression. Psychological problems including
substance abuse disorders are viewed as a result of inhibited ability to make authentic, meaningful,
and self directed choices about how to live.
The ... Show more content on Helpwriting.net ...
Is there some genetic difference that perhaps allows some to realize when an elevated blood alcohol
level has been reached and transmits a message to the brain to stop drinking that others do not have?
These questions have not been clearly answered and are under persistent investigation.
Among the numerous definitions for addiction, there lies yet another to define it from a biochemical
perspective. Milkman (1983) defines it as "self–induced changes in neurotransmission that result in
social problem behaviors." This definition encompasses the psychological, biochemical and social
aspects of addictive processes. It is not limited to substance abuse and can be applied to any activity
characterized by compulsion, loss of control and continuation of the substance despite harm. This
has helped investigators gain a better understanding of the nature of addiction.
It has been shown that individuals turn to drugs that elicit a mood or level of arousal consistent with
their mode of dealing with stress. Those who deal with stress by confrontation choose drug
stimulants. Those who withdrawal from stress chooses opiate drugs. Others who deal with stress
through activities related to imagery or fantasy turn to hallucinogens. These differences between
behavior and drug preference are thought to be biochemically driven.
Although I primarily favor a synthesis

The Theory Of Substance Dependention
This essay consists of information concerning substance dependence. It outlines what substance
dependence is all about, which includes its symptoms, a theory to explain the phenomena and the
South African perspective of the disorder. Substance Dependence is a behavioral and physiological
phenomenon which happens after a person has been practicing substance use over a long period of
time and the individual does this repeatedly (Austin, Botha, Du Plessis, Du Plessis, Jordaan, Lake,
Moletsane, Nel, Pillay, Ure, Visser, Von Krosigk, Vorster, 2013). People who use these substances
have difficulty controlling the amounts they consume and tend to use the substance excessively; the
person has a continued desire to use the substance. They tend to crave the substance therefore
causing a difficulty in controlling the use of the substance. "Substance dependence disorders are
more severe forms of Substance abuse disorders and involves a physiological dependence on the
substance"(Coleman, Butcher & Carson,1984,Pg. 397). Substance dependence can occur at any age
but happens to be most common in adolescence and young adulthood, leaving teenagers more prone
to being affected by it (Coleman, Butcher & Carson, 1984, Pg. 419). ... Show more content on
Helpwriting.net ...
Substances that affect this functioning include Alcohol, heroin, marijuana and barbiturates (White &
Watt, 1973) .Some of these drugs are legal while others such as heroin remain illegal. The
intoxicating effect of substances like alcohol and tobacco is so powerful as to defy rational control.
Substance dependence has a long history and in recent years has raised more of a social problem
because there is an increase in the convenient availability of such substances (White & Watt, 1973,
Pg.

Substance Abuse Is An Addiction
Introduction
Substance abuse is an addiction and it is the addition, which is referred to a chronic disease. It is this
chronic disease that is a significant and growing issue, especially among family units where either
one or two parents and/or parental guardians suffer from. Despite the various and complex reasons
that cause the parents or parental guardians to abuse substances, it is their children who suffer thus,
significantly affecting the parent/parental guardian and child bonding relationship. It is this bonding
relationship when compromised that negatively affects the child's overall socio–emotional and
psychological well–being, as well as times when there are physical risk factors such as abuse,
neglect, or mistreatment (Johnson, 2015). According to a study by
Connors–Burrow et al. (2009), there were approximately 5.1% number of children living with
parents of substance dependence and the remaining percentage living with parents of substance
misuse (Conners–Burrow et al., 2013). It is this percentage of children whose normal development
has been interrupted by the substance abuse and with the appropriate and supportive interventions,
these children can obtain a feeling of acceptance and attachment security to their parents/parental
guardians. (Where is your thesis?)
Problem Area
The fact is that more than 8.3 million children ranging from infancy to eighteen years old live in a
family unit where either the parents or parental guardians are substance abusers, as

Addiction Models
Effective Components in Determining Substance Use Behavior
Crystal Ramsey
Liberty University
Effective Components in Determining Substance Use Behavior
Addiction is regarded as having a multitude of causations and contributing factors. No single
specific component or model can accurately predict a person's substance use behavior (Clinton
& Scalise, 2013). Substance use disorders are a reflection of the impact of person–specific
biological, psychological, and social influences. Understanding an individual's spiritual beliefs and
the role spirituality plays in a person's susceptibility to addiction is also necessary. If a spirituality
component is absent in a person's life, addiction could fill that void (Doweiko, 2015). Substance ...
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Social
The social model of addiction tries to recognize and repair systematic problems within society that
could impact a person's choice about substance use (Doweiko, 2015). Cultural, environmental, and
family components of a person's life are all a part of the social model. These influences can either
enable the development of addiction or increase resistance against addiction. For instance, in distinct
cultures and environments, the manufacture, sale, and distribution of illicit drugs are considered as
acceptable behaviors for a person to prosper and gain respect (Doweiko, 2015). Social aspects such
as poverty, community immersion, unemployment, and family structure either influence or guard the
person from substance abuse. Identification of adverse social influences so that these concerns can
be attended to will decrease the probability of the individual relapsing or the continued abuse of
substances (Doweiko, 2015).
Disease of the Human Spirit
Disease of the human spirit does fit within the bio/psycho/social models. The spiritual model of
addiction indicates that substance use and abuse is the result of a spiritual weakness within the
person. Every addiction is a disease of the spirit (Doweiko, 2015). People that have a deeper
involvement with the church have a decreased risk of developing an addiction. Spiritual
development includes the acknowledgment of the pain and suffering

The Question of Being Essay
The Question of Being
Martin Heidegger attempts to answer the "question of Being" by appealing to the terminology and
methodology of Dasein, most commonly defined as existence. Dasein is not simply any kind of
existence, however, but an existence that is unique from all other existences in that it asks the
question of existence while existing in the existence itself. In other words, one must first understand
Dasein in order to understand Being because Dasein is a kind of being that is concerned about its
very Being. Contrary to the popular opinion that in order to truly and clearly comprehend any
phenomenon, the subject which interrogates must necessarily stand outside of the object of the
interrogation, Being cannot be understood ... Show more content on Helpwriting.net ...
By claiming that "Dasein always understands itself in terms of its existence, in terms of its
possibility to be itself or not to be itself" (54), an existentiell understanding of Dasein is to denote
the existence of Dasein as either realizing or ignoring its possibilities for being or not–being; an
existential understanding of Dasein differs in that it neither realizes nor ignores its existences but
inquires into its existence, the being of Dasein, Being itself. It is an existential analysis of Dasein
that will reveal Dasein, and ultimately Being.
An existential analysis of Dasein reveals that "Dasein tends to understand its own Being in terms of
that being to which it is essentially, continually, and most closely related–the 'world'" (58). That is to
say, Dasein is to be found in its "average everdayness" because it is concealed in the same way that
the meaning of Being is concealed. Heidegger maintains that in using the common word "is," we no
longer know what we mean. The subject–object logic which we use every day conceals the true
meaning of what existence really is. Therefore, one must apply this reasoning to Dasein and find the
essence of Dasein in the "average everydayness" by stripping away all that is arbitrary and
accidental in the world. One unfolds the true form of "average everydayness" by identifying the
world of Dasein, which is the human world, or more precisely, the soul. Heidegger characterizes
Being as the totality of beings. He appeals to

The Effects Of Parental Substance Use Disorder On...
The Impact of Parental Substance Use Disorder on Childhood Development
Kemeshia N. Maith
Morgan State University
The Impact of Parental Substance Abuse on Childhood Development Substance abuse disorders are
significant public health concerns and rank among the most common psychiatric disorders
beginning in young adulthood. Substance abuse is considered low or infrequent doses of alcohol or
drugs such that damaging consequences are rare or minor (Child Welfare, 2012). Such abuse can
cause social, mental, emotional, and behavioral problems. Although there are numerous studies that
discuss issues of substance abuse, there is a lack of response towards childhood development
impacted by parental substance use disorder (PSUD). PSUD impacts the child's physical,
psychological, social, and behavioral development. Based on data from 2002 to 2007, approximately
7.3 million children lived with a parent who was dependent on or abused alcohol and about 2.2
million lived with a parent who was dependent on or abused illicit drugs (SAMSHA, 2009).
PSUD is prevalent amongst children who experience high level of violence, become victims of
abuse and neglect, and struggle with emotional difficulties. It is also prevalent amongst parents
associated with child protective services ranging from 50% to 80%. (Abadinsky, 2008) stated that
children become addicts on the basis of interpersonal conflicts related to unresolved family issues or
problematic parental

Family Therapy Research Paper
Intro
Family treatment is considered a necessity when they are the family of a recovering substance
abuser. What types of treatment are out their? Why do families need therapy, they aren't the ones
with the problem? As we know from studying system theory, all things within a system even though
they are independent are also interrelated. This means that the action of one causes a reaction of the
rest of the things within the system. This is why family therapy is a crucial component of a recovery
addict achieving and maintaining sobriety.
Treatment
As we see from the system theory family are an important part of what contributes to a person
addiction. It's not done maliciously, more so to cope and survive the dysfunctional environment they
must survive in. Unfortunately some "treatment facilities don't have the qualified staff or resources
to provide the kind of therapy a family needs" ((Stevens & Smith, pg. 253). It's proven that family
therapy can be a "powerful adjunct in the treatment of substance abusers" (Stevens & Smith, pg.
253). If the family receives treatment then the substance abuser will go back to a "different
environment where the enabling and silence has stopped" (Stevens & Smith, pg. 253). ... Show more
content on Helpwriting.net ...
251). The first stage is early in the individuals alcoholism and the family is developing an identity"
(Stevens & Smith, pg. 251). During this stage the family "may or may not react to alcohol related
problems" (Stevens & Smith, pg. 251). The second stage is the middle stage where the family
identity is in tack, abuse may be occurring and they are trying to maintain homeostasis that allows
the chemical use in the family system" (Stevens & Smith, pg. 251). The last stage, the late stage is
when a family member will try to resolve the substance abuse issues from there past before bringing
children into the family" (Stevens & Smith, pg.

Prescription Drug Abuse : A Grave Epidemic
PRESCRIPTION DRUG ABUSE: A GRAVE EPIDEMIC
James Fey
East Tennessee State University
Appalachia is a cultural, highland region of the southeastern US, containing the Appalachian
Mountains, extending from Alabama up to Pennsylvania (CDC, 2010). Given its hallmark high
poverty, low educational attainment and geographic isolation, the Appalachian region is a vulnerable
priority population at a heightened risk for prescription drug abuse (CDC, 2010). As previously
alluded to, the burden of opioid abuse and overdose deaths is substantially higher in Appalachia than
other areas of the U.S. Since 1996, an increasing number of programs have provided the opioid
antagonist naloxone hydrochloride, the method of choice to reverse the potentially fatal respiratory
depression caused by overdose of heroin and other opioids (CDC, 2010). Community coalitions, law
enforcement, concerned friends, families and good Samaritans alike have each asserted that
naloxone's virtually untapped potential to save lives is enormous. Adding further standing, naloxone
is on the World Health Organization's (WHO) model list of essential medicines and is described as,
"a safe drug with a low risk of serious side effects" and that "any adult capable of learning basic life
support can also learn to recognize an opioid overdose, and administer naloxone in time to save
lives." Another benefit is that naloxone is extremely cheap; available at less than $2 a dose in many
countries
Conversely, access to

Substance Abuse Theory
Drug use and abuse has huge impacts not only on the one using the drugs but also on family
members and the community. Some problems caused by drug abuse include the spread of disease,
crime, domestic violence, child abuse, car accidents and suicide. Most American's see drug use as a
major health issue and problems related to it can be seen throughout all of society. Social norms
pertaining to drug use have changed over time. For example in the 1960's and 1970's drugs spread
happiness and were more socially accepted where currently drugs are seen as causing problem after
problem for society. Drug abuse as well as many other deviant acts are learned much like anything
else, through interaction with the people closest to them. Edwin Sutherland's theory of differential
association states that learning of deviant behavior takes part in a person's most intimate groups.
Therefore drug use and abuse is primarily an outcome of the people you surround yourself with.
Furthermore, once a part of this deviant world, labeling theory makes the cycle ... Show more
"Researchers have discovered that most people who struggle with drug addiction began
experimenting with drugs in their teens." A study done in 2002 found that almost half (48 percent),
of teens interviewed had tried illegal drugs at least once (Roleff). By regularly watching others who
take part in "modeling crime" and learning how to do it efficiently, they eventually become
persuaded that such actions and behaviors are acceptable and will sooner or later begin to live that
lifestyle as well (Adler). There is a particular process that most people follow when coming to
participate in criminal behavior. First, criminal behavior is not inherited and must be learned. This
behavior is learned through interactions using verbal communication as well as "the communication
of gestures." For the most part this type

Com Vs Relapse
In order to identify the differences between the terms as an addiction counselor, medical, literary
definition of the three are; lapse, defined by the writers of our textbook is, "the initial return to using
after a period of sobriety" (p. 262), whereas a relapse is defined as, "a breakdown or setback in a
person's attempt to change or modify a target behavior" (p. 262). In other words, a lapse is generally
a one–time use of alcohol or drugs by an addict or alcoholic while a relapse would be back to out of
control use like they had experienced before. Recurrence is similar to a relapse. As defined by
Dictionary. Com, a recurrence is a, "return to a previous condition, habit, subject, etc."( (Stevens &
Smith, 2013).
The difference between ... Show more content on Helpwriting.net ...
This is when a setback is presented and behaviors of the individual bring forth warning signs and
danger sign alerts, prior patterns of substance abuse because of an event or process within the
addicts environment. Additionally, they're different perspectives which affect a person relapse, but a
person relapse is usually continuous of the ATOD to use which onset dysfunctional or yet
uncontrollable behaviors.
Next, a lapse in an individual differs from a relapse, yet can be the focal point or beginning as a
one–time use or after a capsule time of sobriety. This usually is a temporary but a person who had
sobriety for a while must restart their sobriety process all over again.
However, when a person experiences a lapse, the signals or warning signs alert the therapist to seek
or investigate what motivated the return as a substance abuse user. Also, it presents clarity for the
individual to gain the knowledge on how to prevent and strength their mental capacity to prevent
future relapses.
Last, recurrence differs because it's the symptoms which bring forth the craving/desires of substance
use. Thus, indicating they want to use ATOD and fall from grace when in the stages of

Alcohol And Substance Abuse ( Public Health England, 2016...
In the year 2015–2016, 288,843 people undertook treatment for alcohol and substance abuse (Public
Health England, 2016). The therapies that they received in their treatment are based upon well–
evidenced theories including those that focus upon biological, learning and cognitive explanations in
relation to addiction in an attempt to reduce desires and cravings for substances. Reber and Reber
(2001) define addiction as "any psychological or physiological overdependence of an organism on a
drug" (p.11). In order to develop useful therapies, these theories and their worth must be evaluated
and the contribution each aspect contributes to developing a therapy. There is evidence that all of the
above aspects of addiction are useful and needed in therapy, and it is concluded that despite some
evidence of each explanation having good efficacy in therapy options, all factors should be
considered in therapy to provide the best, most useful therapy for addiction.
More specifically than addiction, this essay assumes that addicts are those with Substance Use
Disorders which can differ in severity, as outlined by The Diagnostic and Statistical Manual 5th
Edition (DSM–V) (Compton, Dawson, Goldstein & Grant, 2013). Hearon, McHugh and Otto (2010)
define Substance Use Disorder as the dysfunctional recurrent use of psychoactive substances that is
associated with significant disability and distress. Whilst current research suggests that it is not only
substances that a person can be addicted to

Plato's Theory Of Substance Dualism
What can we know about the mind?
Substance dualism
Substance dualism believe that there are two kinds of substance, mental and material. The human
mind is independent to the physical brain, so the mind can continue even when the brain stops. This
is very important to many philosophers, as Plato believed our souls would return to the realm of the
Forms after our bodies died.
Plato's dualism
Plato likens the body to a prison in which the soul (the mind, including intellect) is confined, and
whilst trapped, the mind is compelled to investigate the truth through the body. However, the body
cannot experience knowledge of the highest objects of knowledge, the Forms.
One criticism of Plato's dualism is that it fails to acknowledge or adequately explain ... Show more
Dualism in this form can explain, or at least allow for, qualia and consciousness. Qualia is the
subjective conscious experience that everyone has when feeling or seeing something. This is what
helps us distinguish one thing from another, for example it would distinguish between the same note
played on a piano and trumpet. The mind being distinct from the body allows for qualia, as the mind
cannot be broken down into functions and no part of the brain has been shown to allow for an
independent perception of the world, which significantly weakens any materialist theory as nobody
can argue against introspection, as we all feel

Social Action Theory: Ilicit Drug Use Among Men
This study discusses if Social Action Theory is appropriate to address gaps in research of illicit drug
use among Young Men Who Have Sex with Men (YMSM). Just like the previous study discussed in
this paper, this study also uses the structural equation modelling on a sample of 526 men from the
Healthy Young Men Study. The Healthy Young Men study is a study on substance use and sexual
risk behaviour among YMSM in Los Angeles. The subjects were selected from various venues that
were identified as settings in which YMSM spend their time in such as pride festivals, bars, parties
etc. They were then interviewed topics such as background, substance use history, sexual behaviour
and cognitive and psychological variables. Since SAT proposes that health

Chemical Reaction Lab Report
A chemical reaction is a process that involves rearrangement of the molecular structure of a
substance. Once this happens, you will not be able to reverse the chemical change. To observe the
factors that affect the reaction, an experiment was performed on CaCO3 to explore the many states
of matter. Kinetic theory is the first topic to explore. Kinetic theory is the amount of energy each
state has. For example, solids have little kinetic energy and gas has the most. The denser the
substance is, the less kinetic energy it has. All matter is made up of atoms and molecules that are
continuously in motion. When heat is added, the particles vibrate faster and take up a larger surface
area however the mass of the substance stays the same no matter

For Descartes And More One Common Dominator Between The
For Descartes and More one common dominator between the two is the belief that the essence of the
body is merely extension. Within the Fifth Meditation, Descartes addresses a premise that results in
being the building block to his conception on extension being the essence of bodies. He asserts, we
can't know that physical stuff exists without a doubt considering deception, for instance the dream
dilemma presented by Descartes. Hence, how do I know objectively and soundly that my sensory
knowledge isn't deceiving me of my reality. For instance, I could envision and illusion in a dream
that I'm writing my exam via the University of Toronto cafeteria however be visualizing it solely in
my dream. Descartes uses that premise to fixate his ... Show more content on Helpwriting.net ...
For descartes, his premise remains the essence of bodies does not necessitate around our
perception(senses), since it would exist regardless of our commonly held account. Therefore,
Descartes defies More's perception which remains that all matter necessitates around being
detectable by ones senses. Instead he takes the polarizing stance, by stating that all matter is
unnoticeable, if it gets segregated into smaller parts(divisibility) it still remains consistent
throughout. He depicts this ideology in an example by claiming " a body can retain its whole bodily
nature without being soft or hard or cold or hot to the senses–indeed without have any perceptible
quality" (Letters to More,1649).However, for More his premise relies dependent on the clause that
extension does not necessitate on divisibility. He uses a metaphor on light to illustrate his
perception, "The parts of a Spirit can be no more separated, though they be dilated, than you can cut
off the Rayes of the Sun by a pair of Scissors made of pellucid Crystall" (More 1662). He uses this
depiction to showcase that similarly to light, bodies indeed are extended yet in essence indivisible.
Henry More premise behind his constructed points were that he was a dualist, however argued that
all substances are extended. Yet, how did he differ between immaterial and material substances

Substance Abuse And Mental Illness

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