Animal Rights And The Ethical Treatment Of Animals

Animal Rights And The Ethical Treatment Of Animals
From Erasistratus of Alexandria to Galen, who is known as the creator of experimental physiology,
animals have been test subjects in experiments for more than two thousand years (Day 35). Every
year in the world as many as twenty–two million animals are used for scientific or medical purposes
(Day 10). A variety of animals are experimented on, including rats, mice, rabbits, dogs, cats, and
primates (Day 10). Those against animal research believe the tests are pointless (Day 10). They
presume if the experiments were effective, cancer and other diseases would be cured (Day 11). The
ethicality of testing is also debated. Today, multiple animal rights activist groups exist (Day 11). One
of the most immense groups, People for the ... Show more content on Helpwriting.net ...
Operations performed may include drugging, infecting, addicting, freezing and burning, radiating,
shooting, and surgical mutilation of living, healthy animals (Carryer). From 1985 to 1987, Mary
Phillips, a sociologist, studied twenty–seven researchers in twenty–three laboratories (Day 31). It
was brought to Phillips' attention that the scientists were not administering painkillers to the animals
(Day 31). The researchers were describing the tests as painless even though they did not provide
anesthesia (Day 31). The cages in which the animals are kept are occasionally insanitary, small, and
crowded (Crupper). Some test animals do not experience the outdoors (Crupper). Their enclosures
may be kept in rooms with bright lights, inadequate ventilation, and loud noises (Crupper). Every
year, anywhere from 80,000 to 160,000 animals are put down or die from testing ("Transparency
Needed" 13). A leading argument for the ban of animal research suggests the use of alternative
procedures. In 1959, William Russell and Rex Burch published The Principles of Humane
Experimental Technique (Chang 11). The book presented the three R's: reduce the number of
animals needed for experiments; refine current tests to reduce pain; and replace animals with other
... Get more on HelpWriting.net ...

Animal Testing Is Bad Science
Animals very rarely serve as models for the human body. Many people are brought up with the idea
that animal experimentation is necessary to insure the safety of humans, but in reality, these
experiments are creating only harm to animals. Animals have done nothing to deserve this backlash,
and by educating the public on the true unsuccessfulness of animal testing, the ethical side is forced
out in the open. The argument 'Animal Testing is Bad Science' by the People for The Ethical
Treatment of Animals (PETA), argues that ethics dictate the value of each life, and that no life is
overthrown by another. This well formulated argument effectively integrates ethos, logos, powerful
structure, and robust premises to persuade the audience. ... Show more content on Helpwriting.net ...
All premises given are paired with explicit claims to express proposals such as, "no experiment, no
matter how painful or trivial is prohibited" and "reactions to drugs vary enormously from species to
species" (PETA, 2015). By following the line of logic, the claim is already known.
Ethos
Through the use of credible and reliable sources, PETA's argument builds validity. The author
recounts "President Richard Nixon sign[ing] the Conquest of Cancer Act in 1971" (PETA, 2015) to
introduce that any money raised for cancer is not stopping hundreds of thousands dying from it each
year, and that animals contributed as test objects for these newfound drugs are not suddenly going to
cure cancer. Since an American president is mentioned, the audience will trust the upcoming
evidence. Furthermore, the author establishes ethos with well–known acts and dependable doctors.
Referencing the "40 percent of all research funding from the U.S. National Institute of Health" and
organizations like the "American Board of Anesthesiologists [whom] even require physicians to
complete simulation training – not animal laboratories" (PETA 2015). The first reference represents
the billions of dollars swallowed by animal experimentation funds. Citing information from the U.S.
Institute of Health notes the continued spending, even with countless failed experiments. Ethos is
held by the author due to the credible sources incorporated within

The Pros And Cons Of Animal Testing
Joseph Murray, winner of the 1990 Nobel Prize for medicine, once said, "There would not be a
single person alive today as a result of an organ or bone marrow transplant without animal
experimentation." Animal experimentation is research conducted on live specimens such as mice,
rats, and chimps in order to develop medicines and medical procedures. It has helped develop many
cures for diseases, and has greatly increased our knowledge in the medical field. Animal testing is
ethical, beneficial, and necessary for humans. Research conducted on animals is completely ethical.
They have no moral compass, and no judgment as to what's right and wrong. Humans, unlike
animals, have a personality, thoughts, emotions, and the ability to voice their opinion. Most
importantly, they have rights, which animals possess none of ("Debate: Animal Testing").
Performing experiments on humans would be extremely wrong and unethical as people have their
own thoughts and opinions, but since animals do not, they cannot have a say in the matter. Saying
animals have rights is setting them equal to humans, which in turn is saying no one should eat them,
hunt them, or use anything from them. Essentially, everyone would have to be a vegan ("Should
Animals Be Used For Scientific Commercial Testing?"). The amount of animals used in testing is
minuscule to the number killed every year by hunting, fishing, consumption, etc. In fact, only
around 25 million animals are used for testing every year, while approximately 5 million are killed
every week from household cats alone ("Forty Reasons Why We Need Animals in Research"). As
mentioned before, many more are hunted, fished, eaten, and hit by cars every year. One study found
that we eat nearly 340 chickens for every 1 animal used in research ("Should Animals Be Used For
Scientific Commercial Testing?"). Also, about 97% of all animals used in research are birds, fish,
mice and rats ("Forty Reasons Why We Need Animals in Research"). Animal testing is also
extremely beneficial. Countless vaccines, antibiotics, and surgical procedures have developed due to
research performed on animals. One of the most important breakthroughs in the medical field was
the development of penicillin. Oxford scientists

Animal Experimentation At University College London
I. Introduction a. Attention getter device: This is a picture of a kitten that was forced to undergo
animal experimentation However, this is only one of the 11 at University College London that had
part of its skull removed for a three–day round of experiments. The first day involved the kitten
being paralyzed as electrodes and probes were put into their brains to be able to measure what they
saw. The second day involved a plate being screwed into the skulls of the 11 kittens and they were
placed in a prone position with clamps on their backs and above the pelvis. The third day involved
incisions being made to insert electrodes into the nerves around the spine and rib cage, exposing a
large portion of their spinal cord. Finally, part of the skull was removed so an electrode could be
inserted to measure brain activity. All of these cats were given anesthesia, and more than half were
given a fatal overdose. b. Give the audience a reason to listen: Everyone in this room has had an
experience with an animal, whether it was your own or your friends. Now, imagine that same animal
in a research facility such as University College London's. c. Establish your credibility: In
preparation for this speech, I have done extensive research on the good and the bad associated with
animal experimentation and research. d. Reveal the law: I am going to talk to you about the Animal
Welfare Act. e. Reveal audience analysis: From my audience analysis, it is apparent that most of you
have a pet and

Arguments Against Animal Testing For Medical Reasons
"Each year, more than 100 million animals–including mice, rats, frogs, dogs, cats, rabbits, hamsters,
guinea pigs, monkeys, fish, and birds–are killed in U.S. laboratories for biology lessons, medical
training, curiosity–driven experimentation, and chemical, drug, food, and cosmetics testing" (PETA
1). For a countless amount of years companies, scientists, biology teachers, and plenty of other
people have been using animals for animal experimentation. There are many people are for animal
testing when it comes to testing for medical reasons, but when it comes to testing for cosmetics
several people oppose animal testing. Tons and tons of animals are killed each year due to animal
experimentation, and it is time to put it to an end. When it comes ... Show more content on
Helpwriting.net ...
Companies try to convince customers that the animals are not harmed, and that the animals are
treated with full respect, but that is not the case. "The scaffold was really a restraining chair whose
"seat" was obscured by the head–on angle, and though the monkey appeared to be choking, more
likely it was simply trying to jerk its head free, and was only seconds short of surrendering" (Noah
1). Under no circumstances is this okay for companies to do, but the way that they word makes you
think that hurting and animal is okay. When you read this people can clearly tell that they hurt the
animals due to the quotation marks, but when companies say it out loud those companies state it in a
way that it sounds like animal testing is not a unacceptable thing to do. Also, when the companies
are done abusing the animals, the companies do not even try to cure the animals, so that the animals
could get better. "The result was that a lot of sores on the monkey's limbs went unbandaged" (Noah
6). This shows that clearly companies do not care about the animals because if the companies cared
the animals would not have been treated like this. The animals would have been wrapped up, so the
injury would not get worse and then infected. For example when people fall down or get scratched
their parents cleanse the wound thoroughly with soap and water, and then put a band aid over top of
the wound, so the injury does not get infected. If the

Animal Research Argumentative Essay
The use of animals in experiments and research has created great advancements in science and
medical research. But the use of animals is looked down on especially in the UK. "Opponents to any
kind of animal research–including both animal–rights extremists and anti–vivisectionist groups–
believe that animal experimentation is cruel and unnecessary, regardless of its purpose or benefit.
There is no middle ground for these groups; they want the immediate and total abolition of all
animal research. If they succeed, it would have enormous and severe consequences for scientific
research."(Festing, Simon, and Robin Wilkinson). Many researcher think that it would almost be
dangerous to stop using animals in their research"The benefits of animal research have been
enormous and it would have severe consequences for public health and medical research if it were
abandoned"(Festing, Simon, and Robin Wilkinson) ... Show more content on Helpwriting.net ...
It is a second form of respiration almost like a backup. It produces ATP and as a waste ethyl alcohol
and lactic acid. Anaerobic respiration is not as effective as aerobic respiration but it is still
important. For example a lot of bacteria rely of this process when they are in environments with low
concentrations of oxygen. It is also used in our muscle. "When muscle cells are working very hard
and exhaust their oxygen supply, they utilize the anaerobic pathway to lactic acid to continue to
provide ATP for cell function"(Cellular Respiration).
Because our cells can't break down ethanol or lactate molecules we are forced to excrete them as
waste. They still have a lot of energy in them. That is one main reason that anaerobic respiration as
not as effective as aerobic respiration. And because anaerobic respiration can produce between 36–2
ATP compared to 36–34 with aerobic respiration it can't keep up with the demands of the body.
Because of that we can only rely on it for a short amount of

Cruelty Animal Testing
Introduction
The aim of this proposal is to draw attention to cosmetic brands that test or do not test on animals.
The right to experience on animal or to sell animal testing cosmetics is forbidden in Europe since
2013. In China it is mandatory that they experience on animals before selling on the Chinese market
for the safety of the products.
Therefore, a lot of companies are not allowed to use the leaping bunny logo, which is part of Cruelty
free International. This is a reliable worldwide logo against animal testing.
Firstly, their will be clarified which cosmetic brands, who sell in the Netherlands, are on the list of
animal testing and the one's that are not and how they get on the list.
Secondly, there will be given a clear answer the question off what is more important for companies,
earning more money on the Chinese market or ... Show more content on Helpwriting.net ...
Lists of companies that test on animals are unnecessary these days because as I explained earlier the
right to experience on animals is prohibit in Europe so the cosmetic product you find in stores have
to be animal proof. Unfortunately, this is not the case of all cosmetic products because they sell also
outside Europe. Luckily, there is the leaping bunny logo, which/that companies can use if they do
not test on animals. Therefore, companies have to fill in a strict survey that their product, nether
their ingredients are experienced on animals. When they have this logo, normally they get on the list
of animal proof cosmetic companies.
Companies that do not test on animals
In the list shown below you can find some most known cosmetic brands that do not test on animals
according to a blog post of Naoki, who does research about animal testing.
(Most know) Animal free companies
Anastasia Beverly Hills
Catrice
Charlotte Tilbury
De tuinen (huismerk)
Douglas (huismerk)
Essence
Etos

Evidence That Support Animal Testing
INVESTIGATION – Evidences that support animal testing
Contributed to many life–saving treatments The major advantage of animal research is that it aids
researchers discover drugs and treatments that will improve health. Throughout history, animal
testing has played an important role in leading to new discoveries and human benefit. Louis Pasteur
was one of the many scientists who have made positive contributions to the medical world using
animal experimentation. He found out that when an old culture of bacteria, now known as
Pasteurella, was inoculated into a chicken, not only did it not die but was protected against a later
inoculation with a virulent culture. The principle of vaccination with attenuated pathogens was thus
discovered. With the sacrifice of animals, Pasteur was able to establish the immunology branch of
science.
Pasteur repeatedly applied this principle to other diseases such as anthrax, and continued
experimenting with animals. His final victory was that of human vaccination against rabies. He
transmitted the disease from animal to animal by intra–cerebral inoculation, and adapted the disease
to rabbits. He then traced the germ to the brain and spinal cord of infected animals, and, by using
desiccated spinal cords, produced a vaccine for rabies. Animal testing has acted as a catalyst;
without it, the development of vaccines as well as many discoveries that came after would have
been delayed or even never happened.
Tests involving use of animals have

The Pros And Cons Of Animal Testing
Animals, like us, are complex and capable of thoughts. They are involved in social structures that
are similar to humans. Without a doubt, the animals that we use are capable of thinking, feeling, and
suffering. Opinions about animal tests, though, vary. There is a distinct majority who disapprove the
usage of animals for commercial and other scientific testings; the opinion shifts once the research is
claimed to save or greatly benefit human lives, even if these claims are baseless and false. However,
due to its immorality and wrongful ethics, animal testing should no longer be condoned and
supported.
Background Information
According to the Worldwide Animal Research Statistics (2017), an estimated 25 million animals are
used to conduct scientific and commercial experiments in the United States. These testings provide
data to develop medical treatments and cures, determine the toxicity and the safeness of medication
or products designed for human usage, and other biomedical, health care, and commercial uses.
Animal testing is regulated by the federal Animal Welfare Act, which was passed in 1966 and
amended in 1970, 1976, and 1985. They define an animal as "any live or dead dog, cat, monkey
(nonhuman primate mammal), guinea pig, hamster, rabbit, or such other warm blooded animal."
This excludes birds, rats, and mice bred for research, cold–blooded organisms, and farm animals
used for food and other purposes. The AWA regulates housing and transportation of animals for

The Pros And Cons Of Animal Testing Cosmetics
It is human nature that drives us to focus on the improvement of ourselves and the community we
live in. Humanity as a whole is constantly on the search for new and innovative ways to improve our
lives and to make the world a better, safer place for all. Becoming educated on current topics is a
key tool to understanding the way the world works around us. Not only that, but an education also
allows for the development of morals, a sense of right and wrong, to take form. Without morals, it
would be impossible for society to form let alone function. A current topic in which we are at battle
with today is the case of testing cosmetic products on animals. Although many cosmetic companies
believe that animal testing cosmetics is morally sound, I ... Show more content on Helpwriting.net ...
that even though humans might be considered the superior species since the majority of us are more
intelligent than most animals, and therefore have a higher ability to feel pain. It is noted by Gluck
that "the problem with this proposal–a problem that poses a grave difficulty for those attempting to
provide a justification of animal use–is that not all human beings share in these characteristics to the
same degree," (Gluck 15). For example, babies have about as much logical since as the animals
being tested on, but they are never tested on. Gluck believes that in the future of animal testing, the
scientists should ask themselves about all animals tested "what do they perceive? How Does it
interact with the environment? Is this experiment really needed? Can it be replaced? Could the
research be designed differently in the future?" (Gluck 47). By asking these questions, Gluck is
specifically stating a list of moral inquiries companies and scientists alike should ask themselves
before continuing their experiments. If these questions can be answered properly, it can be argued
that this is the moral moral approach to testing cosmetics on animals, if at all.
Going on to study a more specific case of animal testing cosmetic products, Pauline McNamee and
her team of other scientific experts have found alternative approaches to a in vivo rabbit Draize

The Purpose Of Animal Testing
With every new emerging disease and make up trend, hundreds and thousands of drugs are tested
and evaluated before they are sold and used to ensure their safety in humans. Animal testing, also
referred to as animal experimentation and animal research involves experimentation on animals such
as mice, rats, rabbits, guinea pigs and hamsters in labs to investigate the safety and efficiency of a
variety of products ranging from medication to cosmetics and even understanding the physiology of
the human body. However, with masses of animals killed each year for this purpose; this essay will
aim to evaluate the necessity of animal testing as well the opposition to why animal testing should
not be a part of our human nature.
Animals provide an effective ... Show more content on Helpwriting.net ...
Some of the most tragic incidents noted in 1930 involved untested products, masses of women were
blinded due to Lash Lure, a mascara containing a chemical which can burn the skin. One women
had significantly severe burns which have caused infections that lead to her death. In addition, Elixir
Sulfanilamide, a new medication for cough has caused the death of more than 100 people in 1937.
(4) The two tragic incidents have caused the necessity for animal testing and accordingly, in 1938,
the 'U.S law has required animal safety testing of drugs and cosmetics' (4) due to the consequences
of untested products which have resulted in numerous, catastrophic

Essay on Animal Testing
Imagine being a rabbit; a vertebrate and warm blooded species. Hopping around an open field and
eating all greens. All of sudden, you were captured by an unknown human. You start to rattle around
your cage figuring out how to escape. About "twenty–five million and 30 million" animals are
exploited in experiments; "half are only used through education" (Donna 7).
"A 40% is applied in basic research, the 26% for drug development, a 20% are examined for
products, and the 14% that is left is applied on education and miscellaneous" (Donna 5).
The inhumane cruelty affects the innocent creatures. Animals should only be used for education, and
research purposes. Therefore, regulations must increase on animal protection. Increasing policies ...
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For instances, those involved in auctions and animals sold publicly are to keep records. On the
contrary, it does not support all animal rights; the law ought to emphasis those out in business too.
Beyond that, in 1976 adjustments were made in the amendment. In fact, this time it includes more
steps to those companies in the animal testing business (Donna 16). Each corporation is required to
register and keep records of the species. Again it had affected those who are employed in auctions,
operators, dealers, and exhibitors to be certified. Thus certified employees must submit an annual
report to congress. The reports helped the Congressmen keep track of the species; so living things
would not be mistreated. Moreover the act expanded dogs' safety. Hounds were only acceptable for
breeders, security, hunting, and as house hold pets. But there is a catch to it; dog owners must
provide treatments (Donna 8). Signifying hounds would receive yearly check up on their satiability
of well nutrients. However the act was expanding, it excluded most of the rights towards animals. In
addition to the amendment, in 1985 it was re–modified again. It incorporated the labs and the
environment of the organisms. "The act demanded laboratories to provide exercise and a physical
environment, to balance the pain and stress for the species, and minimize the use of drugs" (Donna
8). Despite the reduction of drugs it does not improve the consumption towards the

Animal Testing Proposal
A MODEST PROPOSAL FOR DECREASING THE RATE OF PETS ABANDONED BY
OWNERS WHO CAN CARE FOR THEM TEMPORARILY, AND TO INCREASE SPACE IN
ANIMAL SHELTERS FOR TRANSFERRED OR ABANDONED PETS.
Such a tragedy it is for a family house pet, like a dog or kitten, to ride in the back seat of their
owner's car; either in a crate or on a leash; hoping to reach a destination for a day of play with their
owner, only to find themselves in a place unknown. With that the owner, either stationed in the
driver's seat, standing side by side with their pet, or settling down the crate where the pet is occupied
on the ground, lets the animal roam freely with a ball or "go" signal. The pet obeys the command
and runs off as they wait for their owner, whom has shut the car ... Show more content on
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I usually see collarless dogs wondering around the streets in a fidgety matter as if they are searching
for someone. Some of my family members like my aunt and sister ran into a couple strays, mainly
kittens and Chihuahuas, and they took care of them for a certain amount of time before the animals
had to be taken to the pound. My sister, though, is caring for a kitten that was left alone during a
storm. I would also keep seeing news reports of neglected animals abandoned outside their owners'
houses either chained up or found in alleys. It upsets me to realize how some owners disrespect their
pets to a point where they leave them behind. It is also difficult for the shelters having to collect
animals on a daily basis due to space. Although, some shelters have plenty of space, but for a limited
amount of

Animal Testing Proposal Essay
Millions of animals are being unneedlessly tested on for cosmetics, even though there are plenty of
alternatives available and most of the results are unreliable or not applicable to humans. Although
the fight against animal testing has made huge progress recently, America has yet to stop this cruel
practice and chooses to torture animals while other countries are making a stop to the testing
("Animal Testing 101").
Right now, millions of mice, rats, rabbits, primates, cats, dogs, and other animals are locked inside
cold, barren cages in laboratories across the country. They languish in pain, ache with loneliness,
and long to roam free and use their minds. Instead, all they can do is sit and wait in fear of the next
terrifying and painful ... Show more content on Helpwriting.net ...
The barbaric practice of animal testing has been happening since the 19th century, and cosmetics
testing on animals has been around since the mid 1900's, when a woman was injured by using
mascara (Murnaghan, "Animal Testing Timeline"). The woman received burns on her eyes, and
ultimately was blinded by her makeup. This incidence caused the Food and Drug Administration to
pass the 1938 Federal Food, Drug and Cosmetics Act, which introduced testing cosmetics on
animals to prevent injuries similar to this from happening (Murnaghan, "Animal Testing Timeline").
Much progress has been made to end this testing, gearing the world into the right direction of animal
testing free procedures, though, not everyone is on board. The United States have yet to hop onto the
train toward a free animal testing future. The United States continues to test on animals for
cosmetics even though there are numerous ways to test, without using animals, that are more
efficient and effective than animal testing. (3D tissue samples of corneas made from human cells
can be used instead of using an animal organ when testing for cosmetics side effects.) What is worse
than the United States still testing on animals, is that there is continued demand for even more
animal

Ignorance Vs. Intelligence : Animal Experimentation And...
Ignorance v. Intelligence: Animal Experimentation and Life Saving Medical Technology
The use of non–human animals in experiments in order to gain a further understanding of the
functions of biological systems is known as animal experimentation. Medicine as it is known today
would not exist without animal experimentation, also referred to as animal testing, animal research,
and/or biomedical testing. Albert Sabin, who developed the Polio vaccine said, "Without animal
research, polio would still be claiming thousands of lives each year." and Dr. Robert Palazzo,
President of the Federation of American Societies for Experimental Biology (FASEB) stated that
"Americans are living longer, healthier lives and we owe much of that success to biomedical
research." (Forty reasons why we need animals in research, 2014). Animal experimentation is
greatly responsible for the discovery of treatments for some of history's most deadly diseases, as
well as antibiotics for raging infections and vaccines for debilitating viruses that once consumed the
United States, and the rest of the world. Some of the most notable medical advancements that relied
on animal testing over the past three decades include, the cervical cancer/ HPV vaccine, asthma
treatments, and Insulin. Now, in the 21st century, PETA (People for Ethical Treatment of Animals),
the ALF (Animal Liberation Front), and The Humane Society of the United States are seen as heros
in the eyes of many Americans for their rebellion against

Animal Testing Is Unethical And Unnecessary
Animal testing is a secret most companies don't like to share. It is a global problem that needs to be
put to an end. The use of animal testing is used in medicine, cosmetics and for educational purposes
and it is immoral and unnecessary when we have advanced technologies that can replace these
harmful methods.
PETA. "Using Animals for Medical Testing Is Unethical and Unnecessary." Ed. Tamara Thompson.
The Ethics of Medical Testing. Detroit MI: Greenhaven/Gale, Cengage Learning, 2011. 76–82.
Print.
This scholarly article's main focus is proving that the use of animals in medical testing is both
unethical and unnecessary by providing evidence and multiple statistics. Its main points are that the
results using of animal testing is very unreliable, ... Show more content on Helpwriting.net ...
I have been able to find many helpful sources that have given me a substantial amount of
information related and in connection with my topic. Scholarly sources were harder to come by, but
I was able to find an abundance of non–scholarly sources. I think this is due to the fact that this is a
current issue and although finding scholarly data is possible, non–scholarly data presents more in
depth and current results that have either not yet been written about or that governmental
associations try to hide from the public. As I further my research, I hope to find more scholarly
sources. I would like to broaden my search terms and maybe try searching for sources in other
databases using the keywords "cruelty free" as well as further my search in discovering the full
process of animal testing within medical science, cosmetics and in educational facilities and what
laws are in place for animal rights and laws pertaining to experimenting with animals in different
regions. I'd also like to find a source that goes in more detail about the alternatives to animal testing
as well. This is something that I really need because it is an important part of my thesis and paper. I
was surprised by the massive numbers of animals that are manipulated, abused and murdered per
year. It was also surprising to me that animals used for testing and experimentation are not protected
by the Animal Welfare Act. I feel as if I'm just scratching the surface

Animal Testing Whole-Body
Animal testing has contributed to many life–saving cures and treatments.
"The California Biomedical Research Association states that nearly every medical breakthrough in
the last 100 years has resulted directly from research using animals." For example, the removal of
pancreases from dogs, led directly to the discovery of insulin; which can be attributed to saving the
lives of diabetics.
There is no better alternative.
There is nothing comparable to testing on a living, whole–body system. Although technology and
computer models can be reliable, the information must be collected from animal research in order to
build the models.
Animals are very similar to human beings.
Chimpanzees share 99% of their DNA with humans, and mice are 98% genetically similar to
humans. Therefore, they all have the same set of organs that function in the same way.
Animals should be used when ethical considerations prevent the use of human subjects.
When The World Medical Association Declaration of Helsinki states that human trials should be
preceded by tests on animals. When testing medicines for potential toxicity, the lives of human
volunteers should not be put in danger.
Policy Already in Existence:
Animal research is highly regulated to protect the animals. In addition to local and state laws and
guidelines, animal research ... Show more content on Helpwriting.net ...
The scientist is continually seen as cold and heartless despite giving a rational opinion. Therefore,
the implication here is that politicians must pander to public opinion. However, politicians could
report what important discoveries have been made as a direct result of scientific animal testing,
while simultaneously assuring the public that there are strict laws and regulations in place in order to
prevent the testing crossing over into

Informative Essay: Why We Need Medical Research On Animals
There have been 71 noble peace prizes won when using and describing medical research for humans
out of the last 103 years (Cook np). In today's society if there were no medical research done on
animal for human there would be medicine like we have today would be non–existent. Personally I
feel that animal research is a necessity for accurate and well developed medicine that could not be
produced without the use of animals. All of the animal research that is completed is without a doubt
regulated for the protection of animals against abuse. Another thing that makes animals a prodigious
testing material is because they mere humans in many similar ways. Subsequently, thanks to the
animals that have been tested many lives have been saved. Animals who have participated in being a
research prodigy have contributed to many life–saving cures and treatments. The California
Biomedical Research Association states that nearly every breakthrough in the last 100 years has
been a direct result from using animals to help with research (ProCon.org np). When a dog was used
in medical research they removed the pancreas and this result led directly to the discovery of insulin,
this was critical to saving the lives of many diabetic patients. There have been many vaccines tested
on animals and among those were the polio vaccine. This vaccine reduced the occurrence of polio
from ... Show more content on Helpwriting.net ...
Thanks to the testing done on animals there is now several vaccinations that can prolong our
pets/other animal's lives (Cook np). While testing the drugs or procedures on animals we can find
out what went wrong and retest them so that when we use them for humans there is less of a chance
that anything major will happen or to even make sure that the drug or procedure works and isn't a

The Importance Of A Research On Bipolar Disorder
The Importance of Mice Research in Understanding Bipolar Disorder
Introduction
This presentation will be discussing the contributions non–human animal research has made to the
field of psychology while focusing on developments in bipolar research. It will begin with an
exploration of three research examples that used mice to make discoveries relevant to bipolar
disorder. Then my presentation will acknowledge the ethical concerns behind non–human animal
research. Next, my presentation will go into an analysis of non–human animal research by
discussing its advantages and how valuable this research has been to psychological understanding.
The presentation will conclude with a summary of all the points discussed.
Research Example 1
Young, ... Show more content on Helpwriting.net ...
Research Example 2
Roybal, Theobold, Graham, DiNieri, Russo, Krishnan, Chakravarty, Peevy, Oehrlein, Birnbaum,
Vitaterna, Orsulak, Takahshi, Nestler, Carlezon Jr, and McClung (2007) investigated how mice with
a mutated CLOCK gene exhibit many of the same behaviors as manic patients, such as decreased
sleep, hyperactivity, and increased stimulation for reward (See Slide 2). CLOCK mutant mice show
increased dopamine firing and bursting in the ventral tegmental area (VTA), an area important for
reward pathways. A functional CLOCK protein was added to the VTA of mutated CLOCK mouse.
After this procedure, the anxiety levels and hyperactivity of the mouse returned to wild–type levels
(See Slide 3). This research showed that CLOCK protein is important in regulating the behavior
typical of bipolar patients experiencing a manic phase. Additionally, this study showed that CLOCK
mutant mice are good models for mania.
Research Example 3
Flaisher–Grinberg and Einat (2009) conducted an experiment by providing hyperactive mice with
one of two drugs (mood stabilizer valproate or the antidepressant imipramine), and then testing the
mobility of the mice using the forced swim test. Valproate is often used for manic episodes in
bipolar patients and is known to decrease hyperactivity. As hypothesized, valproate increased
immobility

PETA: People For The Ethical Treatment Of Animals
According to PETA, "People for the Ethical Treatment of Animals", more than 100 million animals
are killed in laboratories for research and other testing. My proposal in this debate is to explain why
animal testing is wrong and should be banned. Some reasons why we should ban animal
experimentation are, they make many animals suffer then die and the results in the end are not
always accurate.
First and Foremost, throughout the process of animal testing, animals are either hurt or killed.
Because scientists are trying to find a solution and new information, they are willing to do whatever
it takes. That includes hurting innocent animals. Paula Moore, a recognized author for PETA, stated
that ''It is morally wrong to poison, infect, burn and ... Show more content on Helpwriting.net ...
With all the animals wasted on test, they just start adding up and become a big pile of waste. In the
article "Netherlands Phases Out", the author wrote "Nine out of 10 experimental drugs that pass
animal studies fail in humans, and the few that are approved often need to be relabeled or pulled
from the market after they sicken or kill human patients" (Moore np). The author is basically saying
that the animals used in failed experiments, have their lives taken for nothing. If you really think
deeper, these animals are injected and put to suffer just to make new products, gather more
information, and find out what works and what does not. Erin Biba, author of "From Chimp to
Chip" says, "A common tack is to genetically manipulate mice to imitate human diseases, but
human and mouse genes still behave differently. In part because of this, 90 percent of drugs that pass
animal testing then fail in human trials" (Biba np). Although the scientists know that 90 percent that
pass on animals later fail on humans, they will continue to do wrong. They will keep on testing and
hurting animals no matter what happens in the end.
In conclusion, animal testing should be stopped and banned for the best of animals. These points
show how animals should be respected and not put to testing where they will suffer, die, or provide
inaccurate information. They should be able to live there long and happy lives as we humans

Persuasive Essay On 'Animal Testing Is Bad Science'
Parker Money
Ms. Thackery
Freshmen English
14 March 2016
Animal Testing
Every day tons of animals are killed in scientific experiments across the entire world. But is it really
necessary to subject animals to torturous conditions or painful experiments in the name of science. It
is very unethical to destroy an animal's life while simply testing shampoo or bars of soap. Animal
testing is very hard to argue against and extremely to support as well. The animals in research,
teaching and testing is an important issue. Most of the discussion is revolving around the relative
value, often referred to as moral value, of humans and animals. (Burrell) How do you decide what is
right when the needs of animals and humans come into conflict? It's difficult to have decisions when
so many people have ... Show more content on Helpwriting.net ...
"There stands an authorized requirement for documentation searching for substitutes and an
explanation to why these substitutes were not found to be suitable or how substitutes were
incorporated into the experimental design." "The American College of Laboratory Animal Medicine
Foundation has helped to improve animal welfare by funding grants to study diverse means of
animal practice." (Harm and Suffering) Some exams would include forcing the animals to inhale
very toxic gases. some other tests include force feeding dogs pesticides, and putting corrosive
chemicals into a rabbits'

Should Animal Testing Be Ethical?
Animal testing has been an important type of research in various science fields for many years,
because it has been able to replicate the results of the research to positively affect humans. It has
provided many cures to diseases and many basic products that are mass produced such as lotion,
shampoo, sunscreen, etc. Adding on, animal testing is ethical since it follows many guidelines and
restrictions made by numerous laws that protect animals from inhumane treatment. Although such
testing can provide many people with benefits and may be ethical, many animals are still subjected
to torture or even die due to animal testing since many researchers find ways to bypass the system of
laws. Millions of animals are used for animal testing every year and are given extreme treatments
that humans would never go through, and animals go through such torture so people are able to
benefit from their pain. Therefore, animal testing has been a subject of mass debate. Is animal
testing really necessary for further research and is it ethical? This is an important question people
are still trying find the answer to by supporting one side. Whatever position a person is on this issue,
he or she is choosing between the advancement of science or for the rights of animals.
People who are against animal testing explain that animals have rights and receive unnecessary pain
or even die from animal experiments, which can even result in a waste of large sums of money.
According to Charles Reiss and

The Food And Drug Administration
Andy Nunez
English 1101
Amy Sandefur
9 September 2014
Dear Michael Taylor,
As senior advisor of the Food and Drug Administration (FDA), I understand that you must have
thousand of proposals being addressed to you everyday. I also understand that the FDA is
responsible for tests that use dogs, primates and other species as test subjects to meet legal safety
requirements. (Navs.org) At the same time, I, and millions of other people believe that the laws on
animal experimentation need to be reviewed. This is a topic that has been given a lot of attention for
the past decade. Everyday, hundreds of news articles are written arguing about whether or not
animal experimentation should be stopped. Many of these articles reveal the pain and ... Show more
content on Helpwriting.net ...
In fact, our own immune system is 98% identical to mouse's immune system. (Healthcentral.com)
Because human beings and animals are so biologically similar, it makes sense to test them as
opposed to testing other human beings. In 2011, a poll conducted by the science journal Nature
found that 90% of 1,000 biomedical scientists agreed that animals being used in research are
essential to promote safe and breakthrough cures. For instance, animal research has been essential
for the development of Heceptin and Tamoxiflen, two medicines that have saved thousands of men
and women with breast cancer. (Amprogress.org) Lung cancer is another leading cause of death in
the United States. In this case, mice were used to help progress research because of how similar
their lungs are to human beings'. (Amprogress.org) Furthermore, it can be said that animal research
leads to medical progress.
I understand that your position of allowing animal experimentation to continue is for the better of
our own health. The benefits that come from animal experimentation are not so obvious but very
important. It is to believe how much these animals have contributed to the finding of many life
saving treatments. Some of these important treatments are: asthma inhalers, meningitis vaccines,
leukemia treatments, and organ transplants. (Understandinganimalresearch.org.uk) While not
resulting in a cure, animal experimentation has helped HIV

Essay about The Ethics and Limitations of Animal Research
The moral status of animals is an issue of much debate in Science. According to The Royal Society,
the oldest scientific academy nowadays, it would have been impossible for science and medicine to
develop so without animal research ("The Use of Non–Human Animals in Research", 2004).
Nevertheless, do the human medical benefits really justify the animal suffering in animal research?
If so, what should are the possible considerations and limitations related to the matter? It appears to
be a challenge to find common ground concerning the above questions. This paper will first present
the current guidelines of animal research, and what is being done to help preserve the suffering and
health animals as much as possible. In order to have a ... Show more content on Helpwriting.net ...
In these cases the animals are situated in certain environmental conditions (i.e. maze) where the
observers record the interaction of the animal with the environment. The purpose of this type of
research is to understand the interaction and mutual effect between environment and biology. In
general, observational studies tend to minimize the human–animal interaction. As a result, these
studies are generally safe for the physical wellbeing of the animal. Nevertheless, if an animal is
stationed in a maze or similar puzzle, this may lead to psychological pressure. Despite this,
observational studies tend to be less risky for the animals while operating on the respective
principles of conduct (Snowdon, n.d.). On the other side, a series of animal experimentations put the
subject in both mental and physical stress. These cases can range from dissections to in–vivo
experimentation. Much of the controversy on animal research is coming from experimentation with
alive animals, which is in–vitro. Claims follow that using an animal for experimentation is the same
as using a human being for the same purpose; therefore it is unethical (Rowan, 1997). Animal
research encompasses a wide range of methods of experimentation. Some of them operate on
harmful basis for the subject, and others try to interact with the subject without placing any physical
or mental pressure. Therefore, animal research is not

Animal Experimentation Pros and Cons Essay examples
The first pro to animal testing is that it has helped us create lifesaving cures and treatments. The
California Biomedical Research Association released a statement saying almost every single
medical breakthrough has resulted in the direct use of animals in the last 100 years. Can you believe
this? Taking out dogs pancreases helped us discover insulin, chimpanzees helped us get a vaccine
for Hepatitis B, and even the polio vaccine was tested on animals. Animal testing has also helped us
treat and understand conditions like brain injury, breast cancer, cystic fibrosis, childhood leukemia,
tuberculosis, multiple sclerosis, malaria, and many others. It even helped us develop anesthetics,
pacemakers, and cardiac value substitutes. Almost every ... Show more content on Helpwriting.net
...
If a medicine is tested for something like its toxicity, humans could be killed which would be
unethical. You cannot use invasive experimental procedures without them being tested on animals
first as it may put the human in danger. Especially procedures with genetic manipulation would be
very unacceptable to do on humans if there was no animal testing done in advance. Human tests
should always be done after animal tests to not put the human in danger. The fifth pro is that not just
humans benefit from animal testing, but animals do too. Millions of animals would have died if
there was no animal testing to make vaccines for diseases like distemper, rabies, hepatitis virus,
feline leukemia, anthrax, canine parvo virus, tetanus, etc. Other treatment from animal testing are
pacemakers to treat heart disease and remedies for conditions such as hip dysplasia and glaucoma.
Animal testing has also helped animals on the brink of extinction stay alive. Even the AVMA
(American Veterinary Medical Association) endorses animal testing. The sixth pro for animal testing
is that there are laws in place to protect animals from being mistreated. There is state and local laws
to protect animals. Animal research has also been regulated by the AWA (Animal Welfare Act) since
1965. The act has minimum housing standards for the animals and requires inspections by
veterinarians regularly. You

Animal Research : Animal Testing
JT Forster Foster 1 Mr. Malcolm English 11 07/31/2013 Animal Testing Imagine being poked and
prodded with a needle, all to test for a new drug against bacteria. Would that be okay if the medicine
being used would eventually save countless lives? This is the one of the many issues behind the
debate that is animal research. Some people argue for models, taking the use of animals completely
out of the research equation, while others advocate the continued use of animals, only if a standard
level of care is set. Ever since the late 1960's and the early 1970's, animal research has been under
extreme fire for what they do. This is mainly due to the many changing perspectives on the
relationship between humans and the other aspects of the world that are surrounding them. There are
many main reasons for this change, but the main reason is the different ideas that surrounded the use
and exploration of animals in laboratories is what is being brought into question. The reasons for
this becomes even more clearer when the time period gets examined. Close to the time when the
fight against animal research was taken up, there was huge growth in almost all of the areas of the
scientific world, which caused a huge increase in the knowledge known about the world. The spread
of ideas was spread very quickly through new advances in technology that came along. This ensured
that everything bestowed by the

Ethics of Animal Testing
Ethics of Animal Testing
For my paper I chose the topic of animal testing because I have always been very passionate for
animals and against animal abuse. I have never believed in animal testing and that there were always
other alternatives. I wanted to look further into and educate myself about what is being done about
this and why it is an ethical issue. I have come up with an axiom to summarize this topic. Testing
animals in research revolves around the relative or moral value of humans and animals, and many
different viewpoints helped to contribute to the development of ethical principles of animal
treatment.
The use of animals in research, teaching and testing is an important ethical and political issue. Much
of the discussion about this issue revolves around the relative value, often referred to as moral value,
of humans and animals. How do you decide what is right when the needs of animals and humans
come into conflict? It's really difficult to make a moral decision when so many people have different
morals regarding this topic (Animal testing and ethics).
In today's society, there is a wide spectrum of views on this subject. There are people who are with
animal rights, and people who view animals only as a resource to be exploited. All of these
viewpoints have contributed to the development of ethical principles of animal use. Because of these
views, we now have different organizations such as AAALAC,AALAS and the AVMA (Animal
testing and ethics).The positive

The Importance Of Animal Testing And Animal Rights
In many religions it allows for humans to be dominant over animals for example in the Bible,
Genesis 1:26 is says that's God let humans have dominion over fish, fowl, cattle and all insects.
Many different religious teachings actively encourage animal experimentations as long as there is no
pain inflicted on the animals and the experiments will be beneficial to humans (Peek et al. 1997). In
Hinduism cows are worshiped, in fact cows are not eaten and local villagers do not harm monkeys,
there are now laws to protect these species in India (DeMello, 2012).
Many Christianity followers will agree that animal testing is okay and essential in the development
of medicines and health research. They will agree with this as their religion suggests that only man
has a rational soul, animals cannot attain a eternal life and that man has no obligations towards
animals (DeMello, 2012). On the other hand those who practise Islam share some different opinions
on animals, they condemn the use of animals for sport hunting and animal fighting, but they do
however condone the use of animals for food, labour clothing and experimenting (DeMello, 2012).
Also the Islam religion has a little more sympathy for animal right both religions condone the use of
animals in a way that is beneficial to humans.
Animal Research and the Law
Animal research today cannot be carried out without extreme regulations and laws put in place to
protect the animals used. Laboratories will follow the local state laws

Carl Cohen The Case For The Use Of Animals
Carl Cohen, in his piece "The Case for the Use of Animals in Biomedical Research", presents an
argument for why animals possess no rights, and therefore, have no right from being experimented
on in the name of medical research. Cohen presents a theory that the pain that will be felt by the
animals will be far outweighed by the benefit that humans will receive from it. Some of the sub–
arguments that Cohen presents in support for his main point hold up, and sway the reader toward his
argument. However, there are some sub–arguments that seem muddled or even purely misleading in
a weak attempt to have them coincide with his overarching ideals. The combination of these two
cases leads to a proposal for biomedical research that seems strong ... Show more content on
Helpwriting.net ...
He starts of in terms of the utilitarian trade–off of animal experimentation, and how the benefits
surely outweigh its costs. The advances that humans get from these experiments is unparalleled
according to Cohen, and the pain of animals is worth it. He even suggests that there should be an
increase in the use of animals in biomedical research, in order to keep the rate of advancements, and
simultaneously protect humans. However, Cohen does not go into how to calculate if the pain of the
animal is worth it in every case, or even in just one case. He goes in demanding a utilitarian
solution, but by the end chalks up that the answer must be obvious and dodges the fundamentals of
whether an animals' pain is really worth the advances. This leads the reader to find an almost
misleading quality to this

Testing On Animals : The Pros And Cons Of Animal Testing
Animal testing is something that is extremely prevalent in our world. It is crucial for any medical
issues and many other day–to–day things we do and use. People, though, do not like the fact that we
kill innocent animals everyday. In our society, there is a lot of animal abuse. It is sanctioned and
legal to test on animals, even if that means that we harm and abuse animals. There is no limit to how
much the animals are harmed because they are not protected by laws since testing is completely
legal. This is an issue that is not really talked about, but needs to be discussed. Animal testing results
are not an accurate predictor of the effects of many products on humans. If this is true, why do we
test on them? The supporters of animal testing rely on scientific evidence and experiments to prove
that the results of animal testing will benefit humanity, but the people who protest against animal
testing want to protect the rights of all animals and try to find flaws with the scientific experiments
being done on animals. Animal testing is any scientific experiment or test of a product or medicine
where a living animal is forced into painful procedures. Studies have shown that animals are in a lot
of pain. They also test for human health and safety for products such as ordinary everyday items that
involve chemicals. Most procedures are classified as "mild," but could possibly cause an animal
psychological pain and suffering. Animal testing has resulted in many cures and treatments for
humans. Is animal testing vital for human survival? Many would argue yes. In most cases, when we
experiment on animals, it really benefits humans. We can really see positive outcomes from
experimenting on animals. In some cases, small amounts of animals are used for experimenting on.
So, it is morally okay to experiment on a few animals. On the other hand, any animal should not
have to suffer at the expense of a person. Even though some people think human lives are more
important that animal lives (BBC 1). The amount of animals being tested on differs. Depending on
how the experiments impact humans, that is probably what will happen to an animal when tested on
an animal. If we experiment on animals, we are sure that it will harm

Male Infertility Treatment
Infertility affects millions of married couples around the world, and at least 40 percent of infertility
is attributable to male factor infertility. The prognosis for male infertility treatment is extremely
poor, and only 15 percent of infertile men can be treated. Occupational exposure represents the
highest level of exposure to chemicals that could potentially produce adverse effects on the
reproductive system via inhalation, skin absorption, or ingestion. Thousands of chemicals exist in
the workplace; there is limited or no toxicological information available for many industrial
chemicals. Furthermore, even for compounds for which there is toxicological testing data, the data
often do not include assessment on reproductive and developmental ... Show more content on
Helpwriting.net ...
In order to develop and establish in vitro human spermatogenesis models, we need to build–up an
unlimited source of human spermatogonia stem cells (SSCs). Human SSCs are a unique population
of cells in postnatal mammals that undergo self–renewal. SSCs are rare in the testis, constituting
around 1 in 3 000–4 000 testicular cells. It is difficult to obtain enough SSCs to serve for the toxicity
testing from biopsy of human testis. The rapid progress in stem cell research has opened a new era
for exploring human spermatogenesis. Mouse ESCs, nonhuman primate (NHP) ESCs, and hESCs
have been differentiated into primordial germ cells (PGCs) and fetal precursors of the spermatogenic
lineage [50–61]. hiPSCs can enter meiosis and in some cases produce haploid products in vitro [55,
56, 60, 62, 63]. hESCs and hiPSCs are reported to differentiate directly into advanced male
spermatogenic lineages in vitro [56, 62, 64–66]. However, the efficiency of generation of the human
SSCs is still quite low and different among the reports. The discovery of the method to generate
human SCCs from hiPSCs in a high efficiency will open up the possibility to provide an unlimited
source of human SSCs, which can be used to construct in vitro model for reproductive toxicity
testing. Therefore, in this proposal, we will use High–Content Analysis (HCA) to optimize the
culture condition to improve the efficacy of differentiating hESCs to human SSCs, and apply these
cells to develop an integrated pathway–based high throughput (HT)/high content analysis (HCA) for
reproductive toxicity

Animal Testing Unethical Essay
Animal testing is defined as "any scientific experiment or test in which a live animal is forced to
undergo something that is likely to cause them pain, suffering, distress or lasting harm"(Cruelty
Free). In my opinion, it is unethical to experiment on a thinking, feeling animal just for the purpose
of a new beauty product because of this agony caused to the animal, not to mention the millions of
animal deaths each year due to this testing.
One of the most important questions to ask about using helpless animals to test products is: why do
we do this? Usually, animals are involved in research when there is a need to find out what happens
in the whole, living body, which is far more complex than the sum of its parts. Animal testing started
in "1938 when Congress passed the Food, Drug, and Cosmetic Act in response to public outcry after
several tragic incidents involving untested products occurred due to drugs and cosmetics containing
... Show more content on Helpwriting.net ...
In fact, in addition to local and state laws and guidelines, "animal research is regulated by the
Federal Animal Welfare Act (AWA) since 1966. These regulations stipulate minimum housing
standards for research animals as well as regular inspections by veterinarians. All proposals to use
animals for research must be approved by an Institutional Animal Care and Use Committee
(IACUC) set up by each research facility. Humane treatment is enforced by each facility's IACUC,
and most major research institutions' programs are voluntarily reviewed for humane practices by the
Association for Assessment and Accreditation of Laboratory Animal Care International (AAALAC).
All institutions receiving funding from the US Public Health Service (PHS) must comply with the
PHS Policy on Humane Care and Use of Laboratory Animals."

The Animal Welfare Act ( Awa )
Some scientist argue animals often make better research subjects than humans. Certain scientists
believe this because many animals have a shorter life cycle than humans. In the same manner that
mice are one of the most used animals for medical research testing, they live for only two to three
years. Scientist are able to study the effects of treatments or genetic manipulation over a whole
lifespan and even across several generations. By doing this scientists are able to develop new
medicine and procedures in a shorter span of time (Paul 44). New life–saving medicine and
procedures can save more lives by being able to research more over a shorter amount of time.
Animals benefit from vivisection as well. If medicine was not tested and developed into its
beneficial form, then millions of animals would die from rabies, distemper, tetanus, anthrax,
distemper, feline leukemia, and infectious hepatitis virus. Animal testing has aided in saving
endangered species from extinction as well (Paul 45).
Animal research is regulated by the Animal Welfare Act(AWA). The Animal Welfare Act protects
animals against mistreatment during experimentation and living in labs. The act protects against
mistreatment of animals by enforcing the following rules: minimum housing standards for research
animals (enclosure size, temperature, access to clean food and water, and others), all proposals to
use animals for research must be approved by an institutional animal care and use committee set up
by

Animal Research : The Miracle Of Animal Testing
Ali Alhasoon
Dr. Jessica Oxendine
English 1301 13 October 2017
The Miracle of Animal Research
Animals have been our companions for centuries. Since ancient Greek, humans have experimented
on animals to study them, find answers, and treatments for diseases (Dey et al). Evaluating new
chemicals to potentially cure diseases and help people survive longer. Much progress has been
achieved by means of animal experimentation. While many people today strongly oppose it.
However, I support animal testing simply because there are no real current absolute alternatives,
also it's doing more good than harm to animals. And most importantly it contributes tremendously to
life–saving treatments.
First, science has advanced a lot since the early days of animal testing, today we have many
alternative techniques like petri dish cultures, computer simulations, and many others to test drugs
and treatments that complement animal testing. However, animals offer unique results that still
elude other techniques. Some tests that involve complex reactions can only be demonstrated by a
living organism. For example, Petri dish culture cannot give the same results that a living organism
can when researching conditions like blood pressure and blindness ("California Biomedical"). Even
a supercomputer cannot simulate how one part of the brain affect other parts of the body (Doke and
Dhawale ?). Therefore many regulations were introduced by the federal Animal Welfare Act (AWA)
to ensure maximum protection

The Use Of Scientific Testing On Animals
Since Ancient Greece, humans have used animals as means of learning more about the world. The
first known vivisection was done by a Greek philosopher, Alcmaeon, in 450 B. C. E ("Animal
Testing" NP). Since then, animals have had invasives tests performed on them, been killed, and been
experimented on in the name of science or for profit. Some experiments are in order to demonstrate
already known facts to students, others are to further medical knowledge, and some are to test drugs
and cosmetics ("Animal Testing" NP). Scientific testing on animals has led to many medical
discoveries. Animals are used, and have been used for millennia, in order to make products,
procedures, and life in general safer for humans – stemming from the belief that human lives are
more important than animals'. In order to moralize animal experimentation, people tend to draw
attention to the benefits of animal experimentation and draw attention away from the cruelties and
injustice committed towards animals. To lessen the suffering and lack of fairness of animals, people
should find and use alternatives to animal experimentation.
Background Information on Animal Experimentation
There are many different ways in which animals are experimented on: vivisection, "the cutting of or
operation on a living animal for scientific investigation," dissection (examining an animal by cutting
into it), exposure to chemicals, testing new surgical procedures, and various other experiments
("Animal Testing" NP). When

Animal Testing Rhetorical Analysis
"Animal Experimentation" The concept of animal testing has grown to be very controversial. The
thought of experimenting on animals results in different emotions. Many people would argue that
experimenting on animals is brutal and others would argue otherwise. An article by the title of
"Point: Animal Testing– A Necessary Evil?" written by Danielle Paterson, a pre–vet student at James
Madison University argues that animal testing should be stopped. Paterson explains the cruelty
behind animal experimentation. To oppose her argument, a 2016 article by the title of "Medical
Experiments on Animals Are an Important Element of Drug Development" written by Geraldine
Wagner, a graduate of the state university of New York argues the importance of animal ... Show
more content on Helpwriting.net ...
She does well in conducting her article, but there are some setbacks that ceases the proposal of her
point. For instance, she derails from her subject throughout her article. To begin her article, Paterson
provides some statistics about animals supported with evidence. She then makes a clear statement to
determine her position and views, but she continues to trail off from her thesis as she proceeds. The
development of her connection with her readers is very limited in her article. She only connects with
a certain audience. She does not perceive her article in a way where she connects with a wider
variety of audience. Her argument is conducted to mainly connect with pet owners and animal
lovers. For example she states that, "Now imagine your cat or dog, or someone you knows four–
legged friend being used for experiments, poked and prodded at all day long in the name of
"science". Most pet owners develop a love for their animals, as I have for all my pets, including
dogs, hamsters, turtles and lizards" (Paterson). She also shows some repetition in her article. For
example "...cause the animals physical as well as psychological distress and suffering. Often the
procedures can cause a great deal of suffering" (Paterson), Furthermore, Paterson does not include a
concluding sentence at the end of her article instead she provides a video. Not concluding can leave
her readers confused and without a closure on her argument. On the

Cosmetic Testing Vs Animal Testing
The Draize Irritation Test is another type of test that a cosmetics companies should not use in the
cosmetic industry. Michael Balls explained how the Draize rabbit skin irritation test is used in
Alternatives to Animal Testing, "the skin is often exposed, either intentionally or unintentionally,
and therefore a risk assessment regarding the potential cause to irritation of the skin is before
marketing"(Balls et al. 103). During the Draize test, rabbits are immobilized, the test substance is
put into the eye and is then watched to compare the eyes and how they are affected. The standard
tests use .5 mL or .5 g of the substance on the skin of the animal for at least four hours and then
examined at several time points for up to seventy–two hours. However, as the surface is bared for
the testing, there is a possibility for the skin to be irritated due to the removal process. Testors may
say that no irritation occurred because of the removal of the fur, there is still no guarantee of it. With
these procedures for Animal testing, this does seem to raise the expenses to take care of the animals.
There many alternative ways of testing cosmetic products which are more reliable than animal
testing. In Animals and Alternatives in Testing: History, Science, and Ethics, the chapter
"Toxicology & Toxicity Testing," Goldberg, Rudacille, and Zurlo had found that In Vitro testing are
more reliable in the speed of results, and control in the environment. In Vitro testing is

Animal Vivisection Is A Essential Aspect Of All Sciences
Experimentation is a vital aspect of all sciences, as it validates hypothesis and furthers scientific
development. However, many believe that science crosses the line when animals become subjected
to experimentation as a way to further research. This is a controversial topic, as it examines what to
us, as humans, is more important, morality or science? These animals are forced to endure pain and
suffering, in an attempt to prolong and ease the lives of humans. Animal vivisection is unethical, and
there are alternatives that can be utilized, therefore, it should be lessened, and ultimately eradicated.
Firstly, it is important to understand what exactly animal vivisection is, as well as the aspects of
science in which it is used. ... Show more content on Helpwriting.net ...
This is when companies test certain compounds, such as makeup, on animals to determine if they
are safe for human use. The testing of vaccines on animals also occurs to ensure that they are benign
to human use. In relation to vaccine testing, large quantities of animals are used during each test, to
guarantee the validity of the trial. The final aspect of science that uses vivisection is education. In
this area of science, animals are often killed prior to the studies, which typically are the dissection of
the animals. Vivisection is commonly used in these five areas of science, as a way to test products,
or to validate or disprove hypothesis. It becomes clear that animal vivisection should be outlawed
when examining the statistics on animals that are used for experiments. The most startling fact
pertaining to animal vivisection is that there is no solid statistics in relation to the amount of animals
that are used in experiments:
The Office of Technology Assessment, which provides official statistics on the numbers of animals
used, maintains that it is not possible to know even whether the number of animals used [in
experimentation] is increasing or decreasing. Their quote from 1986 [estimates that] between
seventeen and twenty–two million animals [were used] in research. (Donni)
While there is no agreed upon number of the amount of animals

Animal Testing Research Paper
Spencer Bigelow
15 October 2014
Ethics in a World Context
Professor Traxler
(Title)
The Society of Toxicology, a group of doctors and scientist dedicated to creating a safer and
healthier world through the advancement of toxicology, issued this statement recently, "research
involving laboratory animals is necessary to ensure and enhance human and animal health and
protection of the environment" (citation). Animal testing, a long debated issue, refers to the use of
animals in experiments. It is used to assess the effectiveness of everything from medication to
cosmetics. As a practice animal testing can be traced back to the 3rd of 4th centuries BCE when
Aristotle and others preformed dissections on live animals. Today, approximately 13–25 ... Show
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Primarily, they believe that animals don't offer an adequate study system because of the inherent
differences on the anatomic, metabolic and cellular levels. Paul Furlong, a professor at Aston
University in the UK, declares, "it's very hard to create an animal model that even equates closely to
what we're trying to achieve in the human," (citation). As such, the success rates on humans of drugs
that pass animal testing is far from perfect. During the 1950's in the United States, thalidomide, a
sleeping pill causes over 10,000 birth defects in humans despite the fact that it successfully
completed animal testing (citation). While it is true that animal testing isn't always perfect at
predicting the effectiveness of a certain drug's effect on a human, it is the best option available. For
instance, had the thalidomide been tested properly on pregnant animals it would have shown that
deformities were prevalent in mice, rats, hamsters, marmosets, baboons, and the New Zealand white
rabbit (citation). The success rate of animal testing is also a great misnomer. Thousands of drugs
undergo animal testing each year with hundred becoming available on the open market. Inherently,
the failures of animal testing such as thalidomide are greatly exaggerated. What go unnoticed are the
many successful drugs that wouldn't be possible without the

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