Public Arts Controversy

Public Arts Controversy
Dear City Council, I am a citizen who has heard about the decision of whether or not to use city funds for the sculpture. Our city is seemingly
tedious due to the lack of art, and this would be a great opportunity to change it. I support the creation of this sculpture because it will enhance our
city's appearance and allow citizens to experience the beauty of art. First of all, the sculpture will fill our lives with the beauty of art as citizens. For
example, "the History of Public Art" article gives a background on ancient greek statues and temples, and it states that the "structures helped unite the
citizens of the communities of which they stood by providing a concrete focus for national identity and pride" (The History of Public Art). For... Show
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However, this can not be a difficult and substantial situation. In fact, when Chicago was introduced to its first monumental outdoor Picasso sculpture,
the public disliked it at first until later it "became a symbol of the city" (Artner). Public art may develop controversy, however people will begin to
accept the sculpture. Art is a significant piece in the citizen's lives by unifying them with national identity and pride. Another opposing viewpoint is
that public art does not need government funds because there are other important situations like high unemployment rates. This may be true, but public
art can do much more than just giving national pride to citizens and transforming dull spaces. Furthermore, Chicago's Picasso sculpture "opened the
way to countless reproductions that bred familiarity, the first step toward love" (Artner). This shows that the sculpture significantly inspired others and
brought visitors into Chicago. With these visitors coming into Chicago, more jobs were opened like tour guides and management positions. Investing
our city funds into this sculpture will be gainful because more jobs will be produced for unemployed
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How Graffiti Is Art
Nhan Loc
Professor: R. L. White
English 93
01 December 2016
Graffiti is Art Graffiti is a form of art well known in the street art. There are many forms of arts like drawing, painting, sculpture, or graffiti. Graffiti is
an art used for the community to send messages as well as representing for community identity and pride through Graffiti artwork. In the book "Read
Write Connect" by Kathleen Green Amy Lawler, chapter 22Public Art talks about what graffiti art, vandalism art is, the differences between graffiti
artwork and vandalism, and the purpose of graffiti. What is street art? It is a free public art that involves many different styles such as graffiti, sticker,
street posters. Graffiti is a true art has different meanings. Graffiti is an art, not a simple tagging but an actual mural that represents meanings in every
detail, style, and color. According to "Public Art & Street Art" by Patrick Frank, " The street artists made much broader statement about themselves and
the world in a language that was widely understandable"(p446), this talks about the language in art is amazing, communicating through art is a
language that everyone can understand and relate to. However, some might argue that graffiti is vandalism. Vandalism is when street artists paint
without any permissions of private property owners. In the articles, "What graffiti means to a community" says "Most vandals are young people, from
grade school age to young adults, who damage property for reasons

Public Art in the United Arab Emirates
Public art is the art that has been planned to of being staged in public and its usually outdoor, it can be carved sculpture, cast or built or painted.
What's special about public art is the way how it is made, the place where it is and what meaning it has behind it. Public art can express community
value or describe a cultural related point, and its placed in public for everyone to see. Public art is a reflection of how the artist sees the world and
response to his time and space. In this essay, I want to review about how the public art reflects the traditional culture.
As an example of public art in the UAE, is the camel caravan. It is a sculpture of a camel that is painted with colorful different shapes. There is
several camels caravan located around the place, and each of them has a different unique style. I believe that public art should be reflective of
traditional culture. The camel caravan also has a reflection on the cultural side that camels are very common and a known animal in the UAE. Public
art strategies help to uncover and enhance the implied identity, the value, the unique meaning and the character of the social and physical form of a
community or a society, the community's character and sense of space reflects this identity. The person's sense of space always develops over time
while reflecting the shade of his social values around and within the community. The character of a community will be reflected by its cultural
narrative space of a place. The

Public Space And Public Art
While we often move through different spaces in society continuously, many individuals do not necessarily regard the importance of these urban spaces
within their daily lives. It is important to consider the definition of public space in order to further explore certain activities that take place within this
sphere. According to Mehta (2014), a definition of public space that focuses on the access and use of space, defines this space as "publicly accessible
places where people go for group or individual activities" (p. 54). Thus, these are spaces that contain a variety of different uses and for the purpose of
this paper one particular use that explores public space in an alternative way is public art festivals. Public art has been a large ... Show more content on
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The Nuit Blanche 2017 focuses around the theme Many Possible Futures which allows for further exploration of the challenges and crisis' within
Canadas history and day to day. As a result, this event encourages individuals to explore the everyday spaces of the city and offers numerous
possibilities on how the cities spaces can be used. This paper wishes to put forth the idea that Nuit Blanche is used as means of enhancing awareness
of social issues into the public sphere through the use of transforming everyday spaces with art. This begins by recognizing that Nuit Blanche allows
individuals to revisit the ways in which spaces are used in the city. In addition, the festival helps individuals regain an understanding of public space
through the various messages being communicated. Lastly, it promotes the development and growth of social life within the public sphere.
In order to achieve a critical investigation of the Nuit Blanche festival one particular zone of interest is the art exhibits located around Queens Park and
University of Toronto. Queens Park on Wellesly Street, is a public park in the downtown area of Toronto open to residents as well as visitors of the
area. The park was created between 1886 and 1892 as a legislative building for the province of Ontario

Argumentative Essay: Should Government Fund Public Art
Art gives us a sense of beauty, recognition, and is a symbol of work and passion. When we look at art, we see the work that is put into it and it
inspires us in ways we may not even know. However, when we think of art, we usually think of museums and art galleries that hold the masterpieces,
not the streets or plazas that we live among that would actually make a great place to add a sculpture or a statue with the help of government funding.
The government should use city funds to encourage public arts to be made on the streets or in the city plazas for a multitude of reasons.
Art should be inspiring people in their daily lives, not just when they go to a museum for a day, if they even have a chance to enter. People should see
others' work and accomplishment as a sense of inspiration or motivation. Public artwork that is funded by the city would bring the citizens together and
... Show more content on Helpwriting.net ...
A big argument brought up by people, as stated by Source 4, is, "With high unemployment rates and rising rents and food costs across the nation, every
one of those dollars matters immensely–and none of them should be wasted on funding for public art," and they are extremely right. Government
money is important and shouldn't be wasted on public art – if arts didn't give the many benefits that they do. The arts that are being put up by the
government are not being put up for no reason. They are there in order to inspire and to "lighten" up the city. The definition of wasted is, "something
such as time or money that is... not used effectively." (macmillandictionary.com) However, as you have read, the craftwork do have a purpose in
bringing up the city and uniting the community. Therefore, according to definition, the money being used on these arts not not being "wasted" but
spent; it has a purpose for why it is

Should Government Fund Public Art
Public art is in every city around the world the art represents an idea or story for that artist. An artist here in the city wants to build a sculpture to
represent what their city does. The city council should vote to have the government fund the making of the sculpture. On the other hand the city
council shouldn't vote for the government to pay for the sculpture because the government is taking the money away from the citizens.
The city council should vote for the government to pay for the sculpture because they can help provide for many things that are needed. Art in the
world can show us places that we have never thought about before, they can tell us stories and represent ideas. The Finance and Culture Magazine
Editor says that "Art ... Show more content on Helpwriting.net ...
In, "2008, a record–breaking 858 million public dollars was spent on the arts by local governments in the United States." The government has already
spent millions of dollars on funding artist's work. Some of the artist work is either altered or destroyed by many events or people. Some of the world's
greatest sculptures have been made without government funding. The governments should be funding people who don't have a job or people who
come from low–income families because they need more help than the people who have significant amounts of money saved up for their children or
like rainy day funds. Also they should be helping the people who were in a natural disaster or can't pay for their medical bill because they aren't

Persuasive Essay On Public Education
It is no secret that the public school system, especially in urban parts of the community, nationwide has struggled with many things such as funding,
lack of supplies, lack of jobs for public education, etc. Many students who are a part of this type of environment may lack the type of exposure that
other students from private or charter schools may encounter every day. The number one thing that thepublic school system is missing as far as
exposure to students is arts being taught in schools. In order to alleviate the increasingly enormous rate of public schools having low test scores as
well as the problem of not being as diverse as better privileged children and adolescents (even teens), is to expand the horizons of these public
schools and public school systems by adding more fine art classes and fine art lesson plans to the curriculum as well as show students first–hand about
how public art such as graffiti, murals, and other forms can be recreational to them. This tactic may also help with the rise of test scores, and even the
overall better status of that particular school and many more public schools nationwide.
Academic standards are held high by all people. These people include the state, the government, and even smaller levels of people such as communities,
parents, and all people. Education and its values are what fuel this world. Granted, some communities value education more than others. However, the
reason that this is so is that of the lack of money that

Graffiti War
What do the "graffiti wars" say about social relations of inequality and power in cities?
Unequal power relations seemingly drive the war against graffiti. Arguably, this war targets marginalized individuals in poor communities, more
specifically; it targets poor Black and Latino youth. Chronopolous (2011) argues that graffiti is seen as a threat to social disorder and suggests that
communities festered with graffiti are "out of control" (Chronopoulous 2011, pg. 77–78). This is as a result of authorities seeing the act of graffiti
writing as a domination of public spaces by Blacks and Latinos. Not to mention, they also consider graffiti artists as criminals, disturbed, insignificant,
insecure, cowards, and socially maladjusted; which ... Show more content on Helpwriting.net ...
As stated by Taki, an influential graffiti artist when addressing the concern authorities held about his graffiti writing, "Why they go after the little guy?
Why not campaign organizations that put stickers all over the subways at election time?" (Chronopoulos 2011, pg. 81). Though, graffiti is deemed as
legitimate when it is used to generate profit, which is seen through the recent increased demand for graffiti with the purpose of beautification and
gentrification. Evidently, the growing concern over graffiti in public spaces is driven by the conflict graffiti creates when obstructing advertisements,
which generate increased consumption and profit. It also demonstrates the lack of tolerance the dominant class has for the promotion of dominance by
the lower class. Moreover, constant "public proclamations" which urged people to see graffiti writing as a social safety issue, has certainly influenced
the demand for anti–graffiti efforts and the attitudes upper and middle class whites had towards Blacks and Latinos (Chronopoulos 2011, pg. 87)
There are many associations with graffiti writing, Hip–hop being the first. Though the emergence of graffiti can be attributed to street gangs; which,
they used to mark their territories (Chronopoulos 2011, pg. 79), graffiti began to merge with hip–hop culture in the 70s (Chronopoulos 2011, pg. 82).
Ultimately, this combination promoted the public domination over public spaces in New York Citythrough the use

Bob Banksy Research Paper
Born in Bristol, England, around 1974 and rose to prominence for his provocative stenciled pieces in the late 1990s, Banksy is an unmasked street
artist who takes risks to get the word out about political and social issues. He was part of a group called DryBeadZ, and he used stencils on occasion
but many of his work was largely freehand.
Like many artists, their work addresses many things. Like them, Banksy addresses various cultural and social issues such as commercialism in society,
government surveillance of citizens, and violence in society. Many of his graffiti is just graffiti and society's response. Often his paintings or sculptures
contrast images. For example, an image such as a clash between police and innocence or a fusion

The Difference Between Graffiti And Graffiti
An expression or application of creative skill and imagination, typically in a visual form such as a painting or subculture, producing works to be
appreciated primarily for their beauty or emotional power. (Oxford, 2012).
As the years have passed Art has come to include expanding subgenres including architecture, murals and memorials (Newspaper Association of
America, 2001). However, since the booming of Hip Hop culture, graffiti has also been acknowledged as a form of art in popular culture. "Pop Culture"
is a term that includes society's current collective preferences in music, film, sports, recreation, jokes, fashion and advertising (The Museum of
Contemporary Art, 1990). Considering the effects of the international technological revolution... Show more content on Helpwriting.net ...
As they differ in terms of technique, function and intent, there are still few similarities that are drawn between the two. Although one is subversive and
the other is not, it is the one that is, that is most in question.
A defining difference is that street art does not directly emerge from Hip Hop in contrast, graffiti does. Graffiti is not only an art form it is highly
recognized as a cultural movement that has spread across the globe as a sub–genre of Hip Hop (Blanchard. B, 1999) Street artists are sometimes seen
as middle class gallery artists that curate their work on the street whereas graffiti is not. An example of this is a mural being painted outside a museum
perhaps.
In contrast graffiti artists are more interested in presenting a statement in the spontaneity and minimalism of their work. Graffiti artists are also seen as
being more invested in the art on a more personal level; by nature it rejects the concept of commissions. The culture of street art and graffiti has been
threatened by the blurring of the lines within art and has caused underlying discourses in the public art community (Province of Western Cape:
Provincial Gazette,

Controversy In Public Art
Public art is where the artwork is put in public spaces for the audience to see and appreciate. Some private art galleries are costly and some people are
not able to afford it. So, by having public art in public space allows people to view for free. It is also easily accessible to all types of audience. The
audience who views public art can be people from different age group, gender, ethnicity, belief, and class. "Placemaking is like homemaking"(Kelly).
Chicago is one of the best location to explore interesting public art exhibitions. Overall, public art can be used as stress–free zone for family and friends.
Not all would have positive views or comments about the public art. "The identity of the public in contemporary public art is amorphous.. negative
and positive, respectively"(Kelly). There will be some people who will think negative and criticize about the public art. For example, there will be
some people who are judgmental on artwork and hollow question like "why would someone spend money on this artwork at a public place?"
However, not all people are hypercritical there will be some people who are appreciated and treasure happiness of effort that was created by artist
who display their artwork to public places. Placemaking is allowing artists to display their wonderful and hardworking piece of art, whether huge or
small of a public place. By Placemaking, it lets the neighborhood, city, parks, and store look attractive and valuable. "Placemaking is the art and

Graffiti Vandalism Essay
Is graffiti vandalism or art? Many people say that graffiti is art, while others disagree saying its vandalism. In my opinion, graffiti is art. This type of
art can be understood in different ways and can be considered as vandalism. It really all depends on what the picture expresses to you and what you
see. But everyone has their own opinions and everyone sees everything differently. While many of these artists who are extremely talented and spend
most of their time on their pieces, our society has labeled them as vandals that damage private property.
Artists that use graffiti is a way of expression to society. They express what they might be feeling inside or going through. Every art piece has a story
behind it. Graffiti is like poetry. ... Show more content on Helpwriting.net ...
For most people, graffiti is nothing more than splotches on a wall. But to those people who admire it, graffiti is a technique that is changing the way
we look at spray paint.
"It may be called art, but I don't like it," (DuBois, 2015). Most of these artists who haven't been recognized by galleries, risk themselves on a daily
basis. This is their job, expressing their pain or happiness on a piece. Each time you pass a piece on a wall just ask yourself, "What could they be going
through?" Art is expressed in so many ways. Graffiti is spread all over the world.
Graffiti artists have the constant threat of facing consequences for displaying their art. Many of them choose to protect their identities so they remain
anonymous. Banksy is the world's most notorious and well–known street artists who to this day remains faceless in today's society. His tags are
well–known for his anti–war, political stencil art. His work is seen from Bristol, England to anywhere from Los Angeles to Palestine. Pixnit is another
artist who chooses to keep their identity anonymous. Her art focuses on beauty and design aspects of graffiti.
The term graffiti art essentially describes the post–1960s for decorating the urban environment through the use of aerosol spray paint. The development
structure links with the underground hip–hop culture and b–boying. The B–boys, the first examples of hip–hop used graffiti as a way to express
frustration with life.
Rather the categorization of graffiti art

Translating Art Installation into ICT: Lessons Learned...
1.INTRODUCTION
In an interactive digital art, the artwork consists in producing relationships between an active audience and a dynamic art–system [8]. These
relationships are part of the concept of relational aesthetics, a tendency in contemporary art in which art is a set of artistic practices that produces a
social experience completing the artwork [5]. According to Fels [26] people build relationships with objects external to their own self depending on
how deeply embodied the person is into an object or an object is into the person. These objects may be other people, devices, or other external entities.
For artists, achieving a deeply type of embodiment is challenging [26]. Issues relating to Human–Computer Interaction (HCI) are ... Show more content
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Public art installations has been used to engage people to interact more with their city and their community. These kinds of installation give people a
space and a chance to express their individuality, thoughts and aspirations with their community improving or creating relationships among people [6].
Designing space for self–expression and socialization have an important role for people in a community remembering and celebrating their own
culture [6]. Several art projects such as "Wishing Wall" [23], "Community Chalkboards" [12] and "Before I Die" [7] used thepublic space to promote
community awareness of audience through art as seen in figure 1. These art projects explored inclusive ways for reflection and sharing a public space
using relatively simple materials such as post–its, stickers and stencils. In those studies, it was observed that people decided to interact not only with
the installation but also with each other around them in that space. Furthermore, socio–cultural aspects in the audience expression was noticed in the
installations [23][12][7].
Figure 1: a) Wishing wall [23]; b) Community Chalkboards [12]; c) Before I die [7]. In the Wishing wall deployed temporarily in Cape Town,
people shared their wishes by asking happiness, love and prosperity and it was evident the lack of jobs in the city due to the number of job
applications [23]. In the Community

Graffiti Research Papers
Graffiti has existed for several decades and it's still going strong. By the definition of any type of writing on the wall, it actually goes back to ancient
Rome. The style of urban graffiti, that most identify as graffiti, came from New York City in the late 1960s. It was born by the tagging of subway
trains. Tagging means, that they would simply leave their signature in places. For tagging on the insides of trains, permanent markers worked, but
using spray cans of paint quickly became popular as well, especially for tagging on the outside of trains.
Soon, graffiti became more than just simple tagging, because the graffiti artists, would try to exceed each other in terms of style. At first, writers
would try to make their tags more stylish than anyone else's. Later on, they would add more colours, special effects, and make their name bigger.
Graffiti really evolved into a complex art form with its own techniques and vocabulary. From simple tags on the insides of trains to masterpieces that
spanned multiple subway cars, the art and science of graffiti grew quickly and soon ... Show more content on Helpwriting.net ...
The most known street artists Banksy and Shepard Fairey. Banksy, has had his work shown in galleries such as Sotheby's in London. Despite his
anonymity, the British artist has gained tremendous popularity. (Lombardo, 2015)
Like all other artistic forms, graffiti has experienced movements or changes in style. The messages have also evolved. Graffiti has always been
somewhat political, but it has come a long way from simply tagging one's name to parodying world leaders to make a statement. (Sanchez, 2007)
This is further proof that graffiti is a form of art and not just a result of random acts of vandalism. The graffiti community moves in different directions
and the resultant artwork moves with

Art : The Art And Disrespects Of Public Art
Singer and entertainer, Andy Stewart once said, "The point with public art, I think, is that it helps people form a sense that the place they live in is
unique, that there's something special about it." Public art can influence our emotions, thoughts, and actions. The art that is created can be consider to
be an inspiration, or disrespectful towards the community and towards critics. Public art can bring depth into something that is not considered to be
worthy of talking.
To begin with, Public art is consider to be art of any media that has been planned with the intention of it being place outside and or accessible to the
public's eyes, for example, a museum. Graffiti consists to be mainly scribble drawings, sprayed painted or scratched into a wall or other surface in a
public space, but consider to be illegal. Murals are mainly a painting, or a work of art directly on a wall. Public art existed as early as 422 BCE in
Greek cities. According to "Visual Arts Cork" website, "A supreme example of public art in Ancient Greece is the Parthenon on the Acropolis at
Athens." The Parthenon templet was first viewed as the virtues of religion and and social art. Afterwards, the Roman authorities began to produce
massive statues of the Roman Emperor in order to demonstrate the appreciation of the majesty of Rome. As time passed by, the Christian communities
gave their own meaning of what public art actually meant. They described public art as a form of aesthetics and propaganda as

Public Art Is Art? What Is Its Art?
What is art? What is public art? What is its power? What can it do? According to the article by Patrick Frank, "Public art is art that you might
encounter without intending to; it exists in a public place, accessible to everyone" (Pg. 480) If this definition is true, all kinds of advertisements are
great forms of Public art. Street, high way, TV, Twitter, YouTube, all of these kind of "Public spaces" are the hotbed of advertisement. Thus,
advertisement contains the element the art have, it is a work that created by the people who want others to feel or think what they feel or think, or what
they want them to feel or think, which perfectly describe the property of advertisement. But, just like black swan and white swan in the "Swan lake",
not all the public art is affecting people in a constructive way, so do advertisement, making worse by its bestially influence and creating lots of
problems. Therefore, the toxicity of advertising is created by its purpose, missing regulation and abnormal value of the object in it.
Even in the days that we don't have Twitter, Facebook, TV, printing, and Paper, advertising were still happening. In the those days, people us their
throat as a tool of advertising, howling loudly for attracting others who passing by to buy something, which kind of similar to what singers do. But,
nowadays, advertisement isn't as crude as the old days. It is more similar to a collection of all other kinds of art like film, paint or drama. Due to
Technology like

Graffiti Should Not Be In Art Galleries
January 25, 2016
To Whom It May Concern: I am writing this letter because i have heard comments and rumors around the community about graffiti being in museums
and in art galleries. Graffiti should not be in art galleries or in museums because graffiti started out in the streets and thats where it should stay. First of
all, tagging and graffiti are very different even though there are spoken in similar context. In source 1 by Steven Dolan it states "Although tagging is
the most common type of graffiti, there are bigger, more accomplished examples that appear on larger spaces.." However, even though tagging and
graffiti are very different, people will still often say they are very similar because they are both made of cans of paint.

Essay on Graffiti
GRAFFITI – The Public Art Movement
The widespread dissemination of colorful graffiti paintings on the walls of our major cities has made it impossible to ignore this form of "public art."
As contact with this form of expression increases, one starts to recognize styles, recurrent themes, patterns and stylistic influences. To the massesgraffiti
seems to represent "vandalism," an ugly and threatening attempt to undermined social value and prestige. For graffiti writers, graffiti is a secret
expression, an urban form of mystic calligraphy, a voice against the" man."
Graffiti as an act of transgression against social law and order can be traced back to the first century AD. On once public and privately owned
Pompeiian walls and ... Show more content on Helpwriting.net ...
Although the world of the Shaman was much different from the colossal buildings of social and political order, both the shaman and the graffiti artist
appear as the insurgent shadows of creativity in a world of social hierarchy and economic–political stratification. Graffiti artists see themselves as
"revolutionaries" outside the established "art market" of the gallery system and the utilitarian values of capitalist social order. They like the shaman
understand their art as ideological statements and symbolic transformative instruments for initiating social change. Many artists argue that graffiti is
only used "to leave a trace of one's existence. However, these criticisms fail to acknowledge that much of graffiti has taken it's roots in social protest,
making the artist's community his audience. The targets of graffiti, the public and private buildings are symbols of the social body and capitalist
identity. Graffiti writers knowingly and willingly tag the most sacred things of the hierarchy; the more sacred the symbol and taboo, the more
"attractive" and empowering the transgressive ritual act. The graffiti artist

Space, Race, And Place: An Analysis
While society may view graffiti as a negative aspect in communities even if it isn't harmful, it also receives praise from many people. In "The Making
of Space, Race, and Place" Dickinson stated that "Graffiti writers would be referred to as vandals, thugs, and criminals in the mass media, and their
own voices would be largely shut out" (29). This is not completely true because even though graffiti writers are considered "vandals" and "criminals",
people are still treating them as people they can invest in. Graffiti writers are actually being acknowledged and paid to write. For example, "High
profile graffiti writers and crews form relationships with spray paint companies through ad hoc and more enduring paint contracts, can be sponsored to
attend invitational events and are often the subject of articles in the graffiti magazines that have grown with the subculture" (McAuliffe and ... Show
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In "Graffiti as Career and Ideology", Lachmann states that organizations "tried to win their members recognition as serious artists by encouraging
writers to produce graffiti–style works on canvas and various other media with a view toward their sale to art collectors" (246). Rather than stopping
graffiti writers, they are being encouraged to keep producing graffiti–style works to sell. While they aren't vandalizing anymore and they are producing
art on canvas, it is unexpected to further support these "criminals" like the organizations are doing. Some graffiti is even so respected and praised that
it is protected. The perfect example of this is that "The stencil work and street art of British artist Banksy, possibly the most well–known contemporary
graffiti writer/street artist, has gained such value as a commodity that the work on some of his walls is now protected under the aegis of urban
heritage" (McAuliffe and Iveson 139). How can graffiti and its writers be so frowned upon but so many people still praise

The School Of Athens And Marcel Duchamp 's Fountain
The world of art is exists in a constant state of change, as with every passing generation its very definition evolves. For instance, the disproportioned
figures resting against a flat plain of the Medieval Times got replaced by the hyper–realistic works of the Old Masters and those, in time, were taken
over by the whirl of colour and light that the Impressionism brought in the 19th century. After that, many other movements came to exist, each vastly
different than the last, and in the future more will see the light of day. Consequently, both Raphael's " The School of Athens" and Marcel Duchamp's
"Fountain" are both considered great works of art, regardless of the fact that those two pieces are nothing alike. Therefore, under certain circumstances,
the illegality of painting on public or privately own spaces does not diminish the artistic qualities of graffiti– those two statements are mutually
exclusive, as certain types graffiti are in fact works of art, regardless of the method used to create them. In their essay, Cameron McAuliffe and Kurt
Iveson make an excellent point; many people seem to treat graffiti as thing rather than a concept: "Despite the tendency in the regulation of urban space
to treat graffiti as a singular form, in reality graffiti extends through many different forms, with writers and artists informed by myriad motivations"
(p.129). Graffiti is in fact, too broad a term that spans into many different subcultures, and encompasses many different styles.

Banksy: Exit Through The Gift Shop
red a type of art.By definition public acclaim is acknowledgment by the public while artistic concern is why an artist creates something a certain way
in relation to process, form, etc. In "Exit Through the Gift Shop" Banksy, a well–known street artist, tells the story of his friend Thierry. Banksy is
most well known for being unknown, a man of mystery, highly regarded by the public but his true identity has yet to be revealed (although there
have been recent claims to who he is), while Thierry after spending most of his life filming street artists, became an artist himself under "order" of
Banksy, raking in serious cash in his first debut. Banksy had a very particular way of doing things. Many of his stencils included rats with

Graffiti And Street Art Museum
While waiting for on a train, the mobile art museum known as graffiti passes you. Graffiti has been integrated into the everyday life regardless of
city size or laws. By definition, graffiti is any type of writing or drawing scribbled, scratched or sprayed onto a surface in public. Freehanded graffiti
has evolved into a premeditated version known as street art. Graffiti and street art allows artists worldwide to express themselves in their entirety.
However, these forms of art are considered vandalism because the majority of graffiti is painted on buildings without permission. This causes debate
on who owns public space, expressionism, and consent. With help of Thierry Guetta, a French boutique owner turned freelance videographer, the world
of graffiti and its artists are exposed in Exit through the Gift Shop. Well–known artists such as Shephard Fairey, Invader, Borf, and many others are
captured by Guetta's camcorder. Guetta captures the art chronologically from beginning to end all while avoiding law enforcement. His efforts led to
following around the extremely talented, Banksy.Banksy is the alias of a world renounced graffiti and street artist. The main concept behind his
artwork is political activism, satire, and brandalism. An example of this is his 2010 piece portraying a Native American Indian holding a "no
trespassing" sign. It conveys great irony in American history for the American colonists took over the natives' land while searching for freedom
themselves.

All Street Arts Are Vandalism
Do many people think about that all street arts are vandalism? Do you think the contribution of "Exist through the gift shop" movie shows, which
released in 2010 by Thierry guests helps to change people thought about street arts? Who are the most important two guys who played a big role in the
street art in this movie show? Banksy is a UK guy who lives in London, have secret identity, face dangerous situation, and experienced and talented
graphic artist. First, Banksy is a guy who has secret identity. For example, he does not want people to see his face or hear his sound even in the
movie and in the world. Also, when he had his first US exhibition, he covers himself in elephant stache and two faces painted. No one now what he
look like, if he married or not, if he ... Show more content on Helpwriting.net ...
Also, Banksy faces dangerous situation in his everyday life because he is doing illegal jobs and his work put him in danger situations. To illustrate,
when to put his work in magic mouse Disney land, he almost caught by security. Also, when he post his art, he has to clap the roof of the higher
building, and he has to go there at night after 10:00 pm or midnight. Also, Banksy is talented and experienced graphic artist. For instance, the
painting he posted in the public area, and the create he make in his exhibition show is inspired by many people including Thierry. Also, Banksy first
show got many appreciations o On the other thing; Thierry Guetta is a France guy who lives in Los Angeles, have known the identity, face a
dangerous situation, and amateur and filmmaker. Firstly, Thierry is a natural family who has known identity in public. For instance, Thierry shows his
wife and his children in the shows, and he talks about where and how grew up. Also, he is a friendly guy. He also there on his exhibition show, and
answer people, who are there to attend the show, question. Thierry faces several dangerous situations starting from 2005 to 2010 the time that he starts
taking a picture and filming street

Judy Bacas Murals Essay
An Inspiration Across Cultures
Public art conquers so much more than the simple task of making the street a little easier to look at. It involves those who created it, those who
supplied the means to create it, and those whose lives it continues to impact. Wall paintings in particular take an important role in working for a greater
good. Judith F. Baca, a Hispanic–American woman and artist– activist has contributed an unaccountable amount to the mural movement in Los
Angeles. She has accomplished this by giving individuals the chance to create art and develop a sense of pride, she has taught younger generations a
respect for their ethnic identity, and from the many walks of life that continue to view her ... Show more content on Helpwriting.net ...
The simple fact that Baca is a woman is extremely important when it comes to evaluating her impact on others. Being a woman and reaching out for
social change the way that Judy Baca does takes much dedication and passion. Bell hooks writes about the commodification of women in the art
world: "...an undiscerning marketplace seeks to confine, limit, and even destroy our artistic freedom and practice." (Hooks 1981, 17). While Baca
comes from the historically challenged feminine perspective, she can reach the youth that she works with because of their disadvantaged perspective
as well. They are more apt to listen and learn from her because she has already overcome the challenge of succeeding in as a Hispanic American
woman in a patriarchal society.
Baca's commitment led her to found the Social and Public Art Resource Center (SPARC) along with film maker Donna Dietch and artist Christina
Schlesinger in Venice, California. SPARC has facilitated in the creation, preservation and documentation of public art in the Los Angeles area. In this
way SPARC has been able to get the community involved in art and has given a voice to peoples of color. In addition, the center has organized
symposia and exhibitions that draw attention to the multitude of cultures that make up the area as well as the entire country (Brown 1996, 28).
Baca began work on SPARC's first

Graffiti: Misunderstood By The Public
Graffiti is always misunderstood by the public because many people think it is illegal.
Actually, the purpose of the graffiti is that if they were drawing or writing in the public space,people can see.Besides, the graffiti is a special way for
artist to express idea and feeling.
However, not all graffiti is art. Some city spend million dollars to remove it because they make the city ugly. Graffiti become avandalism.People
believe that the real art should be in the museum or gallery until the man arose.
This man is Keith Haring,who is the first man to draw the graffiti in the public space in New York.
Keith Haring was study art in the school.In the school,because many student are interested in graffiti when he left school,he created the pop–art.He

How Graffiti Has Changed Over Time
Guillermo Corte
Professor Peppard
English 110–86
04 May 2015How Graffiti has Changed over Time. Graffiti is the act of inscribing or drawing on walls for the purpose of communicating a message to
the general public. The term comes from the Greek term "Graphein," which means to write. Graffiti has been around since men first started drawing
pictures in caves. However, the focus of this paper is not on pre–historic or amateur graffiti, but on the modern hip–hop graffiti movement that began in
the late 1960 's. The graffiti has two versions: a "legal" aspect, in which artists are able to spray paintings and murals of great spectacle and technical.
The illegal side, is where they express their painting in public spaces such as schools, metros, trains, posters, and wall Streets, etc. Graffiti are a poor
choice for people who practiced this objective because it deny people in follow good roads which is seen a bad self–expression and they also may be
expensive, putting pressure on low–income families. Controversial, secrecy, and taboo are some points that connect with graffiti argument where
graffiti has changed over the years.
The difference between art and vandalism is the vandal do not respect for another individual properties. However, society still discriminates against
very talented men and women who put their talents to the public. These are considered as vandals because they damage private property and pollute the
environment in any way. This

Essay On Jh Odums
Brandon Odums also known as "Bmike" is a local artists from New Orleans that has made a great impact not only in his community, but also
around the country. Mr.Odums says that when he was younger he was always doodling. He went to highschool school at NOCCA. After that he
attended college and studied film. Later after college he went on to work, filming music videos for rappers in New Orleans and he did this for
eight years. Mr.Odums says found an apartment complex after Katrina where he started doing some artwork in the space. As time started passing
and people saw the artwork more artists started to come in, and contribute by creating their own artwork.In result the place became a beacon for art.
It was during this period that Bmike started taking art seriously, and he started demonstrating that by painting history and people that he liked.As the
project evolved more people started paying attention to it and, its fame grew. The project later on went to be called #ProjectBe and it even appeared
on nola.com. As ProjectBe's fame grew there was a negative effect to this fame, in order to enter the building where ProjectBe was taking place both
people and artists had to trespass; so... Show more content on Helpwriting.net ...
StudioBe has become a big success for Mr. Odums and has opened a lot of doors in art for him. One example of this is when Oprah called Bmike,
and told him that she wanted shirts that say, "I am My Ancestors Wildest Dream." This quote can be found in Mr.Odum's studio where there is a
painting of a young African–American women wearing that shirt. Another big project that Mr Odums was involved in Nike's, Equality Campaign,
where he did art work in a basketball court for them for the campaign and his graffiti handwriting was used in their merchandise for the campaign.
Bmike also just finished a mural in Harlem that was six stories high. He has also worked with Ava

The Importance Of Public Art
Public art is art of any sort that is created with the intention of being displayed in public and is usually accessible to all people. Public art is significant
within the art world because it signifies community involvement and collaboration. When referring to public art, what the art is saying is usually more
important than the location of the piece. Public art can come in many different shapes and sizes. Public art can express community values, enhance
the environment, transform a landscape, heighten awareness to an issue, and question people's assumptions. Public art is a way for an artist to
reflect their inner vision to the outside world. The controversy of public art is that art cannot appeal to everyone. Robert Serra's Tilted Arc was
placed at Federal Plaza in downtown New York city in 1981. Its purpose was to make people walk around instead of walking across the plaza. The
controversy was the Serra saw public art as a way to critique the surrounding public area rather than to beautify it. New York Times art critic Grace
Glueck called the Tilted Arc "an awkward, bullying piece that may conceivably be the ugliest work of outdoor art in the city." The criticism did not
gain real grounds until William Diamond became the GSA administrator in 1984. He held a public forum about the Tilted Arc. Those in support of the
Tilted Arc stated that removing the sculpture is against Serra's First Amendment right to free speech. They also stated that the artwork was specific to

Public Funding For Public Art
Throughout history there have been many public funding's that contributed to the world of art. Whether anyone realizes it or not, artists have a lot of
responsibilities to try and please the public when they are working for the public. Also, there are numerous regional issues that greatly influence
decisions about publicly funded art. Art is very important when forming a sense of nation character, therefore, we should support the public funding of
art in America. Art is an important part of society and it can also be a very valuable part of our everyday lives. However, there are many positive and
negative effects when it comes to the public funding of art in America. Supporters claim that subsidizing the arts pays for itself. These supporters
suggest that the arts are what drive the economy of businesses within a community. Nothing in the United States Constitution requires the government
to spend taxpayer dollars to fund public art. If the government chooses to fund public art in America, it must be done in a manner consistent with the
First Amendment. Funding decisions cannot be based on whether the government agrees with the message being expressed in the piece of art. If we
did not have to abide by that rule, then the government officials would use taxpayer dollars only to fund the pieces of art that support their views.
However, what most American citizens do not realize is that the government funds are not infinite; they are limited to an extent. Government agencies

Should Public Funds Be Used To Support Art Essay
In recent years, people are more and more interested in the topic about if the funds are supposed to support Art, and they are still straggling in this
issue or even have some drastic online debate. Public funds are the governmental foundations that gather money from the taxpayer to help run the
communal facilities. Due to read through a lot of research, which made by other specialist, art is a good use of taxpayer's money if it offers the
society job opportunity or economic advantage. This is a direct quote said by Lauren, Minneapolis in the report which written by Ringham (2009),"Art
is a good use of taxpayers' money when it creates a cultural environment that brings businesses and jobs to the area." This essay will examine and
argue that public funds should be used to support artistic project on events for two main reasons, education and economy.
To begin with, students are the future of the society, and Art is a good public–sector investment for educational assets. If the government supports Art,
more pupils can learn it earlier and more diffusive. Based on the research from National ... Show more content on Helpwriting.net ...
Art is the thing that everyone can share and enjoy, no matter the personal economic income or the social status, and it is not elitism or aristocratic. If
the public money is used to funds and help the Arts, an increasing number of people which less fortunate can also feast it. To sum up the ideas from
the above paragraph, if the government funds Arts, not only students will edify by it but also the government itself can gain economic benefit. Here
are two main solutions to the future: first the governors can do some specific survey to get the views from the citizens; second is, increase tax from
other part, such as the tobacco tax and reduce the cost on the military affairs, or to let the people to pay for the tickets to entre every single art

Banksy Research Paper
Banksy
"We don't need any more heroes, we just need someone to take out the recycling"–Banksy
Banksy is the unidentified mysterious artist that for the last twenty years has been vandalising walls across the world with imagery that is known for
its ability to capture an audience with a profound and methodical phase or statement. Banksy's work aims to confront society with the issue faced in
today's culture and challenges the viewer to justify their action. Banksy produces artwork that forces an audiences to think and question themselves and
the world they live in. Although Banksy's true identity is unknown, his artistic style is easily found in his artwork alongside his signature.
Rage the Flower Thrower, 2003 (Figure 1) was discovered ... Show more content on Helpwriting.net ...
In his time there he painted three artworks and one statement on the walls. Gaza Kitten illustrates a kitten wearing a bright bow, finding a ball of
building wreckage to play with. At first glance the kitten appears happy, but when you look closely at her facial features, the kitten expresses
unhappiness, like she is missing joy in her life. The kitten represents the feelings of the children living in Gaza. They might find something to play
with but they are missing joy in their lives. Whilst in Gaza, Banksy was asked what his artwork meant, to which he replied "I wanted to highlight the
destruction in Gaza by posting photos on my website –but on the internet people only look at pictures of kittens." (Banksy, 2015). Banksy achieves this
by using the technique of juxtaposed imagery to create a contrasting effect between the kitten and the ruins of Gaza to emphasise the destruction, this
causes an increase in power and impact to the artwork. He came to Gaza to raise awareness and get people's attention on the issue at hand but people
can't see past a picture of a kitten. This artwork holds strong value and importance in how we as people view war and destruction. The message
attached to the artwork is confronting and smacks us in the face with the hard truth, even if we don't want to hear it. (Landsbaum, C,

Should Graffiti Be Considered Art Research Paper
Should Graffiti Be Considered Art?
Graffiti has long been a controversial topic, is it art or is it vandalism? Most people would consider graffiti to be vandalism but I think that it is so
much more. It is a way for people to express their ideas, graffiti isn't vandalism in certain areas, and graffiti is a very unique form of art. Graffiti is
becoming more accepted as a form of art by many and even though these painters put lots of time and care into their works of art they are still labeled
as vandals.
Graffiti is a way for people to express their ideas and their opinions on events happening in the world. When many people see graffiti all they think is
that the people who did it wanted to vandalize the area, in many cases that is not true

Art, But Only If You Say So
William Blackstone
Trina Sutton
ENC1102
April 6, 2016
It's Art, But Only if You Say So Art is powerful. It has the ability to stir up violence or promote peace, mend relationships or tear ones apart. But how
can just a couple of different colored lines create such a difference? It's our interpretation, sometimes despite the artist's intention, that give art its power.
And there are some activists under the guise of artists (or vice versa) who intend to evoke such emotions and shake the political pot, those who
purposefully try to get people thinking; people like the famous, yet totally anonymous, french artist/activist Princess Hijab and british artist/activist
Banksy. The names of these gifted anonymities are no doubt one's you have ... Show more content on Helpwriting.net ...
These 'political artists' are on a journey to get a point across in society. To display their art on the canvas of public domain, may be considered a crime.
But who determines whether their text is vandalism or art and activism? And if there's a determining factor, what is it?
In an exclusive interview with Juxtapoz magazine, Banksy, most likely the most popular anonymous artist (how ironic is that), commented on how
he qualifies his work as succeeding, saying "I'm at a point with art where I only really care if the piece is more than the sum of its parts. I'm lucky
because what I make either succeeds or fails. Some people undoubtedly would tell you that's why it's crap art, but that's the way it is... All I need is to
make my point and get something more out of it than what I put in... My satisfaction level is independent of your opinion... And the flip side is, if I
know it's failed, there's nothing you can say that would make it OK." (juxtapoz.com) Banksy prides himself on being detached from the populous but
his whole objective is displaying issues prevalent within the populous. His persona reflects an out–of–body experience within society, allowing him to
be sarcastic on heated topics and not being taken as a criminal but regarded as an intellectual. By acting higher than the society these artists are in,
their work is perceived by the public to be higher than just vandalism. And that is where therein lies the sweet spot of success in artistic

Taking a Look at Francis AlГїs
Francis AlГїs Francis AlГїs has startled and dumbfounded our contemporary art world time and again. As a Belgian architect turned artist, now residing
in Mexico city, AlГїs is able to offer a multi–cultural approach to the problems and fallacies of today. Although AlГ
їs is clearly interested in themes of
informal manual labor and homelessness in Mexico, failed promises to assist in the modernizing of Latin America, and society constructed limits in
immigration and movement, his work tends to lend itself more towards poetic attitudes and moods of ephemera, instead of adopting a loud and violent
feel. His projects rotate around ideas of magical absurdity, which leaves them open to interpretation and moves political and economic crises into
landscapes of lyric, where they can be re–examined. "The most significant question he poses is whether such poetic acts, while underlining the
'senselessness' of particular real situations, can also create a space for new ways of thinking" (1). The way that AlГїs works reflects the fluidity of his
ideas, he begins with a concept. He has spoken about being influenced by everything from fairy tales and children's book to Belgian Surrealism and
early Italian Renaissance painting, and AlГїs has even begun projects based entirely on an anecdote he has happened upon. Then come the projects
themselves, which are mostly actions and events. Some of these actions require months of developing and financing, and others are modest and abrupt.
Francis will

Tilted Arc
The Destruction of Public Art Tilted Arc (Figure 1) was brought down on the 15th of March of 1989 by the General Services Administration (GSA) in
the centre of New York's federal plaza. Tilted Arc was a site specific work of a curved steel wall or barrier, that was 120 feet long and 12 feet high, with
an arch that gave the effect of the wall leaning inwards. The GSA commissioned Richard Serra to build asculpture for the 'Art–in–Architecture'
program that would be placed in the plaza in front of the Jacob K Davits Federal building. The work was set up in 1981 and received a few critical
comments. However, it was only when William Diamond, an appointee GSA New York Regional Administrator, started to investigate a bit more that
he created substantial arguments against the sculpture to try and relocate it. Tilted Arc then became a controversial piece of work that involved the art
world and major associations and resulted in a lawsuit and public hearing in 1985. The main issues that surrounded the controversy relate to the way in
which the space was transformed, the rights of the artist, and censorship. In addition, we must question the role of public art in society, if certain works
should be considered "public art," and the ways in which power and politics can influence the arts. Richard Serra is ... Show more content on
Helpwriting.net ...
In 'Street Art: The Transfiguration of the Commonplaces,' Nicholas Arden Riggle claims that the experience of seeing public art is different as the
setting of a work can change the perception of the spectator. Thus by moving public art into a museum, it would eliminate the "material use of street"
and change their purpose. When talking about Tilted Arc he argues that the public space is internal to its meaning, this would change the meaning and
the art. The following quote by Richard Serra was said at the hearing and reflects what was his vision for the work and the

The Value Of Art Should Not Be Separate From Life
PART 1
The ideology of small spaces merge with those the communities' and the city's as well. The Goal of Small Spaces is to "Make the Place more
interesting" As Zach Medler, the curator of the project, puts it. Small Spaces A $20,000 project has recruited thousands of artists who have turned
Lafayette's dilapidated alleys and walls into works of art.1
If you walk down the alleys of Lafayette now, several different paintings and murals will catch your eye. They range from cartoons to outlandish
animations to written graffiti and more.
Zach Medler outlines the purpose behind Small Spaces "The idea of confining art to museums is archaic," Medler said. "The value of art should not
be separate from life. Art should play an active role in ... Show more content on Helpwriting.net ...
Speaking of tourism, Lafayette is also trying to enhance its connections with Chicago and Indianapolis. Their goal is to 'make some of these passersby
consider getting on the exit ramp [of the I–65] to Lafayette'. If Small Spaces is taken up again, and if the current street art pieces get enough publicity,
Lafayette could become known for art on its alleys and walkways.6
The purpose of walking around to admire street art will curb the possibility of an increase in traffic as people who do take the exit ramp will walk
around to look at the art, not drive around. Lafayette's , people don't want to live in a big city nor do they want too much traffic in and around their
community, So the Small Spaces project can help attract the people while still retaining Lafayette's community charm.
The community may be in two minds about street art. While it's nice to have street art on usually grimy, uninteresting walls, some pieces if art have
attracted controversy. An instance of a project that attracted controversy is the Riot Cop by Aaron Molden. The Illustration of a cop in riot gear
attracted several complaints of it being "offensive" and "in bad taste". Police officers were particularly outraged when they heard that the piece was
sanctioned by the city.19 The Riot Cop, is now covered up.7
But as Small Spaces Lafayette

Street Art Practitioners Statement
{Brandon Truong} Year 9 Street Art– Practitioners Statement
Materials Used:
"Pencil
"Paper
"Spray Paints
"Masking Tape
"Stencil
"Stencil Knife
"Photoshop
"Posca
For my 'Graffiti Name Piece' I was inspired by the many different variations of street art especially those who incorporated bubble and wild style text
but also jumbled the letters differentiating from capital or lowercase into their artworks not only that but lettering that had curves rather than straight
lines. I was not a fan of the block letter style as I thought it was a bit plain and in my head, I could not see it become apart of my final graffiti name
piece. Below are some pieces of street art which influenced my final graffiti name piece. ... Show more content on Helpwriting.net ...
After that, we were required to select the name we wanted for our final artwork.
3. We then researched text styles such as bubble style, wild style, and block.
4. Next, we had to do some rough sketches using the text style that we desired.
5. After this, we were required to draw our final design on one A3 page in order to scan it for use in Photoshop where we explored with colour, tone,
and highlights.
6. After exploring Photoshop, we were required to start cutting our stencil for our final artwork.
7. From here, we were required to start working on our visual diary documenting the process we went through to get our final artwork.
8. Next, we went outside and started spraying our artwork using the stencil which was cut out previously.
9. The final step was to cut our artwork out and stick it on a brick wall printed piece of paper and then finish our practitioners statement.
Overall, I thought that this task was very enjoyable, but it was difficult at times but most of the time it was mostly easy. I found the difficult part was
when I was cutting my stencil for my artwork as I had many curves, but I found that the most enjoyable part was being able to look at you finished
product and feel proud of

Arts In Public Schools Research Paper
Arts and Music and it's Importance in Public Schools
Arts and music instruction is available in all places, including schools. In public schools the arts classes are funded locally, federally, and by the state.
Currently, the state decides whether or not art and music classes should be considered mandatory in public schools. Since the drop in basic math,
english, and science skills, schools have begun focussing more on core classes and shortening the funds for arts instruction. Is this focus on core
subject standardized testing a reason to shorten funds and involvement of arts classes in public schools?
Arts classes are for enhancing a student's knowledge in creative writing, drama, and visual arts. In over 97% of public schools art ... Show more content
on Helpwriting.net ...
A student's ability to enjoy and participate in arts instruction can help, not hinder, the studentslearning and comprehension in other classes. The arts
classes give students creativity that sometimes can not be achieved in an average english, science, or math class. "Students need to be creative and
need to understand that being creative is as important as being proficient in skills areas like math and reading. Learning basic language and math skills
should be accomplished in all public schools– not at the expence of arts, but in addition to them" (Ford and

Public Funding Should Not Support Public Schools in Music...
English 301A
14 September 2012
Public Funding should not support Public Schools in Music and Arts
Education is one of the major problems faced by US as a nation and several debates pertaining to allocation of education funds are underway. The use
of public education funds is one such matter which is debated very highly. The consequences of publiceducation fund's spending are long–term which
makes this issue very important. Also, limited availability of public funds makes it essential for these funds to be used in a manner which are more
beneficial. The essays will discusses why public funds should not supporting arts and music education and the social impact.
The cost of arts and music education in public school system is very high. ... Show more content on Helpwriting.net ...
These parents regard playing a musical instrument as a highly difficult and demanding task. This implies that those students who aim to get good
grades with music are likely to receive very poor grades in other conventional subjects. therefore, should not have compulsory status in public schools
which are funded by taxpayers' resources. Further, it is argued that the standard curriculum teaches abstract reasoning, mathematics, sciences and
medicine which has great value, even if the skills acquired are not, thereafter, directly usable in everyday life. The study of arts and music gives no
practical application. The objective of public education funds must be of helping students to develop valuable skills for their practical lives. It is
believed that the study of mathematics, language, science, etc. provides both useable knowledge and abstract skills.
The paper discussed why public funds should not support arts and music education and evaluated the assertion that education for arts and music is a
less useful allocation of educational resources than traditional subjects. It is concluded that the cost for provision of arts and music education in public
school system is very high. Further, it is discussed that eliminating music education from the curriculum of public schools would enable

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