Cause And Effects Of The Congo Crisis

Cause And Effects Of The Congo Crisis
The DRC has experienced a long history of political and economic subjugation. The colonial rule
under Belgium was marked with extensive violence and extreme exploitation of resources. This
created a situation in which few Congolese had higher education or the necessary skills to run a
modern government or an effective economy. Furthermore, the Congo's traditional socioeconomic
structures were disrupted long before the end of the colonial era. After the country finally gained
independence, the state was unable to maintain political or economic stability. Independence In
1960, the Congo gained independence from Belgium under a nationalist government headed by
Patrice Lumumba and Joseph Kasa–Vubu. Their dedication to Congolese nationalism was not
shared nationwide however, and shortly after the new government was formed, army garrisons in
Katanga and South Kasai rebelled. The resulting conflict, known as the Congo Crisis, would become
particularly notable for the heavy military intervention of the United Nations and Belgium, as well
as financial backing from the United States and the Soviet Union. The fear and confusion
surrounding the unrest soon resulted in the deposition of Lumumba during a military coup d'etat by
Colonel Joseph Mobutu. After being imprisoned by Mobutu and Kasa–Vubu, Lumumba was later
turned over to the rebel Katangan authorities and executed in 1961. By 1963, the Katangan
separatists had largely been defeated by UN troops. The government was reformed
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Violence In Brian K. Vaughan's Saga
Marko, one of the characters from Saga, once argued "When a man carries an instrument of
violence, he'll always find the justification to use it". These justifications extend far and drag
innocent children by the arm into wars. Children dragged into war suffer from displacement,
starvation, separation from family, and/or involvement in war, as seen numerous times throughout
history. Likewise in Brian K. Vaughan's comic book Saga, children born during the space war,
between the Landfalls and Wreath, share similar fates to children in Vietnam, Democratic Republic
of Congo, and Iraq. Throughout space and time, children have been a forethought in society during
war, so prior to space exploration, we ought to take preventative measures to protect ... Show more
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In 1998, the United Nations established the International Criminal Court to act as a judicial branch
that would deal with the most severe offenses of international human rights, such as genocide or war
crimes. But the system put in placed is not punishing those who committed crimes. For instance,
Warlord Thomas Lubanga was convicted for using child soldiers in his rebel army in the Democratic
Republic of Congo in 2002–03 but did not receive his court case until 2012. Given the facts that
little is done today with children suffering from wars on earth, shouldn't we question what will be
done to kids that will later be raised in interplanetary or intergalactic wars? There are numerous
parts of current law that needs to be fixed, but as we look to the stars, knowing space travel is
imminent, nations need to draft laws to protect children before the start of space

Democratic Republic Of The Congo
Democratic Republic of the Congo
Unit 1
Location Analysis The Democratic Republic of the Congo (DRC) is the largest country in sub–
Saharan Africa bordered to the west by the Republic of Congo and a small coast to the Atlantic
Ocean, to the south by Angola and Zambia, to the east by Tanzania, Burundi, Rwanda, and Uganda,
and to the north by South Sudan and Central African Republic. The capital of DRC is Kinshasa,
which lies on the south bank of the Congo river at 4.4419° S, 15.2663° E. DRC is home to most the
Congo Rainforest, which is the largest rainforest in Africa. Geographically, this location is very
good, having numerous resources including lumber and oil and minerals such as cobalt, diamonds,
gold, coltan (niobium–tantalum ore), copper, ... Show more content on Helpwriting.net ...
After the 13th century AD, kingdoms formed in the land such as the kingdoms of Kongo, Luba,
Kuba, and Lunda. In 1885, King Leopold II of Belgium colonized Congo and established the Congo
Free State, which essentially became his private, personal colony. King Leopold was a brutal ruler
who mutilated those millions of Congolese who could not produce him enough money and killed
many others through forced labor. Finally, in 1908, Leopold II was forced to turn in the Congo to the
Belgian government after protests of his atrocities. In June 30 1960, DRC gained its independence
from Belgium. In 1965, Joseph Mobutu (later Mobutu Sese Seko) took power and changed the
country's name to Zaire. Mobutu ruled Zaire through brute force and let its economy deteriorate and
fall into debt. In 1997, Rwandan aided rebels ousted Mobutu from power and Laurent–Desire Kabila
takes his place, renaming the country back to "Democratic Republic of the Congo." In 1998,
Rwanda and Uganda backed rebels to overthrow Kabila but were stopped by a Congolese coalition
with Angola, Chad, Sudan, Namibia, and Zimbabwe who limited the conflict to eastern DRC. In
1999, the war ended at the signing of the Lusaka peace accord. After Laurent Kabila's assassination
in 2001, his son Joseph Kabila was named president. In 2006, the first elections after 40

Confronting Evil: Genocide In Rwanda
"The Democratic Republic of Congo has a long history of conflict, but it's recent crises can be
traced to the aftermath of the 1994 Rwandan genocide. In response to violence carried out by exiled
Rwandan Hutu genocidaires; Rwandan and Ugandan force invaded the Democratic Republic of
Congo (DRC) in 1996" (Responsibility to Protect). What the world and America should have done
to prevent the DR–Congo conflict is intervene in the Rwandan genocide; while they had a chance
because Congo became the precursor of the Rwandan genocide. The Rwandan genocide had a major
impact on the conflict occurring in DR–Congo because of the killers blending in the refugee camps
and taking over and committing atrocities to men, women, and children. Through the world's lack of
recognition for the Rwandan Genocide, it ultimately ends in the extermination of millions of people
during and after the Rwandan genocide. ... Show more content on Helpwriting.net ...
This demonstrates that America and the world should have not turned their backs to the Rwanda.
However, many countries excuse their actions by stating that it was just a precursor of old battles,
however, Alison Forges goes against that theory stating that the "Rwandan genocide was as modern
as the holocaust because it was state organized and state driven" (Confronting Evil). However, In
Jason Stearns book, "Dancing in The Glory of Monster", he states the contrary when he states,
"Unlike the Holocaust of World War II, which had been carried out by a select group of state
officials and army officers, largely away from the view of the population, Rwanda's genocide was
organized by the elites but executed by the people" (Stearns 15). Nonetheless, no matter what each
individual believe organized and or completed the plan cannot change the outcome; which is the
murder of

Rape As A Weapon Of War
Being a part of a global community comes with many responsibilities and duties. People of the
global community have to be aware of the dangers that are present in the lives of many people all
over the globe. Human Rights issues are quite serious and violations of these rights should not be
taken lightly. In exploration of a global human rights issue, the discovery of rape as a tool in war
was a gross violation of human rights as well as overwhelmingly a gender issue. Rape used as a tool
of war has devastated and destroyed people, communities, families, and traditions. When discussing
rape as weapon of war, there are two main modern day conflicts that can not be overlooked. Rape as
a weapon of war is brought into light by the wars of Congo and Bosnia. These two conflicts brought
the eyes of the world onto the global issue of rape in war and more specifically how it is used as a
tool of ethnocide and genocide. The recent conflict in the Congo has been rooted in the 1994
Rwandan Genocide and related violence in Burundi which saw hundreds of thousands of Hutus flee
both countries into eastern Zaïre. (First and Second) In the Rwandan genocide, Hutu–power groups
(called the Interahamwe and the Impuzamugambi) led mass killings of Tutsis and pro–peace Hutus,
murdering 800,000 people in approximately 100 days. (Congo) In response, the Tutsi–led Rwandan
Patriotic Front, or RPF, overthrew the Rwandan Hutu government.
During and after the genocide, an estimated 2 million refugees,

Congo
Intro
The economy and growth of the democratic republic of Congo, or DRC, has been on the trail of
falling apart since the independence. The Democratic Republic of Congo, formerly known as Zaire
is one of the richest country in the world when it comes to natural resources. However, the
government has never effectively represented or protected, its people and country. But rather, serve
as a source of controlling power and personal gain for select individuals. The continuous struggle of
Congo's economy is rooted both in the before history of personal control and corruptions; and the
ongoing crisis that it still face in the economy. This paper presents a critical analysis of Congo's
economic performance since 1960 to present, through the gross ... Show more content on
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Infant mortality rate is the number of infants dying before reaching one year of age. During the first
Congo war in 1996 to 1997/1998 more than 5.4 million people died from a population of 60 million.
The majority of those people were mothers, and infants the rising stars of the future. There might not
be much different from the mortality rate during the war and after the war, however, it shows how
the economy of Congo has improved since 1985 to present with better healthcare facilities.
Second Congo war
Despite the new government, the eastern part of Congo continued being a war zone. The emerging
of the second Congo war was due to Joseph Kabila. Kabila decided to turn forces with his former
supporters and allowed Hutu armies to regroup in the eastern part of Congo when he was finally in
power in 1997. It resulted Rwanda and Uganda joint invaded Congo in 1998. This created the
combat of Africa's greatest war in Congo, which was until 2003. Nearly four neighboring countries
came to Kabila's rescue. The Congolese force government was supported by: Angola, Namibia, and
Zimbabwe against Rwanda and Uganda, with some Burundi solders and also the rebels of the
country itself. They signed the Lusaka Peace Accord and the UN sent 5,000 troops to monitor the
situation in Congo. It was the first largest UN troop of peacemakers every sent. In January 2001 near
the of Congo second war, president Kabila was assassinated by his own people. Furthermore, Joseph
Kabila provided peace deals with Rwanda and Uganda, leaving him to take power in 2002 after his
late

African Colonization Of Africa
Colonization of Africa
In 1870 the beginning of African's colonization commenced. The country faced aggression, Military
invasion, and colonization. Natives made an effort to resist foreign influence but were unsuccessful.
In the early twentieth century, most of Africa was conquered excluding Ethiopia and Liberia.
European imperialist push into Africa was motivated by three main factors, economic, political, and
social (Iweriebor, 2002). Was the canalization of Africa beneficial to the continent? Foreign
influence from Western Countries was not an advantage to Africa since this influence affected the
nation's education, conviction and created division.
Stolen natural resources
Africa's relatively weak economic and human development has stood in stark contrast to its
tremendous endowment of natural resources. Contrary to what is reflected by its dismal economic
performance on the surface, Africa has the world's richest concentration of minerals and gems under
the ground. It contains 40 percent of the world's diamond reserves. In some regions of the continent
such as the Democratic Republic of the Congo., mineral wealth is so abundant that it has sometimes
been referred to as a "geological miracle. Africa is endowed with resources of high strategic value
(Habiyaremye, 2011). The mining industry of the Democratic Republic of the Congo is an 81.4–
billion–dollar industry that is owned by Western corporations (Baker, 2015). It is fascinating that a
continent with such an

Ebola Research Paper
Ebola is the better–known member of a small family of viruses known as Filoviridae. The other
lesser–known member is Marburg. The Ebola virus has five known subtypes, four of which are
highly pathogenic to humans. The fifth, Ebola Reston Virus was first isolated in a group of primates
that had been imported from the Philippines to a research laboratory in Reston, Virginia. According
to the Centers for Disease Control and Prevention, within weeks, the same virus was isolated during
similar outbreaks in labs in Pennsylvania, Texas and Siena, Italy. In each case, the affected animals
had been imported from a facility in the Philippines. (CDC, 2008) The four species that are
pathogenic to humans are Zaire, Sudan, Tai Forest and Bundibugyo. ... Show more content on
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After confirmation of samples tested by the United States National Reference Laboratories and the
CDC, the World Health Organization confirmed the presence of a new species. An epidemiological
study conducted by WHO and Uganda Ministry of Health scientists determined there were 116
confirmed and probable cases of the new Ebola species, and that the outbreak had a mortality rate of
34% (39 deaths). In 2012, there was an outbreak of Bundibugyo ebolavirus in a northeastern
province of the Democratic Republic of the Congo (DR Congo). There were 15 confirmed cases and
ten fatalities. (Wamala, 2010)
HISTORY
Many medical researchers speculate the Plague of Athens, which wiped out about a third of its
inhabitants during the Peloponnesian War, may have been caused by Ebola. As noted earlier, the
Ebola virus was first isolated in 1976 during an outbreak of the disease along the border of Zaire and
Sudan. (CDC, 2014) Of all the outbreaks since 1976 this initial outbreak carried the worst mortality
rate, roughly ninety percent of those affected did not survive. (CDC, 2014) Ebola was named after a
river in the Yambuku district of Democratic Republic of the Congo, which was then known as Zaire.
2007 to

How Is Kurtz Portrayed In Mother Africa
Devón Fox
World Literature
Essay #2
Dr. Claiborne "Africa feeds the world, but the world continues to eat without Africa." This quote,
popularized by Dr. E Obiri Ado, accurately describes the relationship between Africa and the rest of
the world. Africa has been known to have been extorted for its surplus in natural resources such as
oil, ivory, gold, spices, and even people, throughout history. Although "Mother Africa" has been
proven to be the birthplace of mankind and is home to a lot of the resources the world needs to
properly function how it does today, Africa is not treated as so. There is a stunning contrast between
the Africa's outside appearance and what actually goes on within the countries, jungles, and villages
of Africa. Books, ... Show more content on Helpwriting.net ...
The documentary details how the Democratic Republic of Congo, renamed Zaire, is in extreme
poverty and largely underreported due to corruption. Zaire also holds a large portion of the world's
supply of a mineral that has been used in the production of nearly every cell phone and computer on
the planet, making it very valuable and causing a number of violent wars over who would gain
control over the mineral. This documentary correlates to the today's continuing trends of
colonization, globalization, and imperialism in Africa and countries in the Middle East over
resources and minerals. These wars are extremely harsh and often feature children wielding
automatic weapons, but the crimes and death rates from violence, hunger, and illness is still very
underreported. The documentary When We Were Kings is another more realistic representation of
the effects of colonialism in Africa. The dictator of Zaire, Mobutu Sese Seko, used the 1974 boxing
event between Muhammad Ali and George Foreman's fight as a way to shine a light on the current
state of effects of colonialism in Zaire. The country had been experiencing crisis from wars in
previous years. "Muhammad Ali was revered in Zaire, as he was the great African American boxer
who stood up against the American Government. The people of Zaire liked that he refused

Diamonds : An Artifact Of Love And Commitment Between Two...
Diamonds! Often used as a beautiful, symbol of love and commitment between two lovers. These
are used as a representation of taking that final, everlasting step into eternal happiness with one
another before committing to marriage.
Diamonds have been a valued and highly revered commodity to consumers all over the world.
Unfortunately there is a dark, sordid history and a lot of bloodshed that is attached to these pretty,
little rocks.
The first known discovery of this natural resource was in India and was named as "indrayudha"
meaning "Indra 's weapon." This was around 4th century BC and apparently it was used as part of a
weapon and a valued material. Later, diamonds became an accessory for European nobles around
13th century BC. By ... Show more content on Helpwriting.net ...
THE BLOOD DIAMOND INDUSTRY IN AFRICA
Before a diamond leaves a jewelry shop, it goes through five stages. First, it is mined and purchased.
De Beers Group of Companies is the leading company that does this. It is the leading company in
diamond exploration, diamond mining, diamond retail, diamond trading and industrial diamond
manufacturing sectors. Second stage involves the sorting of the stones into its different sizes and
qualities. These rough diamonds go through the diamond centers in Antwerp, London, Lucerne,
New York, Tel Aviv, Johannesburg, Bombay and Dubai. At the third stage, these stones are cut and
polished. Then, after which, these diamonds are manufactured (fourth stage) and marketed (fifth
stage).
Goreux (2001), summarizes the profit in the diamond industry;
"The diamond industry provides significant revenues for market participants. In 1999, rough gem
diamonds purchased at mine gate were valued by the Mining Journal at $7.3 billion. Diamonds
sorted and polished were sold to jewelers for $14 billion. The value added by jewelers in the form of
labor, gold, platinum and stones other than diamonds was estimated at $14 billion, bringing total
production costs to some $28 billion. With a 100 percent retail margin, the value paid by consumers
for diamond jewelry was estimated at $56 billion, of which almost half was sold in the United
States. Most of the profit was made at the final stage in marketing the jewelry. An

Ebola: More Research is Needed To Find a Cure Essay
Ebola Hemorrhagic Fever is a severe and often deadly illness that occurs in humans and primates.
Ebola viruses are members of the filovirus family. The Ebola virus causes the infection of this
disease. There are four subtypes of the Ebola virus that have occurred in humans: Ebola Sudan,
Ebola Zaire, Ebola Ivory Coast, and Ebola Bundibogyo. There was also a case of Ebola that
occurred in a non–human in Reston, Virginia. The Zaire virus was the first Ebola virus discovered
and it is also considered the most deadly form of the virus.
Since its discovery until the year 2014, there were only 1850 cases of the virus and only 1200
people died from it. The Ebola virus first emerged in 1976, in the African countries of Sudan and ...
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If it were to spread to more developed places like Europe, Asia, or even America, the death toll
could reach into the millions because there is no known cure to stop this disease. A pandemic of
Ebola could very easily cripple the global health and socio–economics of the world powers.
Symptoms of Ebola hemorrhagic fever include: headache, sore throat, fever, weakness, joint and
muscle aches, followed by vomiting, diarrhea, and stomach pain. In some patients internal and
external bleeding occurs. Scientists do not understand why some patients that retract the disease are
able to recover from it while others die. One explanation that is thought of is that those who die
from Ebola do not have a developed immune response to the disease. Low white blood cell counts
are also found in patients that contract the disease. People that catch disease are those who come in
direct contact with blood, bodily fluid, or semen that is infected with the Ebola virus. Some
scientists have theorized that the virus begins with a human that comes in contact with an animal
that is infected. The most common form of spreading is with person–to–person contact with and
individual who has the disease. Hospital workers and family members who take care of individuals
who have contracted the disease are the ones that are most often at risk of spreading the Ebola virus.
In countries

Essay about Democratic Republic of Congo Holocaust
The Democratic Republic of Congo (DRC) Holocaust was the bloodiest war fought. This was due to
the death toll, possibly larger than that of the Holocaust. Between 1998 and 2007, there were a total
of 5.4 million people dead. The number of those deaths has definitely gone up over the years
(Heaton 1). Genocide is very vital because of the people being slaughtered and giving their lives
away in order to support their political stance. Everyone, whether it is through war or poverty,
suffers from this immense tragedy. I was interested in the topic due to the little bit of research I did.
Through the research, I found out it was still going on today. I was taken aback by the fact this has
been going on for so long and there is so little effort ... Show more content on Helpwriting.net ...
The deaths in this war are terrifyingly close to those in the Holocaust (Heaton 1). The massive death
toll would include that of the Rwanda Holocaust and the Congo Holocaust. These deaths include
murder, suicides, starvation, poverty, and disease. The political aspect of this situation is the
government killing off rebels and targeting specific groups such as Hutu's, Tutsi's, and the DRC.
They target people to rile up a dispute, start the war, and gain allies (World without Genocide 2).
Many people are dying whether due to poverty, indirectly, or political stance, directly. The people
suffering from the poverty aspect are getting the effects of the mass murders and the country's
political instability. Genocide describes the heinous act of killing others in order to prove the point.
In this case, Rwanda's government is targeting specific people. The Congo War, a massive
destruction to their country, is genocide. One reason it is, in fact, genocide is due to the amount of
murders occurring. "But so far the brutal war in eastern Congo has not only lasted longer than the
Holocaust but also appears to have claimed more lives [than the Holocaust]," (Kristof 1). This
shows that although unpopular and unknown to most, the Congo War devastates further than what it
seems like at first. The everyday struggle people go through to stay alive is relative, bloodier, and
more

The Lukasa Memory Board
This unknown piece of art is the Lukasa (memory board). Created by the Mbudye Society "men of
memory", an elite society of men who belong to the Luba peoples. This people group are from the
Democratic Republic of the Congo. They created this piece somewhere between the 19th and 20th
century C.E. It consists of wood. The piece from the AP 250 is much like the unknown work as it is
also a Lukasa (memory board). Created by the Mbudye Society of the Luba peoples, it is from the
Democratic Republic of the Congo. It is also believed to have been from the 19th and 20th centuries
C.E. It's made of wood, beads, and metal. Both of these pieces of art are from the same group of
people and have the same use. They are a part of a mass collection of artifacts that are similar. The
unknown piece of art exhibits a vertical piece ... Show more content on Helpwriting.net ...
It is quite bland, with the only color being dark brown. The surface texture is rough and appears
coarse. There are shells bulging carved out of the wood. The Lukasa is disproportional and has
curved lines as edges. Two rods are sticking out of the bottom of the piece. This piece has incised
designs and images carved. It is art historians' belief that Lukasa memory boards have been for
religious purposes. These are hand–held devices. Luba peoples have created many of these boards
and no two are similar. The function of these boards is to represent the divine revelations of spirits.
The AP 250 piece is a vertical piece of wood with an inward curve towards the middle that
resembles an hourglass. This piece has metal and beads. It is also asymmetrical and three–
dimensional. It's colorful and inhabits colors such as red, blue, yellow, brown, and orange. The
surface texture is rough and appears coarse much like the other Lukasa memory board. This Lukasa
is disproportional. It too has the purpose of religion and is a hand–held object. This board also has
the intent of tracing lineage back to the entire Luba

Cambodia, Congo, And Jamaica
Case Study: Cambodia, Congo, and Jamaica
Cambodia, the Democratic Republic of the Congo, and Jamaica are countries that gained
independence from European powers after World War II. Though located in different regions of the
world, and colonized by different European powers, these countries experienced social unrest and
economic challenges that remain. Key to understanding these countries is understanding their
histories and struggles, which continue to have significant impact on conditions within these
countries today.
Cambodia
Cambodia's history contrasts a glorious past with recent tragedy. Located in Southeast Asia between
Thailand and Vietnam, Cambodia's history of conflict with its neighbors and European colonialism
has led to distrust and nationalism. Fear of foreign occupation or being partitioned by its neighbors
lingers in the Cambodian national psychology. Once part of French Indochina, Cambodian gained
independence in 1953 when King Sihanouk convinced France that only complete independence
would undercut the appeal of communism in Cambodia.
The Khmer Empire began approximately 800 CE when King Jayavarman II subjugated the small
warring kingdoms around Tonle Sap Lake and expanded to cover most of Thailand and Laos.
Because of established trade routes, art and culture were strongly influenced by India. Hinduism was
the major religion in addition to Buddhism, animist, and traditional religions. (Plubins 2013) The
Khmer capital of Angkor was a vibrant

Essay on Genocide in the Democratic Republic of the Congo
The Democratic Republic of the Congo, a.k.a. the DRC, or more commonly "the Congo", has
experienced an endless nightmare of violence, poverty, famine, sickness, and murder for the past 16
years. The constant bloodshed between the national and armed forces has led to countless civilian
deaths, or the genocide in the Congo. Before I go on any further, I must explain what a genocide is.
A genocide is the attempted destruction of an entire group of people. The most famous example is
the Holocaust in which 6 million Jews were murdered during World War II. It is tragic to say that
history has repeated itself and over 5 to 7 million Congolese civilians have lost their lives since
1996. In order to truly understand the events that are transpiring ... Show more content on
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The war lasted for 5 years and took place entirely in the Congo, resulting in the deaths of 5 million
Congolese civilians, most to to starvation or sickness (BBC News). The Congo never recovered, and
to this day, Eastern Congo is unstable (BBC News). In 2001, Kabila was assassinated, leading to
him being replaced by his son Joseph Kabila (ECI). According to the Eastern Congo Initiative, the
Congo held its first democratic elections in 2006, with Kabila being elected. At the same time,
however, multiple armed groups gained power and began fighting over control of mineral resources
in the Eastern Congo, resulting in more civilian lives. To this day they still continue to fight, and
despite multiple peace treaties, the violence does not end (ECI). At these moments, life in the Congo
is a living nightmare. The eastern provinces of the Congo see violence every day. Women are getting
raped at alarming rates. Children are constantly abused and forced to become child soldiers. There
are no sources of medicine or even clean water. Anyone can get murdered at any time, and no one is
even safe in their own homes. According to ICRtoP, the Democratic Republic of Congo is reported
to be the "rape capital of the world" with an estimated 15,000 rape cases in the Congo's eastern
provinces alone. Rape is a tool of war used by the various armed forces in the Congo in order to
"create instability in

Preventing the export of conflict diamonds in the...
Preventing the export of conflict diamonds in the Democratic Republic of the Congo
The Democratic Republic of Congo (DRC) has large reserves of cobalt, gold, gems, copper, timber,
and uranium. However, the most valuable resource that the DRC possess is its large reserve of
diamonds. Diamonds essentially serve as a pillar to the DRC's struggling economy. Plagued by civil
unrest, the DRC is desperately trying to stabilize its economy. Their efforts have been met with stiff
resistance due to the ongoing civil war and illegal diamond trade. Not only is the DRC losing
potential revenue from the illegal mining of diamonds, but also these diamonds are being used to
finance the rebel armies. In response, the U.N. has drafted several ... Show more content on
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The exploitations of the land began when King Leopold declared all unoccupied land owned by the
state. This move gave him exclusive rights to the lucrative trade in rubber and ivory. Soon
afterwards, private companies were formed to exploit the natural mineral wealth of the Congo.
Along with the exploitation of the land, the people were forced into slave labor. Natives were
brutally forced to collect rubber and mine for minerals. Under the agreement with King Leopold,
Belgium annexed the Congo in 1908. Under Belgian rule forced labor was gradually phased out.
However, the Congo was still perceived by the Belgian government as merely an economic
investment. Very few if any initiatives were established in order to promote the economic
development of sectors important to the welfare of the native people. The economic developments
that were initiated were directly related to the exploitation of the land. Railroads and other forms of
transportation were developed in order to increase the profits of the Belgian government. Plantations
and large mining operations were formed with native people occupying the labor pool.
Along with exploiting the Congo's natural resources, the Belgian government also established
Christian missionaries in order to "civilize" the natives. As a result, many Congolese citizens were
educated at the secondary level or higher. These same people would eventually protest

Congo Past
The Bloody Past of the Democratic Republic of Congo and how it will Influence its Future In recent
years, the situation in the Democratic Republic of Congo has significantly improved. However,
despite the betterment of circumstances in the DRC, its populace faces significant barriers to
financial growth and development. This is unsurprising as the nation's inequality and mortality rates
are some of the highest in the world (The World Factbook). With a Gini coefficient of 44.4, the DRC
is ranked as one of the the worst nations in the world in terms of income inequality. This shows a
clear economic disparity between many members of the nation (Income). Due to this economic
inequality and devastating violence, 72.5 percent of the population ... Show more content on
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Since gaining its independence from Belgium in the 1960's, the DRC has found itself in constant
conflict, subject to violent governmental change, civil war, refugee influx, and other volatile and
bloody events (The World Factbook). In past years, many countries around the world exploited the
Congo's instability for its wealth of minerals. By funding militaries around Africa, countries such as
the United States and Western corporations gained cheap access to materials as people were
slaughtered. These circumstances, still impact the DRC today. With sexual violence and political
violence still existing at large within the country, it is a challenge deeply ingrained into the lives of
many (Queryranne). Currently, because of political conflict within society, the economic growth has
decreased in recent years. Despite the plethora of resources, the economic growth lost 1.5% (9.2 to
7.7%) from the year 2014 to 2015. It has only decreased from there. However, with free elections
expected soon, economic growth is projected to grow (Democratic Republic of Congo Economic
Outlook). Unfortunately, due to delays and corruption, one can predict that economic growth and
political peace may only decrease with the coming governmental change. However, with a bounty of
resources, there is hope yet for the nation of

Okapi Research Paper
The okapi (Okapia johnstoni), is a giraffid artiodactyl animal naturally locate in the upper east of the
Democratic Republic of the Congo in Central Africa. Okapis live alone in addition, hide away in
tropical rain forests. Okapi have the beautiful black and white Zebra strips and the long neck of a
Giraffe making him an exclusive creature Their Gestation range from 14 to 16 months and they live
20 to 30 years. They are strongly differentiating, zebra like markings separate the layout of the
okapi's shape, making a practically camouflage in the light and shade of the woods understory. First
discovered in the Congo's rain forest the Okapis were imported at first in San Diego than South
Africa and Japan to extend his existence in the world. This marvelous creature is two animals in one.
The okapi (Okapia johnstoni) profile An okapi (Okapia johnstoni) is an uncommon timberland
giraffe discovered in the Democratic Republic of Congo's National Park of Virunga, regardless of
more than 10 years of common war and expanded poaching. From the mid–1900s, the okapi stayed
unseen in the reserve for more than five decade. Two years prior findings this ... Show more content
on Helpwriting.net ...
In spite of its Deer–like appearance the Okapi is really one of the final precursors of the Giraffe,
which is the tallest creature on Earth. Alongside having a generally long neck contrasted with its
body measure, the most striking component of the Okapi is the flat stripes that are especially
obvious on their behinds and give this creature a just about Zebra–like appearance. The Okapi is
extremely modest and shrouded, to such an extent truth be told that they were not perceived as a
particular animal group by western science until the earth twentieth century. In spite of the fact that
they are at times seen by individuals, the Okapi is not a jeopardized species as they are thought to be
genuinely regular in their remote

Compare And Contrast The United States Vs The Congo
United States Versus the Congo
Do you ever think about how lucky you are? You should. You live in one of many countries that
cares for its citizens. Living in America you have opportunities that other countries will never have.
For example, there are many third world countries that struggle daily to keep multiple citizens alive.
These citizens have to fight for their lives and sometimes never get any form of medical help.
Whereas in America we have many different resources that allow us to be a strong world power, if
we lost citizens by the hundreds weekly we would be a country in need. Many countries in Africa
are considered third world countries because they are overpopulated and under developed.
The Democratic Republic of the Congo (DRC), located in Central Africa, struggles daily because
the government fails. The country has been in civil conflicts for nearly a decade, this however is not
the main health hazard. In the 16th and 17th centuries, the Congo was a popular location for slave
trade, while foreign powers intruded they also exposed the area to their diseases that have remained
for centuries. These diseases have developed ... Show more content on Helpwriting.net ...
For example, HIV/AIDS are a big threat in both countries, along with poliomyelitis (polio), and
different strains of influenza. The United States again has better medical resources to fight these
diseases, unlike the DRC, who can only succumb to these diseases. A lot of these diseases can be
prevented by vaccinations. The medical organizations in both the United States and the Democratic
Republic of the Congo, are spreading awareness for the need of vaccinations. These vaccines, allow
your body to fight off deadly diseases, but being vaccinated is very important. They allow you to
continue your daily life. These vaccines however do not help those who are already infected by the

King Leopold: The Belgian Congo
King Leopold In 1853 Leopold turned eighteen and his father took him to Vienna since they had ties
with the Austro–Hungarian empire which made him eager and was betrothed him to an eligible
young Hapsburg, archduchess Marie–Henriette. This was a horrible match and would later cause to
be a bad influence and would not help him out in the long run. 1390–1914 the Kingdom 0f Kongo
Visual tradition of this country's early history was set in a writing for the first time in the sixteenth
century. The most comprehensive writings were recorded I'm the mid seventeenth century, including
ones written by the capuchin missionary, Giovanni Cavazzi Da Montecuccolo. First Congo president
The Congo president was Joseph Kasavubu (born 1910?, Tshela, Belgian Congo [now Democratic
Republic of the Congo]–died March 24, 1969, Boma), statesman and first president of the
independent Congo republic from 1960 to 1965, who shortly after independence in 1960 ousted the
Congo's first premier, Patrice Lumumba, after the breakdown of order in the country. ... Show more
Lumumba was born in the village of Onalua in Kasai province, Belgian Congo. In 1955 Lumumba
became regional president of a purely Congolese trade union of government employees that was not
affiliated, as were other unions, to either of the two Belgian trade–union federations (socialist and
Roman Catholic). In October 1958 he, along with other Congolese leaders, launched the Congolese
National Movement (Mouvement National Congolais; MNC), the first nationwide Congolese
political party. The Belgian authorities responded with repression. Lumumba was imprisoned on a
charge of inciting to riot. Lumumba was thereupon released from prison and flown to

Cuba In The 16th Century
From the early 16th century to the mid 1900s, the nations of Europe scrambled to colonize the
untouched places of the world. Enamored by the promises of the Americas and the New World, the
European powers established settlements in unknown lands, transplanting their cultures and beliefs
with the hopes of securing precious resources and further expanding their empires. With
colonization often comes the displacement of a native people as well the utilization of slave
populations to provide manual labor and domestic servitude. The interaction between these groups,
some native, most implanted, effected new, uniquely blended cultures– a process of transculturation.
Cuba (colonized by the Spanish in the early 16th century) became the birthplace ... Show more
All the while, the African communities on the island, a majority congo with people of the Yoruba
and Dahomey cultures, managed to preserve large aspects of their cultures through calbidos, a word
meaning "town council", permissible by the Spanish colonial authorities. These calbidos, each
specific to the a single ethnic group, behaved as "mutual aid societies" that supported the protection
and management of traditional culture, religion, history and music. Within the first generation of the
slave's presence in Cuba, conversation in their African languages had mostly died out, leaving music
as the primary vehicle for linguistic preservation (88). Song and music in the various languages
worked to reassemble the traditions of the transplanted people, perpetuating religious practices and
allowing the culture to survive through many generations. Centuries of their African culture
intertwining with Spanish customs gradually produced the unique traditions that came to popularity
in the late

Congo’s Era of Damnation
In the year 1885, King Leopold II of Belgium imperialized the Independent State of the Congo.
Leopold set the area up under his own personal rule. His rule was an extremely negative and very
unwanted thing that plunged the area into an era of damnation.
The early history of the congo really starts in 150 AD. The indigenous immigrants to the Congo,
who were most likely Pygmies, had migrated from the northern area to the savannah regions in the
south now called DROC, or Democratic Republic of the Congo (Clarke, John H). These immigrants
brought agriculture, and made iron tools. Moving ahead to 1482, the Portuguese navigator, Diogo
Cão visited the Congo River marking the first ever known European contact with the region. Henry
Stanley, a British explorer is commanded to proclaim King Leopold's rule over the Congo in 1879.
This is followed by European powers at the Berlin Conference who recognised Leopold's claim to
the Congo basin and he announces the establishment of the Congo Free State headed by himself
(Democratic Republic of...), thus beginning Leopold's era of tyranny. Leopold's purpose of
controlling the Congo was for the vast amount of resources such as ivory, rubber, and copper. In
1887, J.B. Dunlop's invention of inflatable, rubber, bicycle tires and the rapid increase in the
popularity of the automobile, caused the demand for rubber to increase dramatically. Now sensing
an opportunity, Leopold issued three decrees in 1881 and 1882 collectively saying that

The Relations Between China And The Democratic Republic Of...
Introduction The trajectory of global politics has dramatically changed after the end the World War
II and after the Berlin Wall came down in 1989. In fact, many countries around the globe became
economically competitive, politically stable, and culturally optimistic. As the result, many nations
started affirming themselves on the global arena while others continued to struggle internally and
beyond the borders. The combinations of these factors have perhaps led to interdependency.
Globalization has played a significant role in bringing nations together. In order to advance their
interests, share their common experience, and overcome their weaknesses, states constantly engage
in bilateral or multilateral relationships. The bilateral relationships between China and the
Democratic Republic of Congo obey to these dynamic trends. The People's Republic of China and
the Democratic Republic of Congo enjoy stable diplomatic relations although there have been an
increasing economic interests for one another since 1973.
Background
The People's Republic of China and the Democratic Republic of Congo (Formerly Zaire) established
their diplomatic relationships in 1973 during an official visit to Beijing by Mubuto. Since, there
have been intensifications despite the internal turmoil on each side. Before 1973 however, relations
with China became rocky when Zaire obtained its independence in 1960 from Belgium and
established relations with Taiwan. As the result, the angry China

Congo Genocide
The Democratic Republic of Congo has a very violent history and is still filled with conflict to this
day. Ever since the Democratic Republic of Congo (known as Zaire until 1996) gained
independence in 1960, there were violent plays for power and two wars occurred. Since armed
forces have appeared, they have committed (mainly sexual) crimes against the people in this
country. In 2006, the South Kivu Province was reported to have more than 27,000 sexual assault
occur. According to the Universal Declaration of Human Rights, "Nothing in this declaration may be
interpreted as implying for any state, group or person any right to engage in any activity or to
perform any act aimed at the destruction of any rights and freedoms set forth herein (30)." ... Show
more content on Helpwriting.net ...
According to, the US Holocaust Museum, "Attacks by the LRA are currently spreading fear...as the
LRA extends it's abduction and terror raids across the region" (5). Armed forces haven't stopped
their abuse towards these people and it doesn't seem as though it will stop. Their list of crimes keep
on growing, they seem to be getting worse and worse. They have been using child soldiers and using
massive sexual violence to have some semblance of

Early and Present Leadership of the Democratic Republic of...
As the topic suggests, my paper will be based on the early and present Leadership of the Democratic
Republic of Congo. This paper will be based on the effect these regimes had on the social and
economic standard of Congo. That is the focus will be on a timeline basis; how things evolved from
the colonial era of Congo, to the post–colonial era and to the status quo.
My reason for choosing these topic is, Congo can be considered as developing state or under
developed state depends on what your personal view of the criteria's that qualifies a state as a
developing state or an underdeveloped state; unlike its western counterpart: example the United
States, Great Britain and European states. Now the question is; could the under development of
Congo be as a result in the poor leadership Congo have had in time past? Is Congo in the right part
to archiving infrastructural development and increasing the social economic status? Can the present
leaders do anything different to expedite development? Or are they moving at a good pace? These
and more are questions that arises from a topic like this.
By the end of this research paper, all the questions asked in the previous paragraphs will be
answered, and also I will include some of my personal taught on what political modules Congo
should adopt in order to foster its economy and social standard.
This paper would not be complete without briefly looking at the history of Congo. Why is this
important? A brief history will be the map to

Analysis Of The Book ' King Leopold 's Ghost '
King Leopold's Ghost is a nonfiction book about Imperialism in Africa written by Adam
Hochschild. Hochschild was born in New York in 1942 and graduated from Harvard in 1963 with a
B.A. degree in history and literature (Interview with Adam Hochschild). He worked as a reporter for
a daily newspaper for two years and then he went on to writing and editing magazines. In 1986 he
wrote his first book, and then twelve years later he wrote his second: King Leopold's Ghost.
Hochschild said he writes about subjects he's interested in. In the introduction to King Leopold's
Ghost he states that he knew nothing about the history of the Congo until he noticed a footnote in a
book (Hochschild 3). Hochschild said that when you come across something striking, you remember
where you were when you read it. In this particular experience he was in an airliner crossing the
United States. He read a quotation by Mark Twain about the caliber of what happened in the Congo
and was startled (3), this sparked his interest in the Congo and inspired him to start researching to
see if the mass murders he read about were true. The book, King Leopold's Ghost covers
information from the 1840s (Hochschild 21) to now about the Congo past and present, but King
Leopold's reign of terror was from 1885–1906 (History of the Belgian Congo). The phrase 'reign of
terror' is not an exaggeration, for King Leopold's ownership of the Congo was very horrific. It all
started when Henry Morton Stanley went in search of

The Lord's Resistance Army (LRA)
The Lord's Resistance Army, or LRA, is a brutal rebellious group led by Joseph Kony. The fight
between the Ugandan government and the LRA is one of the longest running battles in African
history dating back to 1986. To many experts, the LRA is one of the most brutal forces in the world.
The LRA is notorious for committing human rights violations including murder, mutilation, rape,
widespread abductions of children and adults, sexual slavery, and looting of villages. Throughout its
years of existence, the LRA has grown to be a feared group by many people and surrounding
countries in Africa. The LRA emerged in northern Uganda in 1987, the year after Yoweri Museveni,
a rebel leader from southern Uganda, seized power, ending nearly a decade of ... Show more content
military advisors were deployed to Uganda and to LRA affected areas of CAR, South Sudan, and
DRC to assist the Ugandan military in conducting counter LRA operations. The U.S. advisors have
also provided some training to small teams of DRC and South Sudanese forces engaged in counter
LRA operations (CITE). The U.S. advisor effort is known as Operation Observant Compass, or
OOC. The US effort was designed to help a 4–nation partnership (South Sudan, Uganda, Central
Africa Republic and the Democratic Republic of Congo) counter the LRA, a mission that includes
training, funding, airlift, logistics, communications and intelligence support, specifically, fusing
intelligence and support to operations. As a result of the U.S. involvement, the amount of turmoil in
Africa had significantly decreased due to the mere presence of American soldiers. People of the
LRA knew the capabilities of the United States therefore it deterred them from attacking them. Not
only did Americas help promote a safer state to live in; they also have improved Africa's health,
education, sanitation and infrastructure and many more. Who would know where the continent of
Africa would be if the United States of America never got involved in the

Case Study On Malnutrition
Stephanie Lim Jia Ai (22) 409
Explain how malnutrition is a cause of child mortality in the DRC. [5]
Malnutrition is the lack of proper nutrition, caused by not having enough to eat or not eating enough
of the right things and child mortality, also known as under–five mortality, refers to the death of
infants and children under the age of five. About 45% of all child deaths are linked to malnutrition,
therefore malnutrition is known to be one of the main causes of child mortality worldwide. As
mentioned in the case study, malnutrition is widespread in the Democratic Republic of Congo and a
child who is suffering from malnutrition often has a diet lacking of vitamin A, zinc or iron. A diet
lacking in vitamin A, which affects nearly two–thirds ... Show more content on Helpwriting.net ...
Conflict can be defined as a disagreement between two or more parties where parties involved
receive a threat to their concerns, needs and interest. In the case of the Democratic Republic of the
Congo, there was a threat towards people's health due to the conflict in the DRC and thus resulted in
malnutrition. Malnutrition is the lack of proper nutrition, caused by not having enough to eat or not
eating enough of the right things.
As mentioned in the case study, the history of Democratic Republic of Congo has been one of civil
war and corruption. After independence in 1960, the country immediately faced an army mutiny and
an attempt at secession by its mineral–rich province of Katanga. In 1965 Mobutu seized power and
renamed the country Zaire and himself Mobutu Sese Seko. He turned Zaire into a springboard for
operations against Soviet–backed Angola and thereby ensured US backing. But he also made Zaire
synonymous with corruption.The First Congo War that lasted from 1996 to 1997 was a foreign
invasion of Zaire led by Rwanda that replaced a decade–long dictator, Mobutu Sésé Seko with the
rebel leader Laurent–Désiré Kabila. The Second Congo War also known as the Great War of Africa
or the Great African War, began in August 1998, little more than a year after the First Congo War
and involving some of the same issues, in the Democratic Republic of the Congo and officially
ended in July 2003 when the Transitional Government of the Democratic

Essay on History of the Democratic Republic of Congo
Prior to 1960, Belgium and their King, Leopold ruled the Congo region. They held great interests in
the rubber industry and created harsh labor camps that exploited the people. That is why after
gaining independence in 1960, the nation then known as Zaire plunged into chaos. Military unrest
coupled with oppressive warlord throughout the region made it a very unstable state, ready to
collapse. Nowadays, U.N. peacekeeping forces hold posts in the nation to maintain its stability. The
United States has had foreign relations with the country from 1960 and has signed many treaties to
help promote growth in the region. One such document is the Peace, Security and Cooperation
framework that exists between the United States and the Democratic ... Show more content on
Helpwriting.net ...
That is another reason why U.S. economic involvement in the DRC is seen as very important,
because it produces stability in the region, leading into the next point. As stated at the end of the last
paragraph, the U.S. must prevent more military destabilization in the region through both military
and economic means. The early mission statement of the United States Africa Command states that
"the West's long–term strategic interests in Africa are clear: we must thwart the growth of terrorism
and transnational crime; we must prevent destabilizing mass migrations; and we must maintain
secure trade links." Through military invention and economic aid, both the DRC and other nations in
Africa as well as the United States will benefit with increased national security. "In 2001, the UN
blamed the various factions that fought a brutal five–year war in the DRC for deliberately extending
the conflict in order to plunder the country's extensive supplies of gold, diamonds, and timber"
(World Geography). Through the Peace, Security and Cooperation framework the U.S. is able to
maintain a Special Envoy for the Great Lakes and the DRC to prevent further exploitation of
resources. The Envoy has a main goal of locating and destroying the main root cause of instability in
the region. In other economic terms, "A UN agency said it needed close to 7.5 million U.S. dollars
to continue offering

D. R. Congo Crisis
Security Council Ian Augsburger Crisis in DR Congo United Kingdom
Position Paper Background The Dominican Republic of Congo, a rich land, estimated to be worth
24 trillion dollars in its natural resources is ranked one of the lowest on the Human Development
Index, 176th out of 187 countries. How? The D.R. Congo's fluctuating economy directly correlates
with its immense war history. Dating past its independence, the D.R. Congo encountered its first
struggle beginning in the 1880s when King Leopold II of Belgium controlled the territory. He
ruthlessly exploited Congo's natural resources through autocratic rule and slave labor. However,
under pressure from the Belgian government in 1908, he eventually transferred control to ... Show
Thereforth, the program will create positive reinforcement, quarterly payments of the funding
provided by the World Bank to create an incentive for continuous accurate reports of tax revenues. If
an insufficient report is used, the D.R. Congo will lower its potential quarterly payment until an
accurate report is shown. Tax authorities in 2013, failed to account for $88 million from the mining
sector specifically, and reportedly should have paid them to the bank. By implementing the A
branch, the problem will no longer exist due to strict and accurate tax

Belgian Imperialism
Imperialism helped the Belgians discriminate, segregate, brutally torture, and even kill the
Congolese in genocidal proportions worse than the Holocaust, for economic benefit. Imperialism is
what let the Belgians easily seized all control of the Congolese' supply of ivory, rubber, and minerals
for economic power and benefit. Because the Congolese did not want to be controlled the Belgians
inflicted brutal control over the people, then after that they started killing them in inhumane ways.
The Congolese' also lost most of their own culture, but when the Belgians invaded their country and
took over they did bring religion and education. Overall the Belgians destroyed the Congo because
of their greed, and their past is still remembered today. Imperialism had a vast impact on the
Congo's economy. The first thing the Belgians wanted was control over the Congo's economy, so
that they could have their supplies of ivory and rubber. ... Show more content on Helpwriting.net ...
When the Congolese was first taken over, King Leopold II made the Belgian's first take children
from villages to raise them so that they would help the Force Publique– a group of gendarmerie and
military force that inflicted punishment on the people of the Congo. Force Publique tortured and
terrorized the people of the Congo into doing the work, and if they didn't do as they were told to the
Force Publique had methods such as cutting off their hands, chaining them, enslaving wives and
daughters, and taking their children to also join the Force Publique. Until the book "The Heart of
Darkness" by Joseph Conrad was published, the Belgians were able to get away with terrorizing the
Congolese. After that book was published the Europeans were outraged with the Belgians ruling the
Congo, so they later helped the Congolese get their own government which is now the Democratic
Republic of the

Congo Child Labor
conditions
More than half of the world's supply of cobalt is delivered from DR Congo. 40% of all workers in
mines are children. Children as young as seven work in extremely harsh conditions to mine cobalt
which ends up in a lot of items we use in our daily life such as smartphones, cars, and computers.
Mining is one of the worst forms of child labour, due to the hazardous conditions and strenuous
work, and In 2014, approximately 40,000 young boys and girls were forced to work in the
unbearable heat with clouds of red dust and almost no light. Many have sported various infections
from working in polluted water. Children are forced dig at depths of 200 to 300 meters and are at
constant risk of rock slides, or other accidental deaths. In a World ... Show more content on
Helpwriting.net ...
138 on the Minimum Age of Employment and No. 182 on the Worst Forms of Child Labour in
2001. The law sets minimum for admission to work at the age of 15 after the employer has obtained
consent of parents or guardians to work for more than 4 hours a day and all children are banned by
law from working in hazardous jobs. Authorities lack financial and human resources to perform
controls and prosecute offenders who make use of child labour. Democratic Republic of the Congo
made a moderate advancement in efforts to eliminate the worst forms of child labor. However,
children in the Democratic Republic of the Congo continue to engage in the worst forms of child
labor, including the mining of gold, cobalt, cassiterite (tin ore), coltan, and wolframite. Children are
used in armed conflict, sometimes as a result of forced recruitment or abduction by non–state armed
groups. The prescribed penalties for forced or compulsory labor remain low and do not serve as
deterrents. Decentralization, a lack of resources, and poor coordination have prevented and slowed
the government's efforts to combat child labor, and laws mandating free primary education are not

Essay
terrorism seems to be on an incline in society, people are worried about their safety. Tiffany Howard,
author of Failed States and the Origins of Violence, states that "the climate of state fragility as the
ideal environment to give rise to political violence, especially leading to terrorism." In the end, the
state will be consumed by violence. This violence will start out internally with people being denied
goods and services, and then the government will lose credibility. Ultimately, creating a lose of trust
and power in the government. The people of the nations will abandon the law, hoping to reap some
benefits from the new coup–group. Corruption will prosper, where there is an ineffective
government. Unfortunately, Congo government ... Show more content on Helpwriting.net ...
Many questions could be asked about the governance of the democratic republic of Congo.
However, through my research it has come to my attention, the necessary ones. Through Congo
history of poor governance and dictatorship, one should ask, Is Congo governable? Or is it doomed
to be a failed State? In most areas of life, the past always repeats itself. When looking at the
geographical studies of Congo, one must ask, is the physical geography an impediment to the
countries? Is it possible for a country to operate when there are only urban or upper class people
receiving services from the government? The question of the countries historical importance and
geographical perspective is key to solving the problem of Congo. Why is the State of Congo so
powerful in the daily lives of the poeple of the urban cities wronged by colonial oppression,
dictatorship, economic underdevelopment and much more problems affecting the country?
To answer my research question, I will create a questionnaire in urban and rural areas of the
Democratic Republic of Congo that will ask semi–structured questions. Also, it will be important to
look at data that represents the social/public service issues, the inability of the government, and
placement of people compared to geography. Nevertheless, I will go to the national

The M23: Rebel Group
M23 is a rebel group that formed in April of 2012. Comprised primarily of Tutsis formerly members
of the Congolese army, M23 began tearing up the eastern DRC displacing thousands. They named
themselves M23 after a peace deal signed on March 23, 2009, between the DRC and the former
militia group CNDP (BBC News, 2013). The DRC accused Rwanda and Uganda of supporting
M23, allegations that were denied. M23 declared a ceasefire leading up to the time of the peace
talks, in which eleven countries in Africa decided to work together to end the conflict in the DRC.
M23 essentially disbanded in March 2013 when Bosco Ntaganda, their alleged founder, surrendered,
and signed a peace deal with the DRC that December (BBC News, 2013).
"As of mid–2014, there were more than 2.8 million internally displaced persons and refugees. This
violence and turmoil it creates has severely affected the agricultural livelihoods of the poor,
reducing their capacity to produce and trade. As of 2006, more than 70 percent of the Congolese
population lived below the poverty threshold of $1.25 a day" (Peace Direct, 2016).
In January of 2015 an uprising began in the DRC when the government attempted to make changes
to the electoral law. Those opposing the changes believed that they ... Show more content on
Helpwriting.net ...
In a 1996 interview with Charlayne Hunter Gault, Professor Izangola explained: 'In Rwanda, the
Tutsi and the Hutu are the same people. They are all people–large grouping or communities which
go from seven regions of Cameroon to Uganda–all the way to South Africa, in the same culture,"
Izangola said. "People used to be Tutsi or Hutu, depending on the proximity to the king. If you were
close to the king, you owned wealth, you owned a lot of cattle, you are a Tutsi. If you are far away
from the king, you are a cultivator, you don't own much cattle, you are a Hutu'" (PBS,

The Congo-Kinshasa
The Democratic Republic of the Congo, or also known as the Congo–Kinshasa, is the second
poorest country in the world, and the poorest in Africa as of 2015. It is also one of the largest
countries in Africa, and as a result of the generous population, the country is poverty–stricken. The
Congo has beautiful traditions, cultures, and art that is known and appreciated around the world.
Though, also struggles with a mixture of awful health, financial system, and unemployment
problems. The Democratic Republic of the Congo has a very interesting history. The country has a
population of 67.5 million people, and the capitol is Kinshasa, which has a population of 10.4
million people. The Congo's many ethnic groups help to create a wide variety ... Show more content
The healthcare in this country is on it's last limb and can't function. The government wants to help
the public but the whole financial system is failing, and trying to help everyone isn't realistic. The
government has tried to reach out and help the community however the outcome only backfires
when everyone isn't treated equally because of the mass population they have. Many people are
saying the Democratic Republic of the Congo is already a dead country. In the Democratic Republic
of the Congo, the weather is very average year round. The annual temperature is 70º–95º all year
round. In the summer it can accede 100º, but the temperature is mainly around 95º. The Congo
doesn't get much rain anytime of the year. In conclusion, the Democratic Republic of the Congo is a
beautiful country with great potential, although it just has problems that are almost impossible to
recover from. The traditions, arts, cultures and backgrounds that they own are one of a kind.
However knowing how impoverished they are right now, they can't regain what they

The Consequences Of The Dodd-Frank Act
With the emergence of technology, conflict minerals have become a growing and pressing issue in
the 21st Century. Conflict minerals are those that fuel civil wars, specifically in Central Africa.
There are very few regulations placed on conflict minerals and they are an integral part of most of
the supply chains for technology companies. In 2011 the United States of America issued the Dodd–
Frank Act, which regulates the use of conflict minerals to a certain degree. The problem, however,
lies in the effectiveness and the real world consequences of the Dodd–Frank Act, thus alternative
solutions must be explored in order to regulate the current and future use of conflict minerals.
Conflict minerals are similar to the more commonly known –"blood"–diamonds,

Research Paper On Virunga
Virunga National Park Essay The Virunga National Park is one of the most biologically diverse
areas on the planet and home to a short list of endangered mountain gorillas. Currently, there are 880
mountain gorillas located in the forests shared between the Democratic Republic of Congo, Rwanda,
and Uganda. Virunga was the first national park founded by King Albert I of Belgium in Africa. The
park was founded in order to protect the mountain gorillas, but unfortunately poaching had caused
them to go extinct. The Democratic Republic of the Congo is extremely rich in natural resources,
but is politically unstable, has a lack of infrastructure, and deep corruption. The Congo had faced
serious threats since the Civil War and wasn't declared independent until 1960. In 1994, factions of
african rebel groups are trying to gain control of natural resources to sell to foreign corporations.
Since parts of Virunga lies on the eastern Congo, the park also lies within the natural resources that
European private corporations are highly interested. It wasn't until 2010 when oil was discovered in
the eastern Congo (Virunga National Park). The Virunga National Park is known for its ... Show
Through its history, Virunga has been deeply affected by the country's political climate. From
poaching to war, the park rangers, key politicians, conservationists, and concerned individuals had
work hard for the park to survive. As of now, people across the world are donating and signing
petitions for the park to survive and from ever being drilled again. The work ethic shown by the
Virunga's rangers demonstrates the love they have for the national park and the animals to live
forever. The greatest incentive for the park rangers is for the animals to live forever because it's the
only thing that keeps the national park living. Through the film, I was amazed how how much
empathy and sympathy the rangers have for their national

Ebola Research Paper
The source of the Ebola virus is not completely known. Research has pointed to several possible
carriers of the virus. "Among the suspected reservoirs for Ebola are bats, primates, rodents, and
insects that inhabit tropical forests in Africa"(1). It is initially spread to people by coming into
contact with body fluids or waste of one of the carriers and then it is transferred from person to
person very easily and very quickly through similar avenues(2). The first documented case in human
history was in 1976 (2). The first outbreaks occurred in the West African countries of Sudan and
Democratic Republic of Congo. There was approximately 600 people that were infected with this
virus and approximately 430 people died in 1976 (2). That means ... Show more content on
Helpwriting.net ...
Currently the treatments are very limited and are being treated on a symptom by symptom basis.
Typical symptoms include Fever, severe headache, muscle pain, weakness, diarrhea, and vomiting
(3). There are currently no vaccines available however there are some companies trying to develop
experimental drugs that are just entering early clinical trials (3). One of great interest is the ZMapp
treatment (3). ZMapp is an experimental treatment(it is not a vaccine) that could possibly treat the
Ebola virus (3). With the Ebola virus running rampant through West Africa the Food and Drug
Administration and the World Health Organization have authorized the use of the experimental drug
ZMapp for human use (3). ZMapp has never been tested on humans before however it has been
tested on other primates with great success. The trial was conducted on 18 Rhesus macaques that
had the Ebola virus all 18 monkeys made full recoveries (4). Because ZMapp is experimental it is
has a limited quantity available and won't be ready right away. Currently only a handful of humans
have received the ZMapp treatment 2 American care works, a Spanish priest, & at least 2 health care
providers from Liberia. The two Americans affected with the virus Dr. Kent Brantly and Nancy
Writebol have both made full recoveries after receiving the ZMapp treatment (6). As of August 30th,
2014 two health

An Analysis Of Pieces D Identites, And Aesthetics Of...
African cinema has certain aesthetics and politics that differ from cinema within the United States.
The politics and aesthetics of African film tends to reference themes of liberation, self identity and
allegories referring to colonialism. Three films that were viewed in class this year that display each
of these politics are Lumumba, Pieces D'Identites, and Afrique, Je Te Plumerai. The first politic and
aesthetic African films tend to reference the most is liberation. A good example of a film that shows
this politic is the film Lumumba directed by Raoul Peck. This film was released in 2001 and is
about the life of the former prime minister of the Democratic Republic of the Congo, Patrice
Lumumba. The film examines the liberation of the ... Show more content on Helpwriting.net ...
A good example of a film viewed during this semester with this aesthetic is Afrique, Je Te Plumerai.
This film was released in 1992 and directed by Jean Marie Teno. This film is about the history of the
west African country of Cameroon. This film starts with the first contact the area which would
become Cameroon had with European missionaries, to German and French colonialism, and finally
to present day and how the colonialism affected the people of Cameroon. This uses allegories for
colonialism through showing how the literature taught in schools and most of the books in the
libraries are by White authors and that they have very little literature by Black authors taught in
schools or displayed in libraries. Also the name of the film "Afrique, Je Te Plumerai" means "Africa,
I Pluck You". This is an allegory of how colonialism has plucked all of the Cameroonian history
from the people and has replaced it with European history. This aesthetic would never be used in a
Hollywood film due to the fact that the United States is a country that goes around attacking and
colonizing other countries for their natural resources and to build an empire. Hollywood actually
makes films with the complete opposite of this aesthetic where the film its film is about how
invading other countries and killing people made U.S. soldiers sad. All in all African films have
completely different politics and aesthetics than films made in the U.S. The film Lumumba shows
the politics of liberation. The film Pieces D'Identities shows the aesthetics of self identity. The film
Afrique, Je Te Plumerai shows the aesthetics of allegories of colonialism. In conclusion Hollywood
would not dare to touch the politics nor aesthetics of these films due to Hollywood's prejudices and
other

Cause And Effects Of The Congo Crisis

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