Hydrogen Essay

Hydrogen Essay
Hydrogen
Hydrogen is a tasteless, odorless, colorless gas. Hydrogen is found in group 1 and period 1 on the
periodic table. Hydrogen is classified as a nonmetal on the periodic table. The symbol for hydrogen
is represented by an H, its atomic number is 1, and its atomic weight is 1.0079. The hydrogen atom
consists of one proton, which has a positive charge, and one electron, which has a negative charge.
The term hydrogen comes from two Greek words meaning water–former. Henry Cavendish, an
English scientist, discovered it in 1766. Named by Lavoisier, hydrogen is the most abundant of all
elements in the universe. The sun and many other stars consist of mostly hydrogen. It is the third
most abundant element on earth. It is estimated that ... Show more content on Helpwriting.net ...
Hydrogen gas is only slightly soluble in water. It is not poisonous. Hydrogen has three isotopes
called protium, deuterium, and tritium. Tritium is radioactive and has been uses in the hydrogen
bomb. In the laboratory, hydrogen can be produced by the electrolysis of water. Hydrogen combines
directly with several of the most active elements, but most hydrogen compounds are made by
indirect methods. Mixtures of hydrogen and oxygen explode violently when ignited by a spark.
When there is air or oxygen with hydrogen's presence, hydrogen burns with a hot flame and forms
water. Chlorine burns in hydrogen and forms a colorless gas called HCl. Ammonia, whose symbol is
NH3, is made by combining hydrogen and nitrogen. Other hydrogen compounds prepared indirectly
include hydrogen peroxide (H2O2), acetic acid (CH3COOH), and ethyl alcohol (C2H2OH).
Hydrogen also combines directly with a variety of compounds. In the presence of a catalyst at high
temperature and pressure, hydrogen combines with carbon monoxide to form methanol or wood
alcohol (CH3OH). Hydrogen also unites with liquid fats to form solid fats through a process called
hydrogenation. Many hydrogen compounds, such as ammonia, ethyl alcohol, and hydrogen
peroxide, have extensive industrial uses. Hydrogen is also a good reducing agent and is used to
recover some metals from their compounds. Hydrogen's ability to produce heat when united with
oxygen makes it a good fuel or fuel enhancer. They Hydrogen Fuel cell is
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The Teller-Ulam Testing
It would be May 8 1951, when Teller would get the chance on an experiment called the "George
Test". This wasn't a full–scale testing but it was purely for calculations and to show the worried
government that the taxpayers money was being used for progress. The test was conducted on a bare
stretch of the Marshall Island chain in the central Pacific Ocean. A year later a mathematician named
Stanislaw Ulam would suggest to Teller to use two fission bombs. The second explosion would be
detonated by the first to achieve the high temperatures needed for a thermonuclear explosion. Teller
and Ulam would expand the idea and create the Teller–Ulam design for thermonuclear weapons.
Nuclear weapons research in the United States (US) started in 1942 and ... Show more content on
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Since the WW2 attacks on Hiroshima and Nagasaki nuclear weapons have become even more
powerful. THe Hiroshima bomb produced an explosion of 15 kilotons, on kiloton equals the
explosive power of 1000 tons of TNT.^If dropped the radius of the affected area would be close to a
mile long, buy the fallout of the explosion would be close to 65 miles away from the drop zone. But
the sheer destructive power of that explosion pales in comparison to the largest thermonuclear
weapon currently in the US arsenal– The B83. Created in the late 1970s the B83 can produce an
explosion up to 1,200 kilotons, eighty times more than the hiroshima explosion, this is the explosive
power of 1.2 million tons of TNT.^ The affected area would be over seven miles and the fallout of
this explosion would be close to 250 miles away from the drop zone. Than the 1954 Operation
Castle Bravo, the United States largest nuclear bomb tested and its first lithium–deuteride–fueled
thermonuclear weapon.^ Detonation site was Bikini Atoll, is an atoll apart of the Marshall islands.
Castle bravo produced a 15,000 kiloton explosion, which is over 1,000 times more powerful than the
Hiroshima bomb. The radius of the affected area if detonated would be over 21 miles and the fallout
would be about 560 miles away. On October 30, 1961 the Soviet Union tested the Tzar

Edward Teller: The Fusion Bomb
A man by the name of Edward Teller is the creator of the fusion bomb. He was a Hungarian–born
American who is known as the father of the hydrogen bomb. Teller made numerous contributions to
nuclear and molecular physics. Another word for fusion bomb is hydrogen bomb. This bomb has
never been used in a war and is said to be bigger than the atomic bomb. Another reason why the
fusion bomb is so dangerous is because of the stuff it's made of causing a brutal explosion. No one
has ever tested this bomb out other than the United States and Russia. Large portions of the bombs
energy comes from nuclear fusion of hydrogen isotopes.There are three stages to the fusion bomb
the first stage is called the

Atoms: Three Parts, Protons, Neutrons, And Electron
Atoms are made of three parts, protons, neutrons, and electrons. Protons are pieces of matter that is
positively charged (+1). Electrons are really small, smaller than protons, piece of matter with a
negative charge(–1). Neutrons are pieces of matter around the same size as protons with no
charge(0). Atoms are usually surrounded by electrons. When the electron and protons are at the
same amount the net charge is zero. When the number of electrons and protons are not equal it
causes the atoms to be ionized. These atoms are called ions. More electrons over protons are
negatively charged. More protons over electrons are positive charged. The total charge would be the
sum of the positive protons and negative electrons. The number of protons defines ... Show more
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Like "helium–three" would be used for a helium atom that has three nucleons. We write the number
of nucleons to the upper left of the abbreviation such as this one: 3He. We write the charge on an
element or electron to the upper right of the abbreviation such as this one: E–. Hydrogen has three
isotopes: normal Hydrogen is 1H, with not anymore than one proton. Deuterium is 2H, which has
just one proton and a neutron. Tritium is 3H, which has one proton and two neutrons. Tritium is
unstable. It is radioactive, spitting out a fast electron as it disintegrates into helium like this example:
3H ––––––> 3He + e–. A balanced equation has the same "net" charge and mass on the left side as it
has on the right side. Everything is the same on the two sides, just arranged differently. There are
three types of radiation: alpha particles are high speed helium nuclei (4He+2) which can only be
stopped by a piece of paper or skin. Beta particles are high speed electrons (e–) which can pass
through paper, but not to much paper though like a book. Gamma rays are not particles at all. They
are very high energy light rays that can only be stopped by very thick and big materials such as
Hevesy bricks. Radiation can harm you if you get hit by too much of it, so watch out! So lastly there
is many ways to find the atomic mass, on how they describe elements and different parts there are is
in them. Protons, electrons and neutrons,

Hydrogen Bomb Research Paper
Hydrogen bomb was first studied at the second world war together with the researches of nuclear
fission.The main element used in it is hydrogen. Hydrogen was first found in later 16th century but
it was not confirmed as a kind of chemical element by Henry Cavendish before 1766. It is a
chemical element with symbol H and atomic number 1. That means it is the first one on the periodic
table and each atom just has one proton and one electron.And with a standard atomic weight of
1.008, hydrogen is the lightest element on the periodic table. In addition ,it is the most abundant
chemical substance in the Universe, constituting roughly 75% of all baryonic mass. On Earth,most
of hydrogen exists in molecular forms such as water or organic compounds Hydrogen belongs to
alkali metals and its family has three members,whose names are protium deuterium and tritium.The
difference is that protium just have on neutrons but deuterium has one and tritium has too.

The Viability of Fission and Fusion for our Planet Essay
The Viability of Fission and Fusion
For our planet
As the global population increases exponentially, having passed six billion in 1999, the world
population is expected to be 8.9 billion by the year 2050. The worlds energy consumption will
increase by an estimated 54 percent by 2025. Energy demand in the industrialized world is projected
to grow 1.2 percent per year. Energy is a critical component of sustained economic growth and
improved standards of living. One of the major requirements for sustaining human progress is an
adequate source of energy. As the world's technological enhancements and standards of living
improve, so too does their appetite for electricity.
The largest sources of energy at the moment are the combustion of ... Show more content on
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A diagram of a basic nuclear power plant is shown.
Power Source
Advantages
Disadvantages
Sustainability
Nuclear Fission Relatively cheap to produce
Does not produce greenhouse gases
Can produce large amounts of electricity
Is reliable. Nuclear accidents are among the worst type of man–made disasters possible.
Waste from nuclear energy stays radioactive for thousands of years. Great care has to be taken in
storing this waste safely.
Uranium is not renewable. Uranium is expected to not run out for several hundred years.
Nuclear Fusion Abundant, inexhaustible fuel supply
Nuclear fusion, unlike the existing nuclear fission plants, would produce no radioactive fuel waste
No greenhouse gasses
No generations of weapons material Is not possible at

Edward Teller Essay
Home Life: Edward Teller was born to Jewish parents Max and Ilona Teller January 15, 1908 in
Budapest, Hungary. The Tellers were an upper middle class family due to Edward's father being a
lawyer. The tellers also had a daughter Emmi who was twenty months older than Edward. Until
Edward was four he showed few signs of being exceptionally intelligent in fact there was concern
that he may lack even normal intelligence. At four however Edward began to speak in full sentences
and show great promise. By age six he was laying in bed at night and work multiplication problems.
He soon also showed great promise as a pianist, something he would enjoy throughout his lifetime.
By seventeen young Edward had found the young woman whom he ... Show more content on
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He also had difficulty in math but not due to a lack of ability but boredom. This ws illustrated by
Edward suggesting a better solution to a problem that the one provided by the instructor. This lead
the instructor Dr. Karl Oberle to state, "So, you are a genius" "Well, I don't like geniuses." Edward
began his university education close to home, bowing to his mothers insistence, at the University of
Budapest. His father had talked him into studying engineering instead of math as his main subject.
After a dissatisfying period at the university in 1926 Edward enrolled at the Institute of Technology
in Karlsruhe, Germany. In 1928 Edward again switched schools to the University of Munich, where
he would study physics. In 1928 Edward had an accident leaving a moving street car which led to
part of his foot being amputated. This delay in his education would also lead to Edward's final
switch of schools before receiving his Ph.D. Edward transferred to the University of Leipzig. He
received his Ph.D. in Theoretical Physics in 1930. Getting started: Teller's first position was an
assistantship at the University of Gottingen. Edward would leave Gottingen due to the increasing
level of anti–Semitism in Germany. Edward joined a growing exodus of jews leaving for safer
countries like England and the United States. Teller took an assistantship in physics at the University
College in London which fulfilled requirements that allowed him to Win a

Cold Fusion Research Paper
Cold Fusion Research Paper
As the world becomes more aware of the growing need for a more abundant energy supply, one
energy source has been swept under the carpet and virtually ignored. This source is cold fusion.
Cold fusion is:
"A reaction that occurs under certain conditions in supersaturated metal hydrides (metals with lots of
hydrogen or heavy hydrogen dissolved in them). It produces excess heat, helium, and a very low
level of neutrons. In some experiments the host metal has been transmuted into other elements. Cold
fusion has been seen with palladium, titanium, nickel and with some superconducting ceramics."
(Infinite)
In 1989 Stanley Pons and Martain Fleischmann announced to the press that they had discovered
cold ... Show more content on Helpwriting.net ...
If they had gone to the community before the press, a new scientific discovery might have been
developed and researched, however there are only a few believers in cold fusion that are still
researching it today.
A general way physicists determine if a reaction is nuclear or chemical is via tritium (an isotope of
hydrogen) production. Chemical reactions do not produce tritium, while most nuclear reactions do.
It is important to note that some forms of fusion (nuclear reaction) can occur where tritium is not
produced. (Matejowsky) Pons and Fleishmann claimed to produce a few tritium atoms, but their
claimed results were never replicated because they did not publish their experiment. The exact
method they used was not replicated until it was too late and cold fusion already had a bad name and
been renounced. Even once the method they used had been reproduced the results were not
consistent enough to convince the community. This resulted in the scientific community believing
the entire idea and concept of cold fusion to be a hoax. As a result, any young scientists entering the
community were turned away from cold fusion as was observed at the Seventh International
Conference on Cold Fusion. "The younger ones had bailed years ago, fearing career damage from
the cold fusion stigma." (Platt) Most scientists that thought the possibility of cold fusion was real
either left it

Analysis: The 3032 Tomcat
The 3032 Tomcat is either Double–Action or Single–Action pistol, chambered for .32 Auto
ammunition. Maximum magazine capacity is 7 rounds. The Tomcat holds an average amount of
ammunition in compare to other pistols of the same caliber. The average .32 Auto bullet has 130 ft–
lbs. of energy at the muzzle, what is much less powerful than the average pistol's round 338 ft–lbs.
This round has a muzzle velocity approximately about 950 fps ,making it one of the slowest pistol
rounds. Standard version of the 3032 and the 3032 Tomcat Inox are designed as semi–automatic
pocket pistols, chambered in .32 ACP (also called 7.65 mm Browning) Those pistols are quite small,
designed as an ideal option for concealed–carry and use as backup weapons. As such,

The Disadvantages Of Nuclear Power : Mass Destruction
Carpenter, Volz 1
Kenney Carpenter, Dylan Volz
Mr. Viarengo
AP English
October 30, 2017 Nuclear Power: Mass Destruction Fossil fuels have been the main source of
energy for many years. Nevertheless, because of the pollution they cause, people are seeking new
sources of energy every day. As many believe, nuclear power is the power of the future. However,
while many people are excited about nuclear power, there are certain drawbacks. Although there are
possible benefits to nuclear power, the disadvantages far outweigh the advantages. In nuclear power,
there are mainly two nuclear processes to be considered: fission and fusion. In fission, large atoms
are split into small atoms, known as fission products. (Touran). These fission products are remnants
of uranium nuclei, which then split apart after obtaining a passing neutron (WNA). After obtaining
these neutrons, nuclear energy is being produced. Nuclear power plants to this day use this process
to produce energy. On the other hand, fusion combines atoms such as hydrogen or helium to
produce nuclear energy (Lee). In this process, hydrogen can be manipulated, which then produces
energy. To make this happen, heavy–heavy hydrogen, known as deuterium or tritium has to combine
together to create helium or a neutron. Deuterium is found in water. Tritium can be created by
combining the fusion neutron with lithium, which is a metal that is easily obtainable. Thus, the
nuclear process of fusion could be an energy source that has

Future Energy Option: The High Temperature Gas Colled...
(Images or figures aren´t included) The High Temperature Gas cooled Reactors (HTGR) are being
accepted by many countries today due to the increase interest as a future energy option. The research
on HTGRs are being conducted in China and Japan, and also two new nuclear plant designs are
being chased as an international project (4). These reactors are used in nuclear power plants to
generate electricity and also new nuclear fuels. However, can these HTGRs be used in residential
areas?
Gas–cooled nuclear reactors was originated by a professor in chemistry named Farrington Daniels at
1942 in University of Wisconsin. His report was published in 1944 with features of a direct cycle
turbine, plant below grade and pebble bed cores (3). HTGR ... Show more content on
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There are also High Temperature Test Reactor (HTTR) located in Japan and China. The HTTR in
Japan is at the Japanese Atomic Energy Agency campus (3). It uses the prismatic fuel type HTGR.
In China, the High Temperature Test Reactor–10 (HTR–10) is situated in Tsinghua University,
Beijing. It is a helium–cooled, pebble–bed reactor (3).
The High Temperature Gas cooled Reactors is a Generation IV reactor. It operates with a nuclear
reactor made of graphite. It also uses fuel in the form of uranium with an outlet temperature as high
as 1000oC (2). HTGRs are present in two ways, the pebble bed reactors (PBR) and prismatic block
reactors (PMR). In the PMR, the graphite are hexagonal blocks shape and are packed to insert in the
cylindrical shape pressure vessel meanwhile the PBR consists pebbles in fuel form (2). These
pebbles are stacked together in a cylindrical pressure vessel which looks like a gum–ball machine
(2). Figure 1: Image of PBR reactor.
The HTGRs uses Brayton cycle to generate electricity and indirect cycle to produce hydrogen. It
uses an intermediate heat exchanger (IHX) for these two cycles (4). During the first generation of
gas–cooled reactors (GCRs), Rankine cycle was used for power generation since most of the gas
turbine uses an open cycle (4). A closed cycle is required to maintain the process gas for radiological
reasons.
Both the pebble bed reactors and prismatic block reactors work almost

Nuclear Fusion Research Paper
Nuclear Fusion: The Future of Energy
Nowadays, energy is pivotal to almost every major challenge and opportunity the world confronts.
Be it for jobs, security, climate change, food production or increasing incomes, access to energy for
all is essential. Sustainable energy is needed for strengthening economies, protecting ecosystems
and achieving equity. In accordance with The UN Conference on Environment and Development,
energy consumption is expected to increase dramatically over the next 50 years as the world's
population grows and developing countries become more industrialized. With environmental
requirements for lower CO2 emission sources and the need to invest in a sustainable energy mix,
new energy sources must be developed. At the same time, climate change is known to be one of the
most ... Show more content on Helpwriting.net ...
These fossil sources are the biggest origin of CO2 production – the main cause of a worldwide
climate change. Renewable sources offer an enduring, clean energy holds, however, they produce a
small amount of energy, leave an expansive natural impression and their variances in time require
capacity frameworks and reserve energy plants. Nuclear fission present a demonstrated option yet
creates extensive radioactive waste that requires transportation and re–preparing. On the contrary,
Fusion reaction will be accessible as a future energy choice by this mid–century, and could add to a
supportable, secure and safe source. Nuclear fusion can possibly give a manageable answer for
American and worldwide energy needs. Fusion could begin providing business power in around 30
years, and it is likely to supply up to 20% of the world's power needed by the year 2100. Its points
of interest incorporate not radiating any CO2 gasses, effective energy, copious fuel sources, safe
frameworks and no seemingly perpetual radioactive waste ("Fusion for

Essay on Hydrogen Fusion is the Future Source of Energy
Hydrogen Fusion, the Future Source of Energy Abstract The world is currently in an energy crisis
with no end in sight. Many technologies can help reduce our dependence on fossil fuels and have the
possibility of ending the energy crisis. Hydrogen fusion holds great promise with its no pollution
energy output. If more energy can be created than is used to start the fusion process, the energy
crisis might become a thing of the past. Over half of the energy used now comes from fossil fuels,
which is around 2.77*10^14 KJ in 2003. ITER, which is under construction right now in France,
will have the possibility of releasing 500 MW of energy as an output. By developing methods that
reduce the energy needed to start the fusion ... Show more content on Helpwriting.net ...
JET is a Tokamak developed by the UK in the 1970's. JET stands for Joint European Torus. The fuel
used in JET is a mixture of deuterium and tritium. It was first fired up in 1983 after five years of
construction and in 1997 it hit its peak output of 16 MW. JET is currently shutdown because it is
being upgraded to increase its power output to 40 MV. The upgrades are occurring to help out in the
development of the largest hydrogen fusion generator, ITER. ITER is the newest fusion generator
that is currently under construction in eastern France. It is being funded by the European Union,
Russia, the US, Japan, South Korea, and China. The project is expected to run for at least thirty
years, ten for its construction and twenty for its usage. The project is expected to cost at leas 10
billion euros, with the European Union paying a hefty part of the sum. The Torus at ITER is
designed to create at least 500 MW for about 500 seconds. The problem with hydrogen fusion is that
it still is in an experimental phase. Humans are still trying to develop a method to gain more energy
than is put in. Molecules of deuterium and tritium are the main components in hydrogen fusion.
Both deuterium and tritium are stable isotopes of hydrogen. Fusion shows a lot of promise because
it when tritium and deuterium fuse, they release 17.6 MW of energy, the only problem is creating a
way to do this efficiently. We believe

Groundwater Age Of Ground Water
Groundwater is an important resource in regard to both its quality and quantity. In arid regions
where rivers and streams may be less frequent, groundwater represents a sustainable source of water
and it is important to determine if specific sites represent a renewable or a minable resource.
Groundwater age at a specific site is useful in determining the rate of groundwater recharge or an
acceptable rate of water harvesting in order to not completely deplete an aquifer. Chemicals and
isotopes that are dissolved in ground water can be used to determine the apparent age of ground
water. These chemicals and isotopes are called age–dating tracers. The apparent age of ground water
is considered to be the amount of time determined from an ... Show more content on Helpwriting.net
...
Discussion In the early 1990s, USGS scientists developed a method to date ground water using
chlorofluorocarbon (CFC) content of the water that is able to be used on most shallow ground–water
systems. During the past 50 years, anthropogenic activities have released chemical and isotopic
substances to the atmosphere. These atmospheric substances, such as tritium (3H) in water vapor
from detonation of nuclear bombs in the 1950s and early 1960s, and chlorofluorocarbons (CFCs)
from refrigeration and other uses from the 1950s through the 1980s, dissolve in precipitation. Then
they become incorporated in the hydrologic cycle. They can be found in ground water that has been
recharged within the past 50 years. Age applies to the date of introduction of the chemical substance
into the water and not to the water itself. (Figure 1) shows an exponential growth of
chlorofluorocarbon available in ground water from 1950 to where it peaks and crests in the late
1990's. The decline is a result of a ban on CFCs in the late 80's. The United States and most First
World Nations started using less of the material due to its effect on ozone depletion. The amount of
CFCs in the atmosphere over the past 50 years have been reconstructed. CFCs can be used to
determine groundwater age because water that is in contact with the atmosphere picks up CFCs
from the atmosphere. Thus, CFCs are incorporated in the water before it

The International Thermonuclear Experimental Reactor Essay
International Thermonuclear Experimental Reactor (ITER)
The ITER is an internationally funded research and development project which focuses on
constructing the world's first largest experimental nuclear fusion reactor. This project intends to
adopt the experimental and theoretical studies of plasma physics or 'tokomak' (a device utilizing
electromagnetic fields to trap plasma) and apply it to construct a fully functional, nuclear fusion
power plant which will harness the energy made from nuclear fusion to create electricity.. This
project is funded by USA, China, India, the EU, Russia, Japan and South Korea. The stated
countries have funded a total of 6.6 billion pounds to the French government in order for the project
to commence.
ITER ... Show more content on Helpwriting.net ...
This will ensure safety in case of any complications with the reactor.
With regards to the advantages of nuclear fusion, the raw fuel or energy itself is readily available.
The elements, deuterium and tritium are basically unlimited. Fusion will not emit toxic gas and
other deadly compounds into the atmosphere, unlike burning coal. Fusion will only release helium
gas, which will not have any effects on the atmosphere, as helium is very abundant on the
atmosphere, therefore it will not contribute to global warming. With regards to disadvantages, the
overall cost of constructing a facility which will harness the energy of nuclear fusion is extremely
high. ITER's project costs 10 billion Euros. With nuclear fission, the advantages are that, it is
inexpensive to create and harness the energy. Fission also does not create greenhouse gas. The
disadvantages are that, wastes are created from fission which can directly harm life and there is a
risk of a nuclear meltdown which will release electromagnetic radiation to its surroundings.
With chemical changes such as fossil fuel burnings, the advantages are that a lot of energy is
released during the combustion reaction and extremely cheap. Disadvantages are that, fossil fuels
release carbon dioxide into the atmosphere, which contributes to global warming.
From the stated advantages and disadvantages, nuclear fusion seems to the cleanest source of
energy. It does

Nuclear Fusion: The Last “Microfrontier” Essay examples
Imagine a world with almost limitless fuel, clean fuel. Envision a society that can harness the same
process that powers the sun. Skeptics may say that this is impossible. In fact, an alternate source of
energy exists, and so does the process to create it. Nuclear fusion, a process in which the Helium 3
isotope is utilized is the rapture in which the U.S.A., and the world, could produce a great amount of
energy as an alternative to petroleum. Whether nuclear fusion produces a substantial amount of
energy for the U.S. may not matter. All good things come with speculation. Some critics, like
Michael Moyer, suppose that nuclear fusion would create too much radiation, or harmful by–
products that may cause cancer or other mutations. ... Show more content on Helpwriting.net ...
should be able to launch its first flight into space sometime this year with the help of Virgin Galactic
Corporation. (Vergano) Wakefield states that in order to achieve nuclear fusion, scientists must mine
the moon's crust for Helium 3. (Wakefield) Harrison Schmitt indicates that in order to sift Helium 3
out of the soil, scientists say that the soil must be heated to approximately six hundred degrees
Celsius. (Schmitt) Wakefield claims that after they have heated the soil, the isotope is turned into its
gas state, and captured. It is then transported back to Earth. (Wakefield) Kulcinski states that the
initial phase of realizing a new energy source has come to fruition. (Williams) Schmitt proposes that
astronauts must harvest this commodity from the moon because the Earth's atmosphere refracts
Helium 3 towards the lunar surface. (Schmitt) Gregory Bennett says that when safely back on Earth,
the process of transforming Helium 3 into the newest energy source can begin. (Bennett) Creating
this new energy source is a monumental scientific task in itself, but the court of public opinion poses
many tribulations as well. According to 1938 physicist, Hanz Bethea, Nuclear fusion is the process
by which scientists use powerful magnetic lasers to fuse, or combine, two atoms to produce new
energy with limited by–products or waste. (Moyer, 53) Moyer states that the objective of nuclear
fusion is to produce more electrical energy than is utilized.

Argumentative Essay On Nuclear Energy
Nuclear Power What if all the power you would ever need in your life came from something the size
of a golf ball? 1 kilogram of uranium can provide for every spark of energy you could use in your
life from running your AC to powering an airplane. And yet this energy source is underutilized and
only makes up about 20% of the electricity used in the United States (NEI, 2017). The question now
is why? If nuclear power can create so much energy with minuscule amounts of fuel and waste why
doesn't the U.S. use it more? The answer comes from such heavy reliance on fossil fuels and a fear
of all things nuclear. But this reliance on fossil fuels cannot continue for much longer because of
depleting resources and continual pollution worldwide. Power found through other means is needed
to compensate for this. Energy produced through nuclear reactions are sound and effective,
providing a way to change how energy works and the effects it has worldwide. For the most part,
when people hear the word nuclear they instantly have images pop into mind. They think of atomic
bombs, nuclear fallout, radiation poisoning, and sometimes the end of the world. These views have
impacted the amount of nuclear energy in the United States it produces only 8.5% of the U.S. total
energy. (IER, 2016) Though this is substantially more than other alternative sources of energy it is
still quite minor compared to fossil fuels. These views appear to be generally shared across the globe
with Nuclear power supplying only 11% of the world's electricity. Though 13 countries rely on
nuclear energy for over a quarter of their energy needs with France the highest at 72.3%. (NEI,
2017) But if Nuclear energy is to play a bigger role especially if it is going to replace fossil fuel it
must be sustainable meaning that there must be enough of it to run on for a long time. There are two
ways to release nuclear energy the first way is by splitting atoms a process called fission. But fission
requires certain types of atoms that are big enough to break apart such as uranium–235. Now people
commonly think that these elements are hard to find but uranium is "as common as tin or zinc, and it
is a constituent of most rocks and even of the sea. (WNA, 2016)" The

Who Is Really Responsible? The Atomic and Hydrogen Bombs
The basis behind scientific research is to have a better understanding of the world we live in and
how humans may further improve their current lifestyle. But should the scientists behind the
research be held accountable for the impact their work has on future lifestyle? Should the scientists
behind the discovery of greenhouse gasses be responsible for global warming? Should the scientists
behind nuclear fusion be responsible for the outcome of the Hiroshima and Nagasaki bombings in
World War II? This last question I will be discussing further later on. I believe that scientists should
not be held responsible for the consequences of their work. I will defend my position with examples
of scientific discoveries that have ultimately led to ... Show more content on Helpwriting.net ...
Other refrigerants at the time were toxic or flammable and companies needed a safer and affordable
replacement. Initially Freon was a great replacement, until decades later, where studies showed that
Freon was causing mass destruction of the ozone layer. This destruction of the ozone layer would
lead to increase in skin cancers, increase eye damage caused by ultraviolet radiation, causing
mutations in human DNA and other large scale environmental damage (Soylent Communications,
2014). Now the public might think that Midgley caused global warming with his discovery of Freon,
if this is the case I personally don't think that he should be morally responsible for his discovery. He
didn't know at the time that his work would put us in the predicament we are in now with the
temperatures and seas rising. I'd say he'd feel morally responsible for the deaths of the workers in
the lead refineries and he probably felt that he was as well. After contracting the sickness himself he
felt morally obligated to write about the hazards of working with lead. Now so far we have seen two
scientists who have had great discoveries that have ultimately created harm yet neither of them in
my opinion are not morally responsible. One of the most highly debated moral choices in history is
the world changing bombings of Hiroshima and Nagasaki which still causes an uproar depending
who you ask.
One of the most

The Future Is Bright with Fusion
With the world's supply of fossil fuels declining, alternative sources of power are an important issue
in the minds of scientists and world leaders alike. While everyone scrambles to find the most
effective way to harness solar, wind, and water power, they forget about a form of producing energy
that has been researched for 70 years and is only a hair's breadth from being usable(26). Fusion, the
same power that fuels the sun, could fuel the world's homes and cars. A 1000 megawatt coal–fired
power plant requires 2.7 million tons of coal per year(21) whereas proposed fusion power plant
designs only require 250 kilos of fuel per year to produce more power(22).That's 1/10800000 of the
fuel required to run a coal–fired plant. Even with all fusion could accomplish, funding for it has
been cut dramatically in the past few years because of the inability of scientists to attain sustained
fusion. Fusion is the key to ending our dependence on coal, oil, and natural gas because sustained
fusion would produce 4 million times the energy that current methods produce and the fuel is
harmless and readily available.(thesis statement)
Producing electricity in almost any power plant is a very similar process. In each, a fuel heats water
into steam, which then flows through pipes to spin turbines. When the turbines spin they produce
usable power. The main difference between the power plants are the form of fuel used and how it is
used. In a coal–fired, wood, or natural gas power plant the fuel

The Physics Concepts And Principles Behind Nuclear Fusion
This report outlines the physics concepts and principles behind nuclear Fusion, the advantages and
disadvantages of fusion and whether nuclear fusion could be used in New Zealand. Also, this report
outlines the comparison between Fusion and Fission.
A fusion is when a reaction in light nuclei combines to form a nucleus with greater mass. Fusion can
take place only under extremely high temperature conditions. Another name for this process is
thermonuclear reaction.
The process of nuclear fusion is important to the future of power production in New Zealand. At the
moment New Zealand relies on energy sources such as hydroelectric, wind power and solar.
Hydroelectric and wind power are limited by the possible locations which means another source of
power will be needed. These sources provide consistent, clean energy, nuclear power sources may
be able to provide energy in much greater quantities. The New Zealand nuclear free zone,
disarmament and arms central act of 1987 presents any nuclear power plants from being constructed
or opening in New Zealand.
It is expected that the first nuclear fusion power generator will be operational by 2030, being
presented by a nuclear fission making it possible for New Zealand to consider a nuclear power
programme. If New Zealand were to open nuclear power stations, the most likely approach would
be deuterium–tritium fusion.
The advantages of nuclear fusion are, theres no CO2 emissions as no fossil fuels are burned, there is
no

The Pros And Cons Of Nuclear Fusion
Fusion is the same process our sun and stars in general use to produce energy. Nuclear fusion
reactors are theoretical concepts trying to achieve controlled nuclear fusion reactions here on earth,
primarily with the goal of generating electricity. Nuclear fusion promises to be a much more
ecofriendly and safer alternative energy source compared to: fossil fuels, natural gases, and
conventional nuclear power.
Nuclear fusion is a reaction that occurs when two nuclei of lighter elements combine together to
form one heavier nuclei in turn releasing vast amounts of energy and neutrons. Different isotopes of
hydrogen will be used to carry out these nuclear fusion reactions being that hydrogen is the lightest
element. There are three main types of fusion that are being theorized as viable options are: proton–
proton chain, deuterium–deuterium reactions, and deuterium–tritium reactions. The most valuable of
these being deuterium–deuterium reactions because deuterium is naturally found in ocean water and
is readily available. This reaction would require temperatures far greater than that required for
deuterium–tritium reactions and with current technology it is seemingly unachievable. For this
reason, deuterium–tritium reactions are most common.
In order for nuclear fusion to take place the nuclei of two hydrogen atoms must fuse together thus
forming helium atoms as well as energy and neutrons. There is an electrostatic force repelling the
protons in hydrogen atoms apart from each

Tritium Research Paper
Tritium
Tritium is a radioactive chemical and is highly hazardous when the tritium chemical is not handled
properly. It can be classified as physical, chemical, biological, and even clinical medicine. Some
advantages from tritium can be used in weapons manufacture such as: iron sights, scopes and
watches, objects with luminous compounds. Tritium is a form of Hydrogen, found naturally in air
and water. Unlike most hydrogen, tritium has two extra neutrons in the nucleus.
A few scientists have discovered Tritium in 1939, such as: Lord Ruthfird, Sir John Cockroft, Ernest
Lawrence, Luis Alvarez and a few more. Tritium was discovered through the method of isolation of
deuterium oxide to prepare deuterium gas. By flooding the elements with accelerated ions such as
protons and helium ions it becomes possible to produce ... Show more content on Helpwriting.net ...
However, it can be harmful if too much of it is taken in. Because tritium has one electron, it can
easily form compounds similar to hydrogen; thus, a person will likely be exposed two ways. One is
similar to hydrogen gas (HT) or by liquid HTO ( tritiated or heavy water). The HTO is the only form
that has great exposure hazards. With HT gas only .005% of the tritium is deposited in the lungs;
whereas, with HTO almost 100% is inhaled and digested. Tritium can also be absorbed through skin
or open wounds; contaminated materials can also increase exposure. If one has been exposed
through HTO, it will eventually be evenly circulated through out the body's fluids. The removal of
tritium varies differently to people due to their bodily excretion rates, temperature and fluid intake.
Tritium (H–3) emits low energy beta with a 12.3 year half–life. It does not emit gamma rays.
Biological half–life of tritium is about 9.4 days to 10days. Tritium can be shortened by increasing
fluid intake, as we can see in the diagram below (Fig

Nuclear Fusion Essay examples
The Industrial Revolution sparked a need for large sources of energy. Human and animal labor could
not provide the power necessary to power industrial machinery, railroads, and ships. The steam
engine and later the internal combustion engine provided the bulk of the energy required by the
industrial age. Today most nations are still heavily reliant on energy that comes from combustion.
Usually coal, petrolium, and natural gas are used. Some hydroelectric, wind power, and nuclear
fission sources are used, but in the US they accounted for less than 20% of the total energy
consumption in 1997 (1). Many experts are worried that natural resources such as coal and
petrolium are being depleted faster than they are being replenished, which could ... Show more
Unlike solids, liquids, and gasses, plasmas have no electrons surrounding the nuclei of its atoms.
Scientists have been trying for many years to build nuclear reactors that would allow a sustained
fusion reaction to occur. There are several factors that influence a fusion reaction. Since very high
kinetic energies are needed for nuclei to fuse, the plasma in which fusion occurs is extremely hot.
Temperatures in excess of 100 million degrees celsius are required for the easiest fusion reaction to
take place. Plasmas are fluids, and therefore they have no permanent shape and will quickly disperse
if not confined. A 100 million degree plasma will vaporise any container in which it is placed, so
magnetic fields are used to contain the plasma.
Since the electrons are stripped from the atoms in a plasma, all that remains is the positively charged
nucleus, which can be acted on by magnetic fields. In magnetic confinement reactors, so–called
magnetic bottles are created with magnetic fields that confine the plasma. In experiments, however,
plasmas can only be contained for a few seconds before their oscilations cause them to come into
contact with the walls of the reactor. The biggest problem in controlling plasmas with magnetic
confinement is their chaotic behaivior. With continuing research, longer containment times are being
recorded.
Inertial confinement reactors use a different approach. Small fuel pellets containing isotopes of

Why Fossil Fuels Are Not Only Bad
Why Fossil Fuels Are Not Only Bad, But Not Good Enough Coal, petroleum, natural gas. Together,
they are the producers of approximately eighty percent of the world's energy, and, according to the
US Energy Information Administration, are predicted to remain as such throughout the early to–mid
twenty–first century (EIA 6). Yet there are far more efficient fuels options than these, as the
profound xkcd cartoon to the right suggests, and these options do not involve polluting the
atmosphere, exacerbating climate change, or contaminating marine life with black goo. Additionally,
fossil fuels are nonrenewable resources, and by definition cannot be expected to last forever. They
are simply not a feasible long–term option. Therefore, rather than merely limit the use of fossil fuels,
world policymakers should put as much effort as possible into developing cleaner, more efficient
energy options like nuclear fusion. When fully commercialized, these more potent fuel sources
should make fossil fuels obsolete by their very presence in the economy.
Part 1: Fossil Fuels Are Not Particularly Good at Efficiency First, fossil fuels are much less energy
efficient than their domination in the energy market suggests. This fact is best illustrated by
comparing the energy densities of the various fossil fuels to those of some alternatives. The energy
densities of the different fossil fuels vary by type. Anthracite and bituminous coal, for example,
generally release somewhere between 24 and 35

The Little Ice Age : A Period Of Cooling
The Little Ice Age According to (Wikipedia 2015) The Little Ice Age was a period of cooling that
occurred from about 1350 Ad to 1850 AD. When the little ice age actually started it debated by
many climatologist and historians claiming it starting from anywhere between the 13th and 16th
century and ending between the 18th and 19th century. However NASA has defined The Little Ice
Age as a cold period between AD 1550 and AD 1850, in which there was 3 particularly cold periods
in this time. The timing of The Little Ice age is not the only uncertainty as the areas affected by the
global cooling is also widely debated. Though it generally agreed that Europe and North America
experienced cooling from the little ice age as they were subjected to much colder winters than
during the 20th century (H.H. Lamb et. Al from Environmental History Resources n.d). Another
uncertainity of the The Little Ice age is what exactly caused the the Little Ice age. Three of the most
likley and well–known caused are solar acivity, volcanic erruptions and thermoaline circulation. The
Maunder minimum According to (Wikipedia 2015), sun spots are temporary areas on the
photosphere of the sun that visibly appear darker than compared to the surrounding regions due to
less energy expended. Sunspots are caused by different concentrations in the suns magnetic field
that results in areas with a reduced surface temperature compared to the rest of the photosphere
(Taylor Reid 2015). The Maunder Minimum is

Pros And Cons Of Nuclear Fusion
Future Technology
Currently, nuclear power is harnessed in the form of nuclear fission reactors. These reactors account
for roughly 10% of the world's current energy consumption. However, nuclear fission has proven to
be a very volatile process as it produces large amounts of undisposable radioactive waste. Given that
fossil fuels are unsustainable in the near future and nuclear fission is a hazardous source of power,
nuclear fusion is a promising alternative. Fully optimized fusion reactions are four million times
more efficient than fossil fuels and oil. Secondly, a nuclear fusion plant, predicted within the next 20
years, would only consume 250 kilograms of DT reaction fuel per year compared to 2.7 million tons
of coal in a coal–fired power plant. Also the byproducts of a fusion reaction are significantly less
harmful than those of a fission reaction, which are extremely radioactive. Fusion reactions produce
smaller amounts of waste and the radioactive half–lives are much shorter.
The solution of lithium blanket ... Show more content on Helpwriting.net ...
Fusion also produces remarkably large amounts of energy using abundant and manufacturable
resources, making fusion one of the most efficient sources of energy. The process of fusion is far
safer than fission, because the probability of a chain reaction occurring is minimal, which makes
fusion a much more controllable process.
However, nuclear fusion has a few issues. Currently, there has not been a method developed that
continuously and reliably produces more energy than is used to power the reactor. The reactors
themselves are also extremely expensive to manufacture and have very long construction times (19
years for the W7–X reactor). Additionally, there are no materials that can handle the heat that is
required for fusion to take place (which is the purpose for electromagnetic containment

Benefits Of New Technology
Mr. Ojeda 4B
Mia Honrubia
Technological advancements help societies in various ways, helping them grow and thrive;
protecting them, providing enjoyment and improving quality of life. To determine whether or not a
new technology will be implemented, a strategy known as, cost–benefit analysis is applied. This
analysis evaluates the costs involved upfront and over time as compared to the benefits received
from the new technology. For example, the development of new types of technology to be used in
medical care. New techniques may be more effective or have fewer side effects, but may be too
expensive to justify replacing the current standard of care. In addition to the monetary cost there
may also be negative outcomes that may pose a threat to health of our society. There has to be a
balance, for the new technology to be successful. An ideal new innovative technology, is safer,
cheaper, faster, and easier to maintain than the old technology being replaced.
Nuclear energy for example, is a relatively new kind of energy technology that is being introduced
into our world. Coal and natural gas make up old technology and are currently the major energy
sources in the United States. Some benefits of nuclear energy are that "nuclear energy innovations
have made it a much more feasible choice than others. They have high energy density as compared
to fossil fuels. The amount of fuel required by nuclear power plant is comparatively less than what is
required by other power plants

The Energy Source Of Energy
In an era where fossil fuels are the dominant source of energy, environmentalists and scientists are
looking for alternative energy sources in the fear that fossil fuels will sooner or later become
consumed by our energy needs. In the hunt to find a strong alternative energy source, scientists have
reverted back to an old formula E=MC2. The indicated formula was first thought up by Albert
Einstein to describe a part of general relativity in the paper "Does the Inertia of a Body Depend
Upon Its Energy Content?" Furthermore, in his publication Albert Einstein explains that mass and
kinetic energy are proportionally equal. Meaning you can transfer energy into mass and vice versa.
In addition if you are able to transfer mass into energy that mass will be multiplied by the speed of
light (C) squared, meaning that a little mass can turn into a lot of energy. Moreover, Einstein's
reasoning for using the speed of light is because atoms when separated travel the speed of light thus
carrying a lot of energy. At the time Einstein was working on trying to find ways to separate and or
fuse atoms in order to gain energy and put his formula to use. However, today we have found two
different ways of doing so in what we call nuclear fusion and nuclear fission.
Nuclear fusion has been around since the big bang, as it is the process that powers stars just like ours
and is how our universe continues to grow. Moreover, nuclear fusion occurs when two or more
atoms fuse together at very high

Shadow Shield Case Study
We're back with part two. This time, we improve on the current design and test it. Ship fail As it
turns out, the ship we left in part one doesn't actually work in KSP–the "shadow shield" part blocks
the flow of propellant from the tanks into the reactor. However, the annular truss segment from NFT
has two nodes to place parts, so I just move the MHD generator to one node, and the shield to
another, while sticking the reactor to the generator. That fixes our problems, and we can actually
commence testing. I also enlarge the arcjets, since I realized they would be way too small to be
useful. I also mount four dual–nozzle thrusters for forward and backward motion, as well as a few
more fuel tanks of hydrogen gas for the thrusters. In orbit ... Show more content on Helpwriting.net
...
Additionally, I enlarged the nozzle size–this was the main problem relating to low thrust. Issue I was
fairly convinced that this would be the end of my troubles. Alas, this was not to be, as the reactor
would die within seconds of the main engine activating. For some reason, the charged particle count
would drop to zero, and I'm not exactly sure why. The solution seems to be swapping out the MHD
for a charged particle electric generator part, for whatever reason. There also seems to be an issue
with the ship spontaneously exploding in spectacular fashion on the launch pad, though this issue
appears intermittently. Finally, the ship was good to go, and produced much higher thrust with a
gigantic 15 meter wide reactor. The target for this test run is Jool, which is thankfully located in a
rather convenient position, with the terminus at one of the great orbital habitats of Tylo, home to
many thousands of residents and visitors. fix This time, the vessel accelerates out of Kerbin's gravity
with no issue, with an Isp of 51,000 and a thrust of 870 kilonewtons. I continue to accelerate the
ship towards Jool, until a little past the midpoint, where the vessel is flipped to begin the
deceleration. Why did I not do a flip and burn at the midpoint? I was accounting for the
consumption of the liquid hydrogen propellant–as the ship spent fuel, the acceleration would
increase, so the same amount of burn time would be more effective. At

Energy Through Fusion
Benjamin Baker Dr. Grigg Engineering 2200 11 November, 2015 Sustainable Energy through
Fusion The bombs that were dropped on Hiroshima and Nagasaki, the first ever atomic bombs ever
created that had the capability to destroy entire cities, within seconds, and leave suffering for
generations after. Then came the hydrogen bomb, which used the initial fission explosion of an atom
bomb to create the process of fusion, an even more deadly and powerful weapon. Why am I so
fascinated with a process that is so devastating? Well the answer lies within the sun. During the
early 1920's, it was recognized that the sun probably produced its energy from constant fusion
reactions in its core (Hydrogen). The core, which happens to be the hottest part of the ... Show more
The motivation to overcome this obstacle is the fact that the materials are very easy to obtain.
Lithium, the element that cell phone batteries are made from, is a very highly obtainable substance
that is found in a larger percentage in the Earth's crust than lead or Tin, and can be turned into
tritium by simple nuclei reactions; deuterium, which is not very common, can be created in an
almost limitless supply using the hydrogen in water (Provide). The only major problem, is that to
mimic the reaction found in the sun, there needs to be intense heat and enormous amounts of
pressure (Provide). Also, like the energy from the sun, the energy from the plant will dissipate and
become less and less the further out from the initial reaction it goes, therefore, to get the most out of
the energy, the pressure needs to not only condense but contain as well (Planet). The best way to get
a confining pressure field is to create a magnetic field. To date, there are several reactors that use a
magnetic field to contain the reaction, including the Joint European Torus (JET) and the Mega Amp
Spherical Tokamak (MAST) (World). There is currently a project in France called the ITER
(International Thermonuclear Experimental Reactor), which will open in the 2020s and will be the
largest tokamak built and will have 500 megawatts of energy

Taking a Look at Nuclear Fusion
Nuclear Fusion Assignment
1. Nuclear fusion is the combination of two light nuclei to form a heavier one. However, controlling
a nuclear fusion reaction has proven to be difficult. State three critical requirements which must be
meet in order to achieve controlled fusion. Firstly, high thermal energies are needed to achieve
controlled fusion. High temperature enable the particles to overcome the Coulomb barrier, the
energy barrier due to electrostatic interaction that two nuclei need to overcome so they can get close
enough to undergo a nuclear reaction. This energy barrier of the electrostatic potential energy is that
temperature must be maintained for a sufficient confinement time and with a sufficient ion density
in order to obtain a net yield of energy from a fusion reaction. A necessary part in nuclear fusion is
plasma, which is a mixture of atomic nuclei and electrons that are required to initiate a self–
sustaining reaction which requires a temperature of more than 40,000,000 K. Second, difficulty of
forcing deuterium and tritium nuclei within a close proximity needed to be overcome. The reason is
because the nucleus contains protons, and in order to overcome electrostatic repulsion by the
protons of both the hydrogen atoms, both of the hydrogen nucleuses need to accelerate at a super
high speed and get close enough in order for the nuclear force to start fusion. The net result of these
opposing forces is that the binding energy per nucleon generally increases

Investigating An Element's Group In The Periodic Table
Explain how an element's group in the periodic table can be used to predict its outer shell electrons.
(3 marks) The element's group in the periodic table predicts how many electrons are in it's outer
shell. For example, Sodium is in group 1, and has one electron in its outer shell. For elements in
groups 13–18, the last digit of the group predicts how many electrons in its outer shell. For example,
silicon is in group 14 and has 4 electrons in its outer shell. This does not apply to groups 3–12,
which do not always follow a specific pattern. Each element in the periodic table has a specific
proton (atomic) number. Research an element which has at least two isotopes and provide the
number of protons, neutrons and electrons for each isotope. (You may not choose carbon). (3 marks)
... Show more content on Helpwriting.net ...
Protium(Hydrogen–1) has 1 proton, 0 neutrons, and 1 electron. Deuterium(Hydrogen–2) has 1
proton, 1 neutron, and 1 electron. Finally, tritium(Hydrogen–3) has 1 proton, 2 neutrons, and 1
electron. Metals are not usually found in their pure elemental form. Explain why (one mark) and
give an example of a metallic ore mined in Australia (one mark). Provide one use for that metal.(1
mark) Metals are not usually found in their pure elemental form, as they are instead found in
compounds. This is because metals are very reactive substances, so they form compounds easily. As
the air around the metals contains oxygen, most metals oxidise to form iron ores. An example of a
metallic ore mined in Australia is iron ore. Iron ore can be used to make steel, which can be used in
building materials and construction. Provide three properties of the metal you chose in question 3.
Explain two of those properties in terms of the metallic bonding model. (3

The Modern Lifestyle Requires Energy
The modern lifestyle requires energy. Industries need energy in their production; homes need energy
to provide a comfortable environment. With the growing awareness of the need of environmental
protection, however, there are debates about sources of energy. For the past centuries, fossil fuels
have always been the most prominent source of energy generation, but it is certain that they will run
out eventually. They are also criticized for polluting the environment and causing the global
warming. There are many new energy sources like solar, tidal, or nuclear fusion. Among all the
choices, nuclear fusion, although still not practical, has the greatest potential and best outlook.
Governments should develop fusion as the future energy source for three reasons. It is efficient,
safe, and nearly inexhaustible. First of all, nuclear fusion is the most efficient energy source. It
produces a huge amount of power from little material. Moreover, its 'waste' product can be used as
fusion fuel again. Nuclear fusion produces a large amount of energy. The fusion process happens
when two light atoms, typically hydrogen, helium, lithium and their isotopes, are fused together to
form heavier element under extreme heat and pressure and release a great amount of energy. Nuclear
fusion is a million times more efficient than coal. According to a professor at Cambridge University,
the energy produced by nuclear fusion with "100kg of deuterium" and "3 tonnes of lithium" would
require "3 million

The Threat Of Climate Change
As the threat of climate change continues to grow the world is desperately looking for an alternative
source of energy. There are numerous promising replacements, but nuclear energy is by far the most
opposed. Despite the fact that Australia has never contained any nuclear power plants, uranium
produced energy and mining have been a highly debated topic in the continent for decades due to the
concern over safety and economics. If the aim is to reduce the climate impact of electric power
generation in Australia, there are less expensive and hazardous ways to attempt it than expanding
nuclear power. Although nuclear energy does not produce air pollution, it is a danger to human
health, damaging to the environment, exorbitantly expensive and extremely time–consuming,
proving that it is not a suitable alternative to coal power for Australia. The negative impacts of
nuclear energy to human and environmental health are extreme and well documented. 31% of the
world 's proven estimated uranium reserves are held in Australia (Nuclear Energy Agency, 2010). To
obtain 1 ton of uranium fuel, about 2600 tons of uranium ore have to be mined, leaving huge sores
in nature and radioactively contaminated soils and waters in the vicinities (Mörner 2014) Mining
uranium is a highly unsafe process, exposing humans and the environment to radioactive materials.
The extraction of uranium ore produces fine particles of uranium and radon gas which the miners
breath in. The inhalation of radon and

Fusion Energy Advantages And Disadvantages
What are the disadvantages of fusion energy?
Fusion energy provides many environmental benefits will make much more effective and other
sources when we are able to achieve commercial fusion energy. Unfortunately, it is also plagued by
some key limitations that prevent fusion from becoming a commercial success. Firstly, fusion
energy is extremely costly with the International Thermonuclear Experimental Reactor(ITER)
forecast to cost around 20 billion dollars , the US pumping 450 million dollars a year into the 3.5–
billion–dollar National Ignition Facility(NIF) facility, the costs of fusion aren't slowing down.
Fusion energy research has proved problematic and there is the risk that commercialised fusion
energy may just be impossible. Fusion researchers have been conducting experiments since the
1970, yet they have been unable to create a fusion power plant cable of producing a higher net
energy than the amount required to start the reaction for over 40 years. This leads to another
dilemma which is the current timeline of fusion energy. The ITER, is currently aiming to
demonstrate 500MW of fusion energy for 400 second currently states that the first plasma will not
be created until 2025. The deuterium–tritium operation will not begin until 2035. This means that
commercially viable magnetic confinement fusion will not be commercially viable until at least
2050. This is also assuming the ITER results go according to plan.
This extreme timeline

What Are The Factors That Affect The Efficiency Of A Process?
Efficiency What is the efficiency of a process? There are many factors that are taken into account
when calculating the efficiency of a process, but efficiency can simply be summed up as the ratio
between the energy input and the energy output of the system. According to the First Law of
Thermodynamics, the efficiency of a system cannot be more than one hundred percent. The First
Law states that energy cannot be created or destroyed, only transformed. As stated before, there are
many factors that can affect the efficiency of a system. A few examples of this may be but are not
limited to: excess heat dispersion throughout the system and loss of heat during delivery (i.e. copper
pipes). A fusion reactor's efficiency has the same difficulties as other processes do in terms of having
multiple variables that can affect the efficiency of the process. A fusion reaction can lose efficiency
due to loss of heat during the delivery of the hot plasma. This is caused by the use of copper piping
and the lack of insulation that copper piping has. The reason that the heat from the system travels to
the surrounding air is due to the Second Law of Thermodynamics, which states that energy also has
a quality and flow rate. Energy has a tendency to flow from a system that has a higher energy
state(fusion reactor) to a system with a lower energy state(air or atmosphere). Another way that the
efficiency can be affected during the fusion process is dependent on the length of the pulse. It has
been proven that having a long pulse during the process will increase the efficiency. The use of
spherical tokamak in the design from David Kingham, Alan Sykes, and Mikhail Gryaznevich has
proven to increase the efficiency of the fusion reactor as it allows the system reduce the magnetic
field by a factor of ten which in turn also increases the stability of the plasma throughout the system.
In their study, the results they found for their "Super Compact Neutron Source" were on the less
impressive side considering the hopes for a fusion reaction were very high. According to their
report, they were able to get approximately anywheres from one to two megawatts of of output for
an input of six megawatts of neutral beam

Pros And Cons Of Nuclear Fusion
Development of alternative energy sources is ever growing. One such source, nuclear fusion, is
gaining increasing prominence in the energy world. The principles of nuclear fusion provide the
opportunity of incredible energy production. This review covers the concepts, current prospects, and
the challenges and future developments necessary for the realization of nuclear fusion as a power
source. Tremendous research and development has already occurred into the realization of fusion.
Two popular mechanisms are studied: Magnetic Confinement Fusion (MCF) and Inertial
Confinement Fusion. MCF utilizes magnetic entrapment of superheated plasma in a device known
as a tokamak to achieve fusion conditions. ICF utilizes ablation and compression techniques in ...
Show more content on Helpwriting.net ...
These issues combine to place an unfavorable light on the potential of nuclear power. Nuclear
fission, however, is not the only source of nuclear power. Nuclear fusion is another method which
offers the potential to combat some of the ailments of nuclear fission in addition to providing long
lasting power. Nuclear fusion offers several benefits to energy industry. Among the benefits of
fusion power is that fusion fuel is readily available, power produced is reliable, has a low
environmental impact, does not produce fissile materials, and carries the same terror risk as
conventional fossil fuel plants [6]. To understand why some of these benefits are true, an
understanding of the science behind nuclear fusion is necessary.To start, nuclear reactions involve
the protons and neutrons contained in the nucleus of an atom. This is different from how chemical
reactions, like the burning of fossil fuels, involve the electrons of an atom. In nuclear fission
reactions, heavier elements are torn apart. The resulting products are more stable than the reactant,
and energy is

College Admissions Essay: Where Do I See Myself?
Growing up I always had a strange but curious fascination with the way the world works. I was
brought into religion at a young age and I will always remember the uneasy feeling I had when no
teacher of religion was capable of explaining the fundamental principles of how all of their claims
came to be. As I aged I noticed that the unanswerable questions that I always asked myself had been
multiplying in number. It seemed as if no one was capable of giving me closure to any of these
fundamental questions of our universe. This in turn grew my curiosity exponentially and allowed me
to occupy my time solely on trying to find the solutions to my questions. Throughout middle school
and highschool I have always pondered about the ideas that have been coming to my head. My
questions slowly transformed from philosophical to more crucial topics such as physics. Instead of
asking myself "why" I began asking myself "how". This shift in consciousness changed my world. I
became incredibly interested in physics and the properties of our universe like I have never been
before. That is when I realized maybe I had something going for me. None of my ... Show more
When I began to dive deep into the world of quantum mechanics I began to understand the world a
whole lot better. Spooky action at a distance to wave particle duality and above all Einstein's Theory
of Relativity were the constructs to my early days. Not long after i began my research i started
learning about the advancements in to science behind nuclear fusion. In October 2016 a new type of
nuclear fusion reactor was completed. It took over 19 years to build with a budget of just over one
billion dollars. Its completion was a huge step toward one of humanity's biggest pursuits; unlimited
energy. The implementation of fusion energy into our daily lives will create a world that would be
much different than the world we live in

The Pros And Cons Of Nuclear Power Plants
A continual struggle of humanity is the search for a stable foundation of resources. With the growing
rate of technological advances within the recent centuries, a stable source of energy is continually
sought after. While non–renewable sources such as oil, coal or natural gas offer momentary gains in
energy production they remain a limited and ever depleting resource.
Renewable sources, such as solar or wind driven solutions, offer a constant energy source but
require impractical necessities for large–scale application. Although nuclear power plants are often
seen as heath and safety hazards, the nuclear fission based facilities offer the current best method of
energy production. Despite this, nuclear fission is dwarfed when compared to the ... Show more
A finite, straight tube presents the issues of ''spill[ing] right out'' (Seife 64), of the ends of the tube.
The solution to this problem was building a torus (a circular tube, which by its geometry has no
end). This new geometry solves one issue while presenting another. In the linear case a magnetic
coil would compress the plasma uniformly through the perpendicular force implemented by
magnetic fields on the moving charged particles. Wrapping a wire around a torus creates areas closer
to the center of the loop where the wires are more densely wrapped near the center. This causes a
gradient in the magnetic field that leads to the tendency for protons and electrons to separate. The
separation of the particles ruins the tight confinement required for potential nuclei collisions.
However, as magnetic containment development was being further explored, another possible
process was being considered, which offered solutions which magnetic containment failed to

Hydrogen Essay

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