Mindanao is the second largest and southernmost island in the Philippines, referred to as the "Land of Promise." It has a significant Muslim population, particularly in the southern provinces of Maguindanao, Lanao del Sur, Sulu, and Tawi-tawi. Mindanao is also culturally diverse, home to many ethno-linguistic groups including Muslims from the Badjao, Iranun, Jama Mapun, and others, as well as indigenous groups like the Bagobos and T'bolis. Before Islam and Christianity, early Filipinos on the island practiced animism and believed that spirits inhabited plants and nature.