what is curriculum and the types of curriculum-FSM

1. Teaching methodology and
practicum 2A – FSM10A2
Course Coordinator
Dr. Valencia Mabalane
Education and Curriculum and Studies
University of Johannesburg

2. Agenda
1. Introductions - names
2. Expectations / Learning Contract
3. Course Overview
4. Study guide – on Ulink
5. Teaching & Learning - Tutors
6. What is a curriculum?
7. Next time
1. Curriculum change in SA since 1994
2. Curriculum design and delivery
8. Debrief

3. Expectations
• In groups of 5, introduce yourselves to each other
and then discuss what you expect from this unit
of the course
• Identify 2 expectations that you share in the
group
• Discuss rules that you expect every one must
uphold in class – prioritise 2 in your group to
report back in class
• Appoint someone from the group to report back
to plenary

4. Course organisation
THEMES DATES LECTURERS VENUES
Curriculum
transformation
and design
Weeks 1-6
4 Feb - 11 March
Mr N Mashishi
Ms S Hamilton
Mr A Mavugara
D Lab BasementK01
K02
K10
Lesson design
focusing on
introduction and
conclusion
Weeks 7-09 Dr E Spangenberg
Dr R Diseko
Dr F Van As
D Lab Basement
K10; 101; D LAB
Basement K01 and
D LAB K02
Design element
‘How” - PCK and
the importance
of reflection
Weeks 10-12 Dr V T Mabalane
?
?
D Lab BasementK01
K02
K10

5. Assessment
THEORY: 70% WIL: 30%
Unit 1: Weeks 1 - 6 Assignment / test (as per
the decision of lecturers responsible)
Group Take Home Assignment
22 February - 5%
Online test – 5%
20 – 24th March
10%
Inclusive Environment Assignment
Submission Date: Monday 20th February 2017
Venue: Tutor Room
Time: 09.00 – 12.00
See ADDENDUM for Assignment
20%
Unit 2: Weeks 7 - 9 Assignment: Online Peer
Group Assessment
15%
Exemplars of 2 Lesson plans - one each per
methodology
Submission Date: Monday 20th February 2017
Venue: Tutor Room
Time: 09.00 – 12.00
10%
Tutorial attendance
5%
All Submissions must be in a folder. No
Envelopes.

6. A question (to a Matriculant)
What is your
understanding of
the concept
curriculum?

7. Activity
• In pairs decide on your answer
• Some pairs will be asked to
share their answers in plenary

8. Student Answer
Is it something to do
with what a grade
covers in a year?

9. Curriculum
• The subjects that are studied or
prescribed for study in a school / any
program of activities
• From Latin – to run a course, chariot-
race – from French currere = run

10. Definitions of curriculum
• Curriculum can be either prescriptive, descriptive
or both.
Prescriptive curriculum
• Provides us with what ‘ought’ to happen
• Takes the form of a plan, an intend program, or
some kind of expert opinion about what needs to
take place in the course of study (Ellis, 2004:4)
• The developer proposes while the teacher
disposes (the teacher ultimately decides whether
to follow the prescription or not?

11. 1. Prescriptive Definitions of Curriculum
Date Author Definition
1902 John Dewey Curriculum is a continuous, moving from the child’s present
experience out into that presented by the organized bodies
of truth that we call studies… are themselves experience –
they are that of the race (pp. 11-12)
1918 Franklin
Bobbitt
Curriculum is the entire range of experience both directed
and undirected, concerned in unfolding the abilities of the
individual. (p. 43)
1927 Harold O. Rugg The curriculum is a succession of experience and
enterprises having a maximum likeliness for the learner …
giving the learner that development most helpful in
meeting and controlling life situations. (p. 8)
1935 Hollis Caswell
in Caswell &
Campbell
The curriculum is composed of all the experiences children
have under the guidance of teachers… thus, curriculum
considers as a field of study represents no strictly limited
body of content, but rather a process of procedure. (pp. 66,
70)
1957 Ralph Tyler The curriculum is all the learning experiences planned and
directed by the school to attain its educational goals. (p.
79)

12. 1. Prescriptive Definitions of Curriculum…
continued
Date Author Definition
1967 Robert Gagne Curriculum is a sequence of content units arranged in
such a way that the learning of each unit may be
accomplished as a single act, provided the capabilities
described by specific prior units (in the sequence) have
already been mastered by the learner. (p. 23)
1970 James Popham
& Eva Baker
Curriculum is all planned learning outcomes for which
the school is responsible… curriculum refers to the
desired consequences of instruction. (p. 48)
1997 J. L. McBrien &
R. Brandt
Curriculum refers to a written plan outlining what
students will be taught (a course of study). Curriculum
may refer to all the courses offered at a given school, in a
particular area of study.
2010 Indiana
Department of
Education
Curriculum means the planned interaction of pupils with
the instructional content, materials, resources, and
processes for evaluating the attainment of the
educational objectives. (n.p.)

13. 2. The Descriptive Definitions
Curriculum
The are more concerned with how things are in
real classrooms or what learners ‘experience’
(Ellis, 2004: 5)

14. The Descriptive Definitions Curriculum
Date Author Definition
1935 Hollis Caswell & Doak
Campbell
All the experiences children have under the
guidance of teachers.
1941 Thomas Hopkins Those learnings each child select, accepts, and
incorporates into himself to act with, on, and
upon, in subsequent experiences.
1960 W. B. Ragen All experiences of the child for which the school
accepts responsibility.
1987 Glen Hass The set of actual experiences and perceptions of
the experiences that each individual learner has of
his or her program of education.
1995 Daniel Tanner & Laurel
Tanner
The reconstruction of knowledge and experience
that enable the learner to grow in exercising
intelligent control of subsequent knowledge and
experience.

15. The Descriptive Definitions Curriculum…
Continued
Date Author Definition
2006 D. F. Brown All student school experiences relating to the
improvement of skills and strategies in thinking
critically and creatively, solving problems,
working collaboratively with others,
communicating well, writing more effectively,
reading more analytically, and conducting
research to solve problems.
2009 E. Silva An emphasis on what students can do with
knowledge, rather than what units of
knowledge they have, is the essence of 21st-
century skills.

16. What do you think is the
difference between a traditional
and progressive way of
curriculum development?

17. Traditional Way of Curriculum
Development
• Schools need to return to basic education and
high standards – back to the essentials
• Schools must systematically teach basic
knowledge and not be afraid to stress hard
work and discipline
• Knowledge consists of facts, concepts and
skills that must b mastered through
memorization and drilll

18. Continue…
• Knowledge is generally regarded as an
objective, impersonal, many times value-free
commodity to be grasped
• Outcomes are very specific
• Lecturers are the technicians whose task is
solely to follow the step-by-step instructions
in their manuals

19. The Progressive Way
• Emphasis is on relevant curriculum content
• Progressivists see knowledge as more than a
product that has to be mastered
• They believe that students must interact with
the world around them and interpret it

20. Questions progressivist ask
• What should be the overall aims of education?
• How can education help humanity achieve a
just and compassionate society?
• What is the right moral thing to do?

21. Other characteristics of progressivists
• They consider curriculum just to be a general
guide
• They see human beings as important subjects
rather than mere objects
• Rather than “mastering” knowledge, students
establish meaning for their lives through
understanding and interpretation

22. Group Homework
• In groups, of 10 elect a leader for your group to co-
ordinate your group home work
• In your group discuss where the definitions in the
prescriptive and descriptive curricula are located i.e. in
the progressive or traditional curriculum.
• Draw up a table with two columns one for progressive
and the other for the traditional curriculum in which
to list your definitions
• Homework counts 5% towards your 10% mark for this
unit of the module.
• Develop your own group definition that you all agree is
the most useful.
• Due date 01 March 2017 (During the lecture)