1. SPATIAL DATA INFRASTRUCTURE
GEOM 406
Course Instructor :Mr. Shashish Maharjan
Presented By: Group 1
Ruby Adhikari (01)
Tina Baidar (02)
Arun Bhandari (03)
Biplov Bhandari (04)
Bhanu Bhakta Bhatta (05)
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2. Introduction
 International Standardization : for the exchange of
goods and services aimed without technical barriers.
 3 main organizations responsible for standardizations:
 ISO(International Organization for Standardization) –
responsible for all aspects – excludes Electrotechnical.
 IEC(International Electrotechnical Committee) –
responsible for Electrotechnical aspects.
 ITU(International Telecommunication Union) –
responsible for telecommunication technologies.
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3. Role of ISO
 ISO TC (Technical Committee) – for protecting all
other committees and Specification.
 Global openness and transparency, consensus and
technical coherence.
 ISO offers ISO Technical Specification (ISO/TS), the
ISO Public Available Specification (ISO/PAS) and the
ISO Technical Report (ISO/TR) as solutions to market
needs.
 Also offers Industry Technical Agreement (ITA) to
support the proper synchronization and
standardization between the ISO format and its
member nations.

4. Benefits of ISO Standards
 Business
 Wide acceptance of products and services
 Free to compete in broader market
 Government
 Provides technical and scientific underpinnings for
health, safety, environmental legislation
 Consumers
 Conformance of products and services provide
assurance about quality, safety, & reliability

5. According to Henry Tom
Co-Chair,
ISO/TC 211 Advisory Group on Outreach
 The ISO/TC 211 Advisory Group on Outreach – to raise
awareness, promote the use and adaption of ISO/TC
211 standards.
 Standardization – previously: for supporting the
existing geo-technologies and their consequences –
now: for define the requirements and implementation
of new geo-technology, but not interfere or bias
development.
 Strategic directions- viewed in terms of development,
deployment, and the coordination and consensus
process that integrates both these phases for successful
standardization.

6. Challenges
 Challenges for geographical standardization – internal
and external.
 Internal – the perception of both geographic and nongeographic community be perceived by geographic
community towards the use of geospatial technology.
 External – almost every business industry use LBS
today. Proper standardization to challenges that
prevail and may prevail.
 Tom suggests interoperable geographical datasets to
overcome the challenges.

7. Interoperability ...
As defined by ISO TC 211
 the ability to find information and processing
tools, when they are needed, no matter where they are
physically located
 the ability to understand and employ the discovered
information and tools, no matter what platform
supports them, whether local or remote
 the ability to participate in a healthy
marketplace, where goods and services are responsive to
the needs of consumers

8. The Need for Interoperability
 Geographic analysis
 Multiple sources, multiple organizations
 Distributed within a community
 GIS is unique in merging diverse information
 Enterprise GIS
 GIS evolving beyond isolated communities
 GIS merging with broader IT infrastructures
 Web Services
 Enabled by distributed networks
 E-Government
 Within government (G2G)
 Between citizens and government (G2C)
 Between business and government (B2G)
 Spatial Data Infrastructures

9. Interoperability Enablers
 Infrastructure
 Compatible Technology
 Metadata
 Security
 Authorization
 Privacy
 Business
 Information Assurance
Agreements/MOUs
 Copyright
 Pricing/commerce/
Business Model
 Certification
 Quality
 Standards

10. LOCATION BASED SERVICES AND
SPATIALENABLEMENT
that access, provide or otherwise act upon location
information
 Since 2000 AD
 integrating Internet
web services into their
operational
environment
 most “high profile” of
the emerging
technologies to utilize
geographic information
 enormous market
 location-based services (LBS)
industry is predicated upon
the financial support of
corporate
telecommunications
 “who pays for location-based
services?” is very important
 Price of LBS

11. Some Relevant Examples:
 The renewed location-based
mobile services (LBMS) is
again on the rise
 inclusion of GPS chips in
wireless phones
 Personal Navigation Devices
(PND)
 provision of web based
maps, location directions,
satellite imagery has been
quite a revelation to the
geospatial sector (Microsoft,
Yahoo, and Google)

12. INTERNET, GPS & MOBILE COMMUNICATIONS
IMPACTS ON GEO‐SPATIAL APPLICATIONS
 Consumers are becoming more “spatially-aware” and
sophisticated in their expectations of how the basic
question of “where” is answered.
 reinforced by an open source software development
movement
 exposure of an open application program interface (API) to
Google Maps
 Standards and specifications developed by ISO/TC 211 and
the Open Geospatial Consortium (OGC), with a name
change from the Open GIS Consortium
 Open Source Geospatial Foundation

13. GLOBAL SPATIAL DATA
INFRASTRUCTURE (GSDI)
 The Global Spatial Data
Infrastructure (GSDI) was
defined at the 5th GSDI
Conference in May 2001
 50 nations developing national spatial
data infrastructures.
 recognizes ISO standards as a
foundation
 GSDI is also working closely with the
United Nations.
“The Global Spatial Data Infrastructure is co ordinated actions of nations
and organizations that promotes awareness and implementation of
complementary policies, common standards and effective mechanisms for
the development and availability of interoperable digital geographic data
and technologies to support decision making at all scales for multiple
purposes.”

14. UN GEOGRAPHIC INFORMATION WORK
ING GROUP (UNGIWG)
 33 UN organizations
collaborates with ISO/TC 211 and
uses ISO standards
for the needs of peacekeeping actions, sustainable
development and the eradication of
poverty
 30 national bodies in the
European Union.
 recognizes ISO standards as a
foundation
to make harmonized and high quality geographic data and information
readily available for formulating, implementing, monitoring and
evaluating Community policy and for the citizen to access information
about the environment, whether local, regional, national or international

15. NEED FOR ADVOCACY
 ISO/ TC 211 has initiated
its outreach activity to user
communities to enable
them to take advantage of
the considerable
international investment
 there is a need for
advocacy – to establish
agreements between
ISO/TC 211 and global
organizations

16. PUBLISHED ISO/TC 211 STANDARDS
 Standards that specify the infrastructure for geospatial
standardization
 Standards that describe data models for geographic
information
 Standards for geographic information management
 Standards for geographic information services
 Standards for encoding of geographic information
 Standards for specific thematic areas.
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17. INFRASTUCTURE STANDARDS
 This set of standards was developed in order to provide
an infrastructure for the further standardization of
geographic information.
 Standards that specify the infrastructure for geospatial
standardization
 ISO 19101 Geographic information-Reference Model
 ISOTS
19103 Geographic information-Conceptual
schema language
 ISOTS 19104 Geographic information-Terminology
 ISO Geographic information-Conformance and testing
 ISO 19106-Geographic information-Profiles
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18. ISO 19101:2002 GEOGRAPHIC
INFORMATION- REFERENCE MODEL
 It is a guide to structuring geographic standards in a
way that will enable the universal usage of digital
geographic information.
 This reference model provides a vision of
standardization in which geographic information can
be integrated with existing and emerging digital
information technologies and applications.
 It uses the concepts obtained from ISO/IEC Open
System Environment (OSE) approach for determining
standardization requirements.
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19. Main Focus
 The main focus of this family of standards is to:
1. define the basic semantics and structure of geographic
information for data management and data
interchange purposes and
2. define geographic information service components
and their behavior for data processing purposes.
 Thus, the two major components of the reference
model are the Domain Reference Model and the
Architecture Reference Model
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20. Domain Reference Model
 It provides a high-level representation and description of the
structure and content of geographic information.
 Its key elements are:
 Dataset : It contains features, spatial objects and descriptions
of position of spatial objects in space and time
 Application schema: It provides a description of the semantic
structure of the dataset and also identifies the spatial object
types and reference systems required to provide a complete
description of geographic information in the dataset
 Metadata
dataset : It allows users to search
for, evaluate, compare and order geographic data . It describes
the administration, organization, contents and quality of
geographic information in datasets.
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21. High-level view of the ISO 19101 Domain
reference model
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22. Architectural Reference Model
 This model defines a structure for geographic
information services and a method for identifying
standardization requirements for those services .
 It provides an understanding of what types of services
are defined in the different standards in the ISO 19100
series of standards and distinguishes these services
from other information technology services.
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23. The ISO 19101 Architectural reference
model
Key
API
HTI
ISI
CSI
NNI
G
IT
HS
MS
WS
SS
PS
CS
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Application Programming
Interface
Human Technology Interface
Information Services Interface
Communications Services Interface
Services
Network to Network Interface
Geographic
Information Technology
Human Interaction Services
Model Management Services
Workflow/Task Services
System Management Services
Processing Services
Communication Services
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24. ISO/TS 19103:2005 GEOGRAPHIC INFORMATION
-CONCEPTUAL SCHEMA LANGUAGE
 Two aspects of this technical specification
 It identifies the combination of the Unified Modeling
Language (UML) static structure diagram with its
associated Object Constraint Language (OCL) and a set
of basic type definitions as the conceptual schema
language for specification of geographic information.
 It provides guidelines on how UML should be used to
create geographic information and service models that
are a basis for achieving the goal of interoperability.
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25. Technical Content
 Its main technical content is found in Clause 6:
 An introduction to the general usage of UML- 6.1 & 6.2
 Description of classes and attributes based on general
rules for UML -6.3 & 6.4
 specification of data types -6.5
 More information on the use of UML models for
describing geographic information - 6.6, 6.7 and 6.8.
 The conventions for defining optional attributes and
associations are described in 6.9.
 Naming rules are described in 6.10.
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26. Data Types
 The basic data types defined in this technical specification
are:
1. Primitive types: Fundamental types for representing values,
examples are Character String, Integer, Boolean, Date, Time, etc.
2. Implementation and collection types: Types for
implementation and representation structures, examples
are Names and Records, and types for representing
multiple occurrences of other types, examples are Set, Bag
and Sequence.
3. Derived types: Measure types and units of measurement.
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27. ISO/TS 19104:2008 Geographic
Information -Terminology





Is a Technical specification
Guides for collection and maintenance in field of
Geographic information
Defines the criteria for including concepts in
vocabulary
Describes the structures of entries and types of
terminological data to be recorded
Includes principles for definition writing

28. Contd…
 Serves for maintenance of Terminological Repository
 Freely available for use by all interested people and
organization
 Propose: Encourage consistency in use and interpretation of
geospatial terms

29. ISO 19105:2000 Geographic
Information –Conformance and Testing
 Specifies the framework, concepts and methodology for
testing
 Claims conformance to the family of ISO geographic
information standards
 Claiming is done for data or software, specifications
,products/services

30. Contd…
 Conformance testing is done in abstract sense rather
than Physical(robustness, acceptance, performance)
 Purpose: provides a framework of an abstract test suite
(ATS)
 ATS requires International definition and acceptance
of common testing methods and procedures

31. ISO 19106:2004 Geographic
Information –Profiles
 Defines the concept of a profile of ISO geographic
information standards
 Guides for the creation of such profiles that meet the
definition of ISO/TC 211 i.e. being Standardized
 Profile standardization requires conformance
 Considers mainly two classes of conformance

32. Contd…
 Class 1: is satisfied when a profile is established as pure
as subset of the ISO geographic information standards,
together possibly with other ISO standards
 Class 2: allows profiles to include extensions within the
context permitted in the base standard and permits
the profiling of non-ISO geographic information
standards as profiles.

33. Contd…
 Conformance to profile implies conformance to the set
of base standards to which it refers
 Conformance to that set of base standards doesn’t
necessarily imply conformance to the profile

34. Conclusion
 The ISO geographic information standards define a
variety of models for describing, managing, and
processing of geospatial data.
 The ISO geographic information standards define a
variety of models for describing, managing, and
processing of geospatial data.
 Different user communities have different
requirements for the extent they want to use or
implement these elements and rules.
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