Ap World History Sugar Trade Dbq

Ap World History Sugar Trade Dbq
The sugar trade was driven by its easy accessibility of slaves, land, and the sugar itself. Due to these characteristics the sugar trade flourished greatly
through much of the world. Slaves were a main reason for the increase in sugar crops. The trading of slaves was already increasing at the time and
therefore made obtaining them even easier. Document 10 show the correlation between slave population and sugar produced. It demonstrates how an
increase in slaves produced an increase in sugar. Slaves provided a simple and easy way to maintain the sugar crops. Document 11 lists items that
English merchants used to purchase slaves. The list includes ordinary things such as powder, toys, and brass pans that could be bought in markets. ...
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Also, this far way land allowed owners of the plantations to perform their business easily by having other people do the work for them. Document 7
lists four of the largest plantation owners of the Caribbean. In each description it states that the owners were absentees, meaning they indeed performed
their business from England rather than at the site. The lands of the Caribbean allowed sugar
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Past Paper
Past Paper Questions
Theme 1– The Indigenous Peoples and the Europeans
1.Read the passage below, and answer the questions that follow.
The Taino (Arawak) and Kalinago (Caribs) were similar in many ways, but different in others. For example, their technology was quite similar, but
their political organization was to some extent different. Their technology was not as advanced as that of the Maya.
a)Explain why Mayan technology is considered more advanced than the technology of the Arawaks and Caribs. (4 marks)
b)Outline the ways in which the technology of Taino and Kalinago were similar. (9 marks)
c)Describe FOUR ways in which the political organization of the Arawaks was different to the political organization of the Caribs. (12... Show more
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Agriculture was an important occupation in spite of the many difficulties that the farmers faced. West Africans also had other occupations.
a)State FOUR occupations, other than farming, of West African men and women in the early 1400s. ( 4 marks)
b)Explain why farming was an important occupation in West Africa in the early 1400s? (9 marks)
c)What difficulties did farmers in West Africa face in the early 1400s? (12 marks)
Total 25 marks
10.Read the passage below and answer the questions that follow
Africans who were brought to the Caribbean lost much of their culture during the period of slavery. Nevertheless, many African religious practices and
beliefs survived until 1838.
a.Identify TWO African religious practices or beliefs the survived in the Caribbean up to 1838. (5 marks)
b.Why did Africans who were brought to the Caribbean lose much of their culture during the period of slavery? (10 marks)
c.Explain why some aspects of African culture survived in the Caribbean up to1838. (10 marks)
Total 25 Marks
11.Imagine you are an Englishman living in Liverpool in the 1700s. You are having a conversation with your son about the slave trading voyages
which you organize to West Africa and the Caribbean. Answer the following questions which he asks you.
a.What steps do you take in England before the beginning of a slave trading voyage? (6 marks)
b.In what ways do some Africans states

The Institution of Slave Trade Essay
The Institution of Slave Trade
The institution of slave trade and the actual experiences of slavery that occurred in the Caribbean were to form a monumental part of that region's
culture, society, and everyday interactions, both in the past and in the present. The culture that is present today in the Caribbean is the result of many
different influences varying from those introduced by ruling colonial countries, to influences that the slaves stressed, and even from brand new colonies
being developed. The diverse and multifaceted culture that is present today is a direct result of the institution of slavery.
The reason that forced all of these cultures to become intermixed and entangled was a result of slavery, but more specifically a ... Show more content on
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In fact many historians to this day debate over the question of whether or not the plantations even made any profit over their period of existence.
More and more pirates emerged as the demand for sugar continued to increase, and therefore more and more slaves were also needed. After these
pirates attacked slave ships en route to the Caribbean, they would take the slaves and trade them in the Caribbean for sugar, molasses, and rum and
make their way back to Europe top begin the process all over again.
Because these pirates did not differentiate between the countries ships that they attacked (excluding their own), they began some of the first mixing of
slaves and cultures into one group. Often times they would take the non–black deckhands of the attacked ship and either make them slaves as well, or
assign them to deck duty upon their own ship. This general small scale mixing was the beginning to what was to ensue on a much larger scale in the
very near future.
Another area that began to increase the tendency for cultural and social mixing was the fact that as more and more pirates sailed the sea, counties
began to send less and less of their commissioned trade ships. As fewer and fewer of these countries vessels made contact with their various plantation
colonies in the Caribbean, their cultural influence on them

Sugar And Slaves By Richard Dunn
Lydia Phillips
Dr. Hill HIST 300SS
9/15/15
Sugar Societies in the West Indies
During the seventeenth and eighteenth centuries, the sugar islands played a very important role for the British government. They saw these colonies
as an extremely beneficial mercantile society that could gross them a great deal of wealth. However, for the colonists living on these islands it was an
intense struggle between enormous fortune and a premature death. Richard Dunn, author of Sugar and Slaves: The Rise of the Planter Class in the
English West Indies, 1624–1713, decided to shed light on these seldom mentioned groups of settlers, who chose the Caribbean islands over mainland
America. The first settlers of the islands being buccaneers, along with their short lifespan, coupled with the monoculture of the islands and a severe
disparity between the rich and poor, created a distinct culture, in what Dunn describes as a "classically proportioned sugar society" (Dunn 165).
Dunn begins his book in 1624, with the English gaining a foothold on the tiny island of St. Christopher in the Caribbean. From that solitary outpost
emerged a "cohesive and potent master class" of tobacco and sugar planters that spread throughout the Caribbean (46), especially in Barbados and
Jamaica. Dunn refers to this society as a "classically proportioned sugar society" (165). What this means is that there were few very wealthy sugar
planters who owned and managed large masses of slaves. Big planters, at their height, were

Effects Of Slavery In The Caribbean
Slavery has taken many forms throughout history and still exists in a few forms to the day. The Caribbean has had a painful history regarding the
slavery of two cultures. The slavery of the region ultimately led to racism against africans and to the industrial revolution. Communities of the
Caribbean have been haunted by their history of slavery and colonialism which fueled colonial European capitalism. The impact that the plantation
system had on the region has left a lasting scar on underdeveloped societies riddled with governments that exploit their citizens.
One of the largest impacts from the colonial era had on the Caribbean is on its economy. The Caribbean was first mined for gold by Columbus when he
discovered the area. When the gold ran out, plantations were set up for growing coffee and sugar to sell on the European markets. The system is
ingrained into the culture.
"The sugar plantation was a landed estate that specialized in export production. It combined large–scale tropical agriculture, African labor, European
and African technology, European animal husbandry, Asian and American plants, and the climate and soils of the Americas. The typical sugar
plantation was a big–business establishment, both farm and factory. Sugarcane was grown, raw sugar manufactured, and molasses distilled into rum."
(source 2)
This system of production is ingrained into the region and will be around for decades or longer. In modern times, lots of sugar and rum are still

The Early Modern Atlantic Economy Edited by J. McCusker...
On one hand a group of historian argues the notion that Brazil and the Caribbean experienced a sugar revolution while on the other hand another
group argues that there was no such thing as a sugar revolution, what Brazil and Caribbean experienced was simply a sugar boom. In order to assess
which group of historians is more accurate, one must first understand the concept of a sugar revolution and what factors must be present in order for a
sugar revolution to occur. The concept of a sugar revolution is one that states there was a drastic change from the cultivation of tobacco to the
cultivating of sugar cane, changing the country`s economy, politics and social structure within a short period of time. According to B.W. Higman there
are... Show more content on Helpwriting.net ...
When sugar cane was introduced those planters who owned small plots of land either had to sell their land, merge their land with another planter
and enter into a partnership or buy more land in order to grow sugar cane. Sugar cane could only be grown on large plots of land which ranged from
150 acres to 500 acres in Barbados and in Jamaica 300 acres to 5000 acres. The type of labour also changed within the Caribbean islands of Barbados,
Jamaica, Nevis, Antigua and Montserrat from free labour to slave labour. Tobacco cultivation required a very small labour force, but with sugar as the
new cash crop a large labour force was needed in which the Dutch provided by bringing African slaves. Therefore the white populations of these
countries declined while the black populations increased due to the sugar revolution. Even though the governments of these Islands made efforts to
keep the black–to–white ratio ten to one, according to Greenwood, Robert, Hamber, S, Dyde, Brian ' the ratio became extremely difficult to maintain
during the years passed'.
This population change occurred during the early years of the sugar revolution up to the mid–1700s. In Barbados there were 18 000 whites and 5 500
blacks in 1645 and by 1660 there were 20 000 whites and 30 000 blacks while Jamaica had 4 500 whites and 1 500 blacks in 1658 to 8 500 whites to

The Dutch in the Caribbean
Assess the contributions of the Dutch to the development of the Caribbean.
The incorporation of the Dutch into the Caribbean during the latter half of the 16th century and early 17th century came on the heels of them seeing
the prosperous economic opportunities at the time dominated by the Spanish. In the Caribbean, the Dutch concentrated on wrestling from Portugal its
grip on the sugar and slave trade through attacks on the Spanish treasure fleets on their homeward bound voyages.
Though the prime and most active time for the Dutch in the Caribbean lasted for about one hundred years, they were able to damage the monopoly the
Spanish blissfully enjoyed by their; privateering attacks this created a diversion so that the English and French ... Show more content on Helpwriting.net
...
According to the Dutch innovators, sugar was best grown on land that was near the coast where the soil was naturally yellow and fertile. The sugar
colonies of Barbados and Jamaica grew to become jewels of the British Empire during the 1700s. The sugar cultivated on the plantations sweetened the
teas of Europeans in the 17th century.
Evidently, sugar needed capital which the small planters of the eastern Caribbean did not have, but the Dutch came to the rescue by supplying credit. A
Dutch merchant would put up the capital on the security of the crop. In this way many planters started. The Dutch took over the export and sale of the
crops in return for providing the initial capital. Here we see the Dutch concocting a deal with planters who are not entirely financially equip to sustain a
sugar plantation by offering loans on credit to planters in return the Dutch exported and sold the cultivated sugar back to Europe.
Furthermore, early sugar plantations had an extensive use of slaves because sugar was considered as a cash crop, and it was most efficiently grown
on large plantations with many workers. As a result, slaves were imported from Africa to work on the sugar plantations, the Dutch responded to the
needs of the plantations in the Caribbean by supplying the labor that was needed following the failure of previous labor systems used on the British
and French colonies such as the use of indigenous

Essay about The Identity and History of the Caribbean
The Identity and History of the Caribbean
The Caribbean is a vastly diverse area representing the effects of colonialism, slavery, and the combination of many cultures.
Since the arrival of Europeans the Caribbean islands have been going through constant change. The loss of native peoples and the introduction of the
plantation system had immediate and permanent reprocussions on the islands. The Plantation system set up a society which consisted of a large, captive
lower class and a powerful, wealthy upper class. As the plantation systems became successful labor was needed in order to progress. Slavery became
the answer to the problem. Slavery played an important role in the how the economy changed the islands because there was a ... Show more content on
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One big difference between the articles is that Mintz includes the plantations as part of one of the nine major factors which falls under capitalism of the
Caribbean but Benitez–Rojo writes, "I think that one must agree with Mintz that the plantation seems indispensable to studying the societies of the
area. In my opinion, nonetheless, the plantation could turn out to be an even more useful parameter; it could serve as a telescope for obswerving the
changes and the continuities of the Caribbean galaxy through the lenses of multifold disciplines..." (38). Benitez–Rojo includes the history of the
plantations and how the history affected the culture of the islands. For example, one of the subtitles is Hispaniola: the first plantations where he
explains how the first plantations were started up, he writes, "Those who, for one reason or another, decided not to leave the colony began to think up
enterprises that would allow them to subsist there... someone remembered the sugarcane that Columbus had brought to the island, and he began to get
molasses and brown sugar using rudimentary machines" (40). As slavery was introduced to the system a creole culture emerge and the Africanization
of culture.
An issue which was brought up due to Slavery is the

Sugar Dbq Essay
Today, sugar is a widely used product across the world. However, if it were not for Christopher Columbus, who brought it to the Caribbean Islands in
1493, this would not have been the case. Before that point, sugar was only produced in Europe, but following Columbus' introduction of sugar to the
Caribbean, the sugar industry rapidly developed due to multiple factors. The ideal climate of the Caribbean plantations, along with the increased
demand from Europe led to increased investments in the overall production of sugar. In order to grow sugar cane you need the ideal climate, hence the
reason why Christopher Columbus introduced it to Jamaica and Barbados. Due to the increasing amount of sugar being grown eventually lead to the
crop to become ... Show more content on Helpwriting.net ...
While the discovery of the proper climate, along with the profitability for owners, were important in sugar's growth, no industry can truly flourish
without its consumers. The consumers' growing need for the product over time made it so plantations had to meet their demands, continuing the cycle
of growth. However, the consumer's perspective was not documented among the information used in the essay. This point of view would have been
helpful in further analyzing just how important the consumer's role was in the overall success of the sugar

European Imperialism In The Caribbean
The effects of European colonization can still be seen today. It can be seen physically in the landscapes of the islands of the Caribbean, and mentally
it is still present in some of the inhabitant's minds. Political struggles should not be ignored as well as many islands have struggled since their
independence. Today when many Europeans look back at the peak of their country's empires they see theCaribbean as a contributing factor. While there
is no question as to the wealth generated by the control of the Caribbean islands, one can ask how great these European colonizers were. There are
many ways to measure accomplishment, if one measures it just by wealth then European colonization could be considered a success. However, if we
were to ... Show more content on Helpwriting.net ...
And by the end of the War of Spanish Secession, piracy was soon outlawed in the Caribbean. What Rediker is showing is not only the European
empires desire for more wealth, but also the ruling classes ability to control the working class to gain more wealth. Furthermore, he shows that as
soon as the ruling class finds a more profitable way to make money, their attitudes would change regardless of the concerns of the working class. He
also points out that "the sailors knew that these wars were fought, for the most part, over wealth, a substantial portion of which was based on the key
commodities of the Atlantic trades in which he worked – gold, silver, fish, furs, servants and slaves, sugar, tobacco, and manufactures" (Rediker 21).
Once privateering was outlawed, and combined with the downsizing of European navies, many sailors found themselves out of work. This led to
the rise of piracy, and in my opinion directly challenged the notion that European empires were strong and powerful. Piracy could be viewed a war
on the rich, where men who saw no other economic opportunity choose to steal from whom they used to work for. During the golden age of piracy
between 1716 and 1726, according to Rediker around 2400 ships were captured. European countries could do little as their navies were reduced in size
after the War of Spanish Secession. The capturing and sometimes burning of

The True Woman 's Slavery Essay
The True Woman's Slavery Experience in the Caribbean In history, a woman 's experience of slavery is often presumed as inadequate and useless.
Unfortunately, there are many experiences of women during slavery that is untouched and needs to be highlighted. For instance, did enslaved
women work as much as enslaved males? If so, did they work in the same field or was there a difference. Women grew burdensome in that they
would spitefully work inefficiently and slower than needed, leading to the resistance. Specifically, this paper discussion why are similarities and
differences in the roles of enslaved women who resided in both Jamaica and Barbados bring complications to slave owners. I will attempt to
understand the perception of female slaves in the Caribbean, in order to gain an insight into why their lives and daily experience may or may not have
been similar or different as well as what are some possible reasons why an enslaved females' history is ignored and often generalized.
In the reading Laboring Women: Reproduction and Gender in New WorldSlavery, it sheds light on the fact women were supposed to work as hard as
men in the field work made available to them. For instance, men were given worked considered "skilled" while women in comparison got jobs that
were not primarily for reproductive purposes as assumed from past slavery readings, but instead women were used for "women's work" (Morgan).
Slave owners often refused to allow enslaved women to occupy "skilled or

Plantation and Race in the Caribbean Essay
Plantation and Race in the Caribbean The incredible history of the Caribbean is indeed, one of the most rich, and at the same time troubling, of the
New World. Its incredibly heterogeneous population and its social racial base make it a very difficult place to, for instance, live and raise a family.
While some children may have a future because of their light complexion, the others are doomed to a life of poverty in the unforgiving culture and
society of the Caribbean.
Three people have taken it upon themselves to portray the Caribbean in their own ways. The opinions of Sidney Mintz, Michelle Cliff and Antonio
Benitez–Rojo are made clear in their works and are discussed below in relation to two main issues; race and the ... Show more content on
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Boy is white, and is very intent on being so. He does not help out dark people, and only condemns them when he sees them. Clare's mother, Kitty is
darker and is the opposite of Boy in her treatment of the darker colored people on the island. She does not talk much when Boy criticizes 'her
people,' but near the end of the book both parents make their feelings abundantly clear in their argument over the black woman urinating on the side
of the street. Boy says to his family, "What are we to do with people like that." (Cliff, 1984, p.130) Kitty retorts, "Where do you get this 'we' stuff,
white man?" (Ibid.) Boy responds with, "Come on, Kitty, no matter what you do with them, they'll never be like us." (Ibid., p.131) This is too much
for Kitty, who in a rare state of rage yells, "Why don't you shut your filthy hateful mouth, you damn cuffy. She's probably pregnant and alone–something
you would not know about." (Ibid.) With that, Kitty makes him stop the car and so she could give the woman all the money that she had on her. This
example illustrates perfectly how the issue of race permeates the everyday lives of the inhabitants of Jamaica, and the rest of the Caribbean for that
matter.
This is certainly not meant to be an isolated case of racial incident, as is portrayed throughout the rest of the book. Boy's racism is also shown in
many other ways, such as by the fact that he wants Clare to marry someone as

impacts of slavery in the caribbean
How did the African slavery impact the Caribbean region between1640–1985? Introduction When the Europeans switched from tobacco to sugar
cultivation, the plantation needed more lands and more labour. The labour present came from the Tainos, whose population decreased from abuse, and
could not meet the labour demands. The Europeans brought free labourers from Europe, but they could not be forced to work under the conditions
demanded by the encomenderos. The church suggested the use of enslaving Africans to replace the fast dying Taino population. The Africans faced
tremendous abuse. They were captured in tribal wars or raids on villages. The conditions of the middle passage were deplorable. On arrival in the West
Indies the... Show more content on Helpwriting.net ...
Roughly a ship of 100 tons could carry 100 slaves however the ratio changed a ship of 90 tons carried 390 slaves. Each slave was allowed five and
a half feet in length by sixteen inches in breath. They were branded and chained two by two ,right leg and left leg, right hand and left hand. The
stench below deck was intolerable. Buckets of water were thrown over the slaves as they lay to wash away the excrements. Slaves suffered from
infections from lying in dirt. Some died or were thrown overboard. Ships sank or were lost in storms and slaves died. For example the George
ship, lost 84 percent of the 594 slaves from the length of voyage and badness of weather. Slaves also rebelled, by commit suicide and taking over
ships, killing the crew members and order those they spared to sail the ship back and escaped to freedom. The death rates among slaves during the
middle passage were extremely high. After crossing the Atlantic, the slaves were in terrible conditions, both physically and mentally. They were
hardly in any condition to be sold. Before being offered for sale, they were cleaned up and inspected. Prices were set with the agreement of buyers then
sold in the process of scrambling. The slaves were assembled in groups of males and females and at the firing of the gun buyers rushed on board in
order to seize all they wanted. This terrified the slaves, causing some slaves to leap overboard in alarm. Slaves who were not sold, either because of
diseases or just

Dbq Sugar Trade
The sugar trade succeeded due to the increasing demand for the product, along with the advent of European colonization of the Caribbean, and the
use of slavery as an efficient workforce. The rise in demand for sugar was partially a result of the addictive properties it had, which caused people to
want more of it. The islands on which the Europeans were colonizing were ideal for the growth of cane sugar, the plant that is processed into the
finished sugar product. With the use of slaves, the production of sugar was happening at a much quicker and cheaper rate than before, thus creating
more sugar to supply the demand.
During the sixteenth century, the Europeans colonized the Caribbean islands, which were perfect for running sugar plantations. ... Show more content on
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Documents 8 and 10 both show and discuss how slaves were a major aspect of the sugar–making process. Slaves did all aspects of sugar production,
whether they were outside growing sugar, or inside processing the ever so desired substance (Doc 8). The use of slaves made production much
faster, giving the people what they demanded. The more slaves each plantation had, the more sugar they would produce (Doc 10). Since more sugar
was being manufactured at a more rapid rate, this helped the sugar trade as a whole, as more product was being exported to Europe, where the demand
was extremely high. The cost of slaves, whether in British pounds or valued goods, is elaborated upon in Documents 9 and 11. The cost of slaves
grew over time, but when they were sold again, it was still for over twice the amount they were purchased for (Doc 9). Slaves were relatively cheap to
purchase, could be used to produce sugar, and then could be sold for a hefty profit. Goods such as bullets were also used to pay for slaves (Doc 11).
English merchants were able to give Africa items that they were large in stock with for an adult male slave, which showed just how easy they were to

The Effect of Slavery on the Identity of Cuba Essay
The Effect of Slavery on the Identity of Cuba
The Caribbean is a diverse region with a unique history. The progress and advancement of each island complied with the European country in control
of it at the time. The Caribbean was conquered and colonized soon after Columbus' discovery in 1492. A similar aspect of the heterogeneous region has
been its plantations. The plantations were an important aspect of the cultural history of the Caribbean. Mintz believed that the plantations tied the
colonies in the Caribbean to the European country that was colonizing it. He states:
"the plantation system was an agricultural design for the production of export commodities for foreign markets– a means for introducing agricultural
capitalism to ... Show more content on Helpwriting.net ...
Mintz believed that the plantation system was something positive that helped to shape each colony into what it presently is, he states "the plantation
system was not only an agricultural device; it also became the basis for entire societal design"(Mintz 27). Benitez–Rojo, also believing that the
plantation system was something positive, believed so because they created an economy in the primarily primitive Caribbean and it help them construct
a structured economical system.
Slavery in the Caribbean also played the role of shaping each colony's identity and culture. When Europe began importing and shipping in slaves
from Africa into the colonies, miscegenation occurred. As a result of slavery, a diverse Caribbean was created. It was molded by each individual's
island history and how it dealt with slavery, the integration of cultures, acculturation, and colonialism. The importation of about four million African
slaves to the Caribbean was mainly what made these islands the "melting pot" that it is today. Today, Cuba is one of the most racially mixed islands
in the Caribbean. Could the racial mixture possibly be the result of the impact of slavery in Cuba during the period of the colony' s colonization?
Could the 'Afro–Cuban' culture be the result of miscegenation, which was impacted by slavery in the island?
SPAIN and the EVOLUTION of SLAVERY in CUBA
Among the discovery of the rich lands of

The United Colonies And Its Effects On Trade And Illegal...
The Caribbean rival colonies caused major disruption in trade and more illegal activities were spreading across the new land. The exportation of
treasured metals previously deviated from Peru to Mexico causing the connection between the metropolis and the colonies to disintegrate. There were
two types of societies that existed, the Maroons and the Buccaneers. The first type was made up of struggling settlers that had violent tendencies,
plantiers, exasperated officials, slaves, and free persons of color. The second type was considered as a trans–frontier group to include, Maroons, slave
escapees to defiant freebooters (Buccaneers). The Maroons formed a successful surrogate to the Europeans. They developed fierce personalities with
great... Show more content on Helpwriting.net ...
Whereas the second type, gran marronnage was very different. This consisted of an organized attempt to establish political and social communities of
European colonial enclave. Maroons acquired the necessities to survive including, firearms, tools, utensils, and food once successful marronage was
enabled. Between the mid–seventeenth century to the beginning of the eighteenth century the Buccaneers were in their glory. Transitioning politically
and socially, the Buccaneers economy was greatly dependent on selling hides and boutcan to the ships passing through the Mona Passage and the
Windward Passages. They also achieved international fame by performing freelance attacks on the Spanish possessions in and around the Caribbean.
With the support of rival states the Buccaneers continued their attacks on the Spanish, which helped the success of non–Spanish attempts at
colonization. The communities of Buccaneers represented a phase in the shift from pioneering colonialism to organized imperialism. They began to
make profits off of different kinds of animals such as dogs, horses, cattle, and hogs. The Buccaneers succeeded their attacks on the Spanish by
maintaining support from other states and this created a greater opportunity for colonization. This developed a bond between the Buccaneers and other
cultures around the Caribbean. The

Indentured Workers
Around the 1830s after the abolition of slavery, over a half million Indians were transported to thirteen mainland's and island nations in the Caribbean.
The British brought them in to work the plantations as indentured workers, primarily the sugar cane farms. Work in these farms is extremely intense.
In 1838, Guyana was the first island to received indentured workers. There were also efforts to bring Portuguese, Chinese and other as indentured
workers but it was unsuccessful. The Indians saved the sugar industry from total economic failure by working these fields. They worked long hours,
received low wages and were often treated severely. Most the Indians lived in the English–speaking Caribbean. Indo–Caribbean's as they were referred

Dbq What Drove The Sugar Trade
DBQ Essay – What Drove the Sugar Trade?
Beginning in the late 1600s and continuing through the 1700s the demand for sugar became incredibly high due to its addictive qualities. To supply the
consumers with sugar they were craving, wealthy Europeans established sugar plantations throughout the Caribbean and built a thriving slave industry,
so their need for cheap labor could be satisfied. Sugar consumption increased from 4.6lbs to 16.2lbs per capita annually from 1700 to 1770 due to the
increasing addiction of the consumers. Since the demand was so high, the manufacturers were faced with maintaining a high crop yield, but luckily the
Caribbean islands provided an ideal location for growing cane sugar. Once plantations were constructed yet ... Show more content on Helpwriting.net ...
Due to the efforts to colonize the Caribbean islands, by 1750 they were almost all owned by Spain, France, or England, meaning these countries now
had access to and control over this area that they did not previously; they took advantage of this newfound power (Doc 1). Sugar requires a specific
climate to grow plentifully (i.e. 68В°–90В°F) and this was something the Caribbean islands provided the Europeans with; if European countries had
not had taken control in the Caribbean islands the sugar industry would not have survived (Doc 2). At this time, the Caribbean islands were the only
location that the Europeans had access to that provided the correct climate. The landscape was ideal and led to a high crop yield and without it the
consumers would be at a loss (Doc 8). Through the 1700s and into the 1800s, in Barbados, Jamaica, Saint–Domingue, and Cuba, sugar production rates
escalated, but this vast increase was made possible only by the natural conditions of the Caribbean islands (Doc 10). Still, not only consumer addiction
and access to a prime location were able to drive the sugar industry alone, labor was

How Did The American Slave Trade Affect The West Indies
When most people think of the West Indies, they mainly think of Jamaica, Barbados, and Hispaniola (the Dominican Republic and Haiti), which also
happen to be some of the most popular vacation areas. Yet, after a flight over to any of these hot spots, one would begin to notice the land is sprinkled
with old sugar plantations, the countries and territories are heavily populated with African and Creole descendants, and there is a clear division
between wealthy communities and their slum–like counterparts. These characteristics were brought upon the West Indies through Sugar Trade,
beginning roughly around the first English settlements in the 1620's and living through the passing of the English Slave Trade Act on March 25, 1807.
Europeans began... Show more content on Helpwriting.net ...
After arriving to the plantations, slaves almost instantaneously faced the high mortality rate which was caused by "disease, despondency, accidents,
malnutrition, and the harsh labor regime" (Pares). The most common of the diseases included smallpox, scurvy, worms, dysentery, and more, which
were paired with the overworking and underfeeding of slaves. The unhealthy states of the slaves worsened when they were paired with the punishments
of masters due to resistance and refusal to work. In some cases, the situations were so awful that many African slaves attempted to run away; those
who were successful were given the name

Importance of Slavery to the Caribbean Essay
Importance of Slavery to the Caribbean
The significance of the role played by slaves in the history of the Caribbean cannot be overemphasized. Nearly everything that defines the Caribbean
today can be traced back to the advent of Africans to the sugar plantations several centuries ago. For this reason it is impossible to ignore the issue of
slavery when studying the history of the Caribbean, as we are doing in this class. Through our numerous readings on the status of slaves and their
treatment by the societies in which they lived, we have learned much about the sufferings and ordeals of these people. The following is an attempt to
organize my own particular feelings and reactions, which I have previously posted on–line throughout the ... Show more content on Helpwriting.net ...
They were constantly being tested and lived very tough lives. Only the strongest survived, as they were forced to live completely independently of
colonial communities and thus had to fend for themselves. They were also hampered by their lack of women in the early stages, and it was not
uncommon for a group of Maroons to raid another village in search of more women. The Buccaneers, on the other hand, did not have as many such
problems, though they did not exactly have it easy either. They were more or less "social bandits" and gained international fame for their attacks on
the Spanish and Spanish possessions. This was a huge help to the French and English, who did not have the power to do this themselves but were
subsequently better able to establish colonies of their own in the New World. The main difference between the Buccaneers and the Maroons is that
while the former clung to the European culture and society with which they were familiar, the latter attempted to create their own.
The transition to sugar plantations in Puerto Rico came a bit later, while Cuba experienced this change a few years earlier. There are a few reasons
why this is so, given that both islands were closely ruled by Spain. One of the main reasons given is "...the rate of prior capital accumulation and the
attendant existence (or lack) of a capital reserve to invest in sugar once the demand arose." (Beckles and Shepherd, 1991, p. 58) For Cuba, the capital
reserve

Silver Exchange Research Paper
Silver was the most important trading good, and the silver trade allowed for a global network of exchange. Silver was one of the most important
products to be exchanged during this time. Silver was important to people around the world, especially Spanish America because they produced up
to 85 percent of the world's silver. Silver didn't just affect spain, but it also had effect on China, because they had to pay their taxes in silver. The
demand for silver increased rapidly, and the Potosi mines were a major global source of the world;s silver. Overall, Silver was a universal currency that
could be traded for goods , and use for taxes. "Silver from the Potosi Mines." Silver From the Potosi Mines, 4 Dec. 2017.web This painting represents

Similarities Between Virginia And The Caribbean
During particular time periods whichever product rose to popularity, whether it be cotton, rum, tobacco, or sugar, became the means of buying and
selling or trading. Two major products that the people of the "new world" depended on during the early colonial times were tobacco and sugar. Both
Virginia and the Caribbean were able to be successful and bloom due to these two major products. Virginia and the Caribbean had many similarities
as well as differences on how they changed economically and socially due to tobacco and sugar plantations. John Rolfe, the father of the tobacco
industry, was the reason why tobacco made its way to America. Soon after tobacco was perfected in both raising and curing by Rolfe, it became a
popular product that ... Show more content on Helpwriting.net ...
Tobacco did not require much to process, unlike sugar that required advanced technology as well as multiple laborers. Within a year tobacco was
able to be produced, however sugar took longer. Sugar cultivation became a business that only farmers with a lot of money could succeed in due to
the need for land and for labor to clear the fields and to run the mills. However almost anyone could farm tobacco because it was easily planted and
didn't cost as much. In Virgina, tobacco became such a high demand that fields everywhere were used for tobacco plantations. However farmers
repeatedly used the same land over and over, ruining the soil. This limited Virginia's fortunes to the irregular price of a single crop. The high demand
for sugar in the Caribbeans also wiped out all other forms of Caribbean agriculture. Which led to the dependence on the north american mainland for
other food supplies and basic supplies. When it comes to tobacco and sugar plantations, both the Caribbean and Virginia were affected socially and
economically. As the plantations grew, slaves became a major factor in farming the lands. This soon lead to the Civil War due to the differences
between the free and slave states over the power of the national government to prohibit slavery in the territories

Dbq Sugar Analysis
The sugar trade was positively impacted by a rapidly increasing demand for sugar, along with the European desire to colonize the Caribbean islands,
and the growing ease of purchasing slaves as a means of labor. As more sugar was being produced, the demand for it in Europe grew at an extremely
swift rate. The production of the sugar was taking place in the Caribbean, which at the time was being colonized by major European nations such as
England, France, and Spain. These islands were the ideal location for the growth of sugar cane, which was the basis for the manufacturing of sugar.
To help supply the high demand for sugar, there was a rise in the use of slaves as a cheap and efficient method of labor.
In Europe, during the colonial period, ... Show more content on Helpwriting.net ...
The location and climate of the colonized islands are discussed in Documents 1 and 2. By 1750, France, Spain, and Britain had established colonies
on the Caribbean islands. (Doc. 1) The discovery and settlement upon those islands enabled the trade of crops that were cultivated there, such as sugar
cane. Two of those islands, Jamaica and Barbados, had close to ideal climates for the production of cane sugar. (Doc. 2) Such climates provided further
ease in the manufacturing of cane sugar, in that they generated more product at a much swifter rate. With the islands having been settled on, and the
growth of sugar cane accelerating, there needed to be plantations in order to convert the canes into sugar. The systems on which the plantations
functioned are expanded upon in Documents 6 and 7. William Belgrove detailed the necessary provisions for a five hundred–acre plantation, which
included nine different houses, three–hundred slaves, and two–hundred twenty–five animals. (Doc. 6) The information presented exhibits that there are
a lot of requirements in order to smoothly run a large sugar plantation, though it was possible. The plantations were almost always owned by wealthy
families, most of whom were absent from the estates they owned. (Doc. 7) The value of the sugar trade was immediately recognized by these wealthy
families, so as a result, they were able to

Indentured Servitude In Slavery
Slavery has been around for centuries all over the world, and the history of slavery in the Caribbean is one of great density. Indentured servants were
one of the first forms of labourers on plantations in the Caribbean before the introduction of African slaves. Plantation owners eventually saw these
servants as too much of a complication, thus putting an end to white indentured servants in the Caribbean. Following the use of white indentured
servants as labourers in the Caribbean, a heavy reliance was placed on the use of African slaves. The sugar revolution was the beginning of a new era in
slavery, and the introduction of the super exploitation of African slaves, an exploitation that was not exhibited towards white indentured servants.
Prior ... Show more content on Helpwriting.net ...
African slaves endured a much harder life than white indentured servants ever did while working on plantations. The lives of enslaved Africans were
valued less than white indentured servants. The priority of efficient sugar production came before all else, including human lives. The sugar
revolution marked a time of pain and decline for the slaves sent to the Caribbean. The volume of available slaves allowed for slaves to not be
acknowledges as humans and treated as less than

Essay on History of Slavery in the Caribbean
History of Slavery in the Caribbean
The institution of slavery has played a major role in the history, and the shaping of the Caribbean. Therefore, in order to truly understand the Caribbean
one must completely understand slavery itself.
Slavery can be defined as belonging to a person, or being treated like a piece of property, and not having any individual freedom This was essentially
the life many Africans lived for many centuries in the Caribbean . The master's had total freedom and control over his or her slaves. As a result of this
behavior they were able to run successful sugar plantations that resembled modern day factories. Until the end of the 18th century many sugar estates
used the "gang" system. The owner treated hundreds ... Show more content on Helpwriting.net ...
Milling had to be done within 24 hours of the cane being cut, otherwise it would spoil. At first there was just a main mill in the center of the country,
but by the 1800's many planters owned there own individual mills.
Laws regarding the well being of the slave were as follows; it was strictly up to the discretion of the master the amount of control he chose to exercise
over his slaves. For the most part, it seems as if laws were the worst on islands where slaves outnumbered the masters, and less severe on the islands
without sugar plantations.
With so little control over there own lives it was truly difficult for slaves to achieve anything. This especially included freedom. The French Code
Noir and the Spanish laws did not make it easy for a slave to gain freedom, but it was certainly easier for one to become free on these islands than
those owned by the British. The British made it almost impossible for the slaves to gain freedom. In the Spanish and the French colonies, slaves were
given a few legal privileges. The courts on these islands permitted slaves to own personal property, make contracts, and buy their freedom with their
meager savings. These laws did not exist in the British colonies.
Without the labor of the slaves on the sugar plantations, the sugarcane estates could not have succeeded the way they did. The slave in turn, became the
back bone of the sugar plantation in the Caribbean. During the rainy season the

Slavery in the Caribbean Essay
Slavery in the Caribbean
The beginning of slavery in the Caribbean can be traced back to the emergence of piracy in the 16th and 17th centuries. This eventually led to the
promotion of slave trading and sugar plantations. While enslaved on the sugar plantations, slaves were treated very poorly. Plantationowners treated
their slaves so poorly that most were undernourished and diseased. Slaves were even forced to work on their "spare" time to provide for their own
needs. Needless to say, slaves encountered cruel punishment that we can't even comprehend. The slaves however, continually resisted white supremacy
causing much tension between the two social classes. Despite this, a new social class was emerging, the free coloureds. This ... Show more content on
Helpwriting.net ...
In addition, slaves had to produce for themselves. Plantation owners were quite interested in reducing cost and they did so at the expense of many
slaves. They overworked slaves tremendously and even made them produce their own foods to cut down on export expenditures. However, slaves
had to do this in their own "free time" which was on Saturdays. Quite disgruntled, slaves had to work everyday, and on their day of rest, they were
forced to work extra hard to produce for themselves. "The planters perceived it in their interests to spend as little money, time, or energy as possible on
slave maintenance" (Tomich, 304).
Disease and malnutrition led to a declining slave population. Malnutrition played a crucial role in preventing slave societies from continuously getting
bigger. Coming from Africa, most of these slaves were exposed to the tsetse fly and therefore, seldom did they eat meats. Milk was consequently
excluded from their daily diets and this might be why there is much lactose intolerance among African descendants. This left slaves with minimal
options in what they ate. In addition, "not only did food availability fluctuate seasonally, but slaves experienced long periods of hunger during and
after hurricanes, droughts and war" (Beckles, 172). One can conclude that because they could only eat maize and a few other foods, slaves were
deficient in the necessary vitamins and minerals. These deficiencies would in turn

Sweetness and Power Essays
Sweetness and Power Sweetness and Power: The Place of Sugar in Modern History
Some of the most brilliant minds have made many unorthodox suggestions. This is the case with Sidney Mintz's thesis in Sweetness and Power: The
Place of Modern History. Mintz's suggestions that industrial capitalism originated in the Caribbean sugar plantations may seem to contradict the
European version of world history fed to most of the Western world, but is nevertheless supported by substantial evidence. In general, Western education
has conditioned students to believe that everything productive originated in Europe.
Mintz begins by explaining the process of obtaining granular sugar from the liquid extracted from the sugar cane. There was ... Show more content on
Helpwriting.net ...
Similar to factory workers, cheap labor was used for mass production of commodities to meet the growing demand.
As a result, Mintz completely transformed my ideas on industrial capitalism. As a consumer and lover of sugar, I have now given a considerable
amount of thought to the sugar that I consumed so often. The extent to which the Caribbean people and land were exploited is unfathomable. When
speaking of a "plantation", Americans usually think and refer to the cotton plantations in the South. Even those Americans with roots in the Caribbean
are completely unaware of the exploitation of their land and people. The long–term effects of this exploitation led to the underdevelopment of these
Caribbean countries. These effects are still evident today as most of the Caribbean islands are labeled as "Third World Countries".
In addition, Mintz mentions the separation of the production from consumption. The Major consumers of sugar were not the hard workers on the
plantation, but the far removed citizens of England. The plantation workers were not able to profit from the fruit of

Sweetness And Power Summary
Sugar currently is the leading cause of obesity in both adults and children. How did sugar become such a necessity that people are damaging
themselves just because they want something sweet? Sugar is also the cheapest calorie a person can buy; sugary food has become the cheapest food
item in many stores, but it wasn't always this way. Sugar was once a costly foreign import, yet when Europeans developed a taste and preference for
sugar, there was no stopping Europes need to have sugar. In "Sweetness and Power," the author, Sidney W. Mintz discusses how sugar was first
introduced in Europe and its evolution from a luxury to an everyday necessity. Sugar was first discovered in Papua New Guinea, traded to foreign
empires, and later cultivated ... Show more content on Helpwriting.net ...
At this time,"sugar is still a luxury, medicine, and spice in western Europe,"(Mintz 83) yet it is beginning to become more popular. "This insertion
of an essentially new product within popular European tastes and preferences was irreversible, though the cost of sugar at times certainly brake
consumption"(Mintz 38). Once europeans developed a preference for sugar, they started to move away from sugar being a medicine and spice to
sugar becoming a food. The rise in demand for sugar followed Britain's increase in sugar supply. "In 1660 Englishmen consumed 1,000 hogheads and
exported 2,000 hogheads, in 1700 Englishmen now consumed 50,000 hogheads and exported 18,000 hogheads, in 1730 Englishmen now consumed
100,000 hogheads and exported 18,000 hogheads, and in 1753 Englishmen consumed 110,000 hogheads and exported 6,000 hogheads"(Mintz 39).
These dramatically increasing numbers in consumption demonstrates England's dependence on sugar. Although sugar was originally a luxury only
available to the elite wealthy households, as sugar production and industrialization became more refined, the pieces fro sugar dropped and spread
into the other classes. Sugar was used to make new desserts and sweets as well as used in ceremonies and religious events. Sugar spread all the way
to the lower class as it became cheaper and more popular. "Sugar consumption as

How Sugar Had Become A Dominant Product Of Sugar Production
In the late 17th and 18th centuries, sugar had become a dominant product in numerous plantations in the Caribbean. The French and British continually
competed over the dominance in these particular sites. The British sugar industry finally took hold in 1655, and lasted up until the mid–19th century
(Background Essay). Due to the ideal land masses for sugar production (Doc. 1, 2, 6, 7), a large slave work force (Doc. 8, 9, 10, 11), high
consumer demand (Doc. 3, 5), and competition in the trading industry (Doc. 4, 12), the sugar trade was able to flourish and remained a part of the
global economy. As shown in documents 1, 2, 6 and 7, one driving force of the success of the sugar trade was finding the perfect area to establish sugar
... Show more content on Helpwriting.net ...
However, it was undeniable that these conditions were significant in the success of producing this export. In document 6, Belgrove demonstrated that
owning a plantation was a big deal, requiring the owner to obtain possession of a plethora of supplies and items, such as windmills, a boiling house,
and the amount of slaves and animals necessary. All of these things were needed in order to run a fully–functioning plantation. The date that this
document was made, 1755, indicates that it could be a credible source, for it was created in the middle of the diffusion of the sugar trading business. In
document 7, Mintz states that mainly wealthy English families owned plantations. Men like Robert Hibbert and John Gladstone collected a great
amount of wealth through the ownership of the large areas of land and through the amount of sugar produced by the African slaves (Doc. 7). This
denotes the view that an effective way to gain wealth was through the ownership of the sugar plantations, thus encouraging others to do so as well;
ultimately the desire for more wealth leads to an increase in the production of sugar and boosts the development of the sugar trade. However, Williams
failed to mention how long it took these plantation owners to acquire that much wealth, which can cause the readers of this excerpt to think that these
owners had instant success.

Caribbean Rum Essay
As defined by Fredrick H. Smith in his novel, Caribbean Rum: A Social and Economic History, rum is "the potable alcoholic beverage obtained by
distilling sugarcane juice and the waste products of sugar making" (Smith 1). Imported African slaves on the islands of the Caribbean discovered the
distillation of the by– product, molasses, into rum. At first, it was thought to be industrial waste; however, quickly after, it became a global
phenomenon, which rapidly amped up the economies of several islands. Several attributes of rum developed "from its ability to provide a temporary
respite from the challenges of everyday life in the region;" therefore, contributing to the reconfiguration of drinking patterns among both the European
colonists and... Show more content on Helpwriting.net ...
Although it was associated with economic status and spiritual ways of escape, it was also viewed as means of harm to certain groups. Drinking
alcoholic beverages led to drunken vulnerability among all sectors of society. It temporary lowered innate defenses that exposed individuals to all sorts
of dangers. A theme arose from the excess use of alcohol in the Caribbean: vulnerable–while–drunk theme. It was presented throughout several different
pieces of Caribbean folklore, which exposed images of individuals drunken beyond repair. (Smith) The original function of alcohol has greatly changed
over the past few centuries leading to a new drinking culture. However, these types of drinking habits were not just present throughout the Caribbean,
but in fact all over the

The Rise Of Sugar As A Commodity Essay
The rise of sugar as a commodity in England situated England as the world's leading consumer. The increasing popularity of coffeehouses among
middle–class English people, as well the introduction of tea from China, fueled the counties. England's growing interest in coffee and tea greatly
increased the demand for sugar leading to a significant effect on Africa and its people. The high English demand for sugar required land to expand
sugar plantations, and an efficient source of labor to produce, creating a connection between all three. For example, if there was not enough demand,
there would have been no point in planting sugar and if cheap labor could not be obtained, it would not be worth doing so on such a large scale
because it would have been expensive and unprofitable. Since they had all these contributing factors in their favor the British were able to gain profit
from sugar plantations, which worked as a significant contributor towards their economy. To meet the land requirements the British picked their
Caribbean colonies because of their control of that region and its climate. After finding the land for plantations, England had to find the source of
labor to work these plantations. The English turned into Africa for cheap slave labor. The British had tried the local Caribbeans to work on the
plantations but these people were already affected by the diseases that were brought to the area by Europeans. As a result, there were not many
Caribbean people to work the

Transatlantic Slave Trade Research Paper
Later the Dutch, English and French merchants controlled about half of the transatlantic slave trade in the regions of West Africa between the
Senegal and Niger Rivers. The European sailors establish a system of navigation that bound Europe, Africa, and the Americas for a network of
commerce. The transatlantic slave trade was based on kidnapping and abduction as a major method of slave acquisition and it was also used as a
system of great opportunity to hold wealth, political and economic control. Many of the enslave Africans went through a lot of horrors and inhumane
treatment during the middle passage in which they were sold for very low prices. The middle passage slave accounts from Falcon Bridge and Equiano
are a great example of what... Show more content on Helpwriting.net ...
Barbados is the first example of mono crop in the Atlantic slave trade, producing more sugar and more slaves. According to Beckles and Shepherd
"Jamaica produced and exported, in addition to sugar coffee, cotton, ginger, pimiento, dyewoods, hardwood." (FN, pg Carib. Slave society economy
readings) Pen or livestock farming was important component of internal trade utilizing the animals as laborers and for trade within the island. Also,
the use of a barter system in which they could borrow and lend between one another. Planters were wealthy and trade among themselves. One of the
most important port in 18th Century was Liverpool, it was considered the high point of the transatlantic trade of slaves and it was home of 8 sugar
refineries. European planters wanted the guarantee of a home market for their goods and created monopoly over trading to accumulate slaves with the
purpose to acquire slaves for the British Empire, and millions of slaves was brought to the Caribbean to work on sugar plantations. Slaves from Africa
were imported and made to work on the plantations. Sugar cane production expanded to Saint Domingue and Jamaica given rise to commodities such
as rum and molasses. In 1740s Jamaica and Saint Domingue (Haiti) became the world's main sugar producers. The plantation

The CaribbeanвЂ™s Cultural History Essay
The Caribbean's Cultural History Columbus' discovery in 1492 set off a chain of events in the emergence of the Caribbean society, as Knight states in
his book The Caribbean.
"The first voyage of Columbus in 1492 fortuitously discovered a whole new world and set in motion a chain of events whose profound consequences
gave new directions to the histories of Europe, Africa, the Americas, and Asia. It was thevoyages of Columbus and those who followed him that
brought the Americas into the consciousness of the Europeans"(Knight 28).
Many people question whether the discovery made by Columbus was beneficial or deteriorating for the indigenous people of the Caribbean. It was the
exploration and discoveries by Columbus that further led ... Show more content on Helpwriting.net ...
The plantations were an important aspect of the cultural history of the Caribbean. Mintz strongly believed that the plantations helped to shape each
colony into what it is now. He suggests that plantations were a way to tie the island to the country that was colonizing it as he states that:
"the plantation system was an agricultural design for the production of export commodities for foreign markets– a means for introducing agricultural
capitalism to subtropical colonial areas, and for integrating those areas with the expanding European economy"(Mintz 26).
The plantations could also be very useful in leaning more about the history of the people of the island, as Benitez–Rojo states in his essay, From the
Plantation to the Plantation. He states that:
"the plantations serve as a telescope for observing the changes and the continuities of the Caribbean galaxy through the lenses of multifold disciplines,
namely economics, history, sociology, political science, anthropology, ethnology, demography, as well as through innumerable practices, which range
from the commercial to the military, from the religious literary"(Benitiz–Rojo 38).
He suggests that the history of the Caribbean and its people is confusing and somewhat "jumbled," and feels that the study of the history of each
plantation would help to organize the history of the Caribbean.
Another common

The Relationship between Sugar and Slavery in the Early...
Discuss the Relationship between sugar and slavery in the Early Modern Period. "No commodity on the face of the Earth has been wrested from
the soil or the seas, from the skies or the bowels of the earth with such misery and human blood as sugar" ...(Anon) Sugar in its many forms is as
old as the Earth itself. It is a sweet tasting thing for which humans have a natural desire. However there is more to sugar than its sweet taste, rather
cane sugar has been shown historically to have generated a complex process of cultural change altering the lives of all those it has touched, both the
people who grew the commodity and those for whom it was grown. Suprisingly, for something so desireable knowledge of sugar cane spread vey
slow. First... Show more content on Helpwriting.net ...
During the middle ages European entrepreneurs like the Venetians, imported sugar from parts of the Levant such as Alexandria. However, such
sugar producing areas were in Islamic hands or were threatened by Islamic expansion and this near monopoly drove the prices upwards. Even in the
face of such high prices and limited supply the sweet phenomenon caught on very quickly. Initially little more than an exotic good consumed in
noble circles, the novelty soon caught on across all of society, and seeing the ample demand and inherent profits in the trade of sugar European
merchants began, on a large scale, to trade in the stuff finding that they could grow rich merely on the profits of its export and import. Nonetheless,
aware of the advantages of controlling sources of production as well as transport, many eventually began looking for land on which to grow their own
cane. They began doing this in Iberia and elsewhere but because of the large tracts of land and the large labour force required for the production of
sugar and the lack of these requisites in Iberia, experiments were undertaken to grow sugar overseas. During the thirteenth century, enterprising
Portuguese and Spanish merchants sought to enhance their share of the lucrative sugar market by producing cane on plantations they established in
conquered Mediterranean islands. In the late 1300's and 1400's the Portuguese colonised Madeira and the Azores for the same purpose as the Spanish
absorbed the

Indentured Servitude In America
Between 1750 to the present in Latin America and the Caribbean, harsh and oppressive working conditions remained constant, however slavery was
gradually eradicated and the labor system changed to a wage labor system after the abolishment of indentured servitude.
Although many changes have occurred in Latin America and the Caribbean, laborers continuously have faced harsh and oppressive working conditions.
During European colonization in the late eighteenth century, countries such as Peru, Bolivia, and Mexico had rich mines filled with silver, therefore
Amerindians and Africans were enslaved and had to mine in appalling conditions. The Potosi mine in Bolivia produced the greatest silver influx for
Spain. Due to the Amerindians' little resistance ... Show more content on Helpwriting.net ...
Indentured servitude is a system that was introduced to meet the growing demands for inexpensive and abundant slaves in the colonies. Indentured
servants were guaranteed freedom and passage to the Americas after completing four to seven years of labor. Many Europeans, specifically the Irish,
came to the Caribbean willingly and unwillingly in the eighteenth century. Over one hundred thousand Irish workers were sent to the Caribbean
because they were prisoners of war during the Wars of the Three Kingdoms and almost fifty percent of them died before the completion of their
contract. Life was difficult in the plantations and they produced cash crops, including sugar, tobacco, and cotton. Indentured servitude was a labor
system that attracted workers because of the prospect of a better life and freedom, however most servants died due to the brutal conditions before they
were able to gain freedom. Although slavery was abolished in 1830 in Britain, indentured servitude increased in the Caribbean. Indentured servants
arrived from India and China, thus Indo–Caribbeans form a majority in Guyana. Indian indentured slaves were more common than laborers from other
countries, due to their connection with the British government. After the abolishment of slavery, slaves needed work, therefore they also became
indentured servants. The plantations offered some food and housing for the workers. In general, indentured servitude increased in the Caribbean after
the abolishment of slavery. In 1917, Britain prohibited the system of indentured servitude in the Caribbean. The abolishment of indentured servitude
leads to the current labor system of the Caribbean, which is wage labor. Wage labor is the socioeconomic relationship when the worker receives
payment from his employer for his services.

Economic Theory Of Mercantilism
The Mercantilist economic theory brings to view the nationalist effort that maximizes trade and the accumulation of gold and silver at the expense of
other nations. This economic theory promotes national regulation of the economy and trade through the process of expanding the domestic industry.
This approach went against free trade as it practices restrict imports and raise trade tariffs.
Mercantilism was the primary economic system of trade between the 16th and 18th century, and it understood that wealth was static. Its perception of
wealth led to the European nations implementing tariffs that would ensure they maintained their power through their wealth. This wealth perception
restricted trade through tariffs that restricted imports while promoting exports. Hence, the static attitude of trade ensured that the European nations
imposed their government regulations over countries that they were interested commercially. Therefore, the Mercantilism economic theory identified
the insecurities of the European nations as the global market increased and their influences diminished.
According to William Baker, Mercantilism played a huge role in facilitating the trade system practiced between the 16th and 18th century. Hence,
Mercantilism was used to justify the role that slavery played in enhancing European wealth. Slavery was reinforced through the Englishmen concepts
that saw them superior compared to the Africans, they associated Africans strange culture with their

Economic Viability Of The Slave Trade System
How Did Economic Viability of The Slave Trade System in relation to The Productivity of Slave Agriculture Change over Time? The transatlantic slave
trade which took place during the mid–seventeenth century until the late eighteenth century is observed as one of the largest forced migrations
(Lewis, et Al., 2009, 2). The discovery of the America's pursued by European nations led to the uncovering of significant luxury goods and precious
metals such as sugar, coffee, and gold (Eltis, 2008, 1). The slave trade resulted in African slaves that were trafficked from Africa to the America's to be
used as labor supply to mass produce these goods on plantations set up along the coast. These luxury products in its primary form were produced at
these plantations and were transported back to Europe to satisfy the high demand for luxury goods (Eltis, 2008, 4). Over the period where the
transatlantic slave trade was active, the relationship between the economic viability of the slave trade system and the agricultural productivity of slaves
offset each other and move with each other. The research presented has demonstrated that mortality rates of slaves and transportation costs affected the
economic viability to sustain the slave trade which would then affect agricultural slave productivity on the plantations within the Caribbean. What has
been examined throughout the research findings conveys the idea that in the beginning of the slave trade, high transportation costs and high mortality

The Caribbean And The Slave Trade In The Caribbean
The Ottoman Empires blockage of the once popular trade route to the east, led to the exploration of the America's. In the late 15th century, with the
European's goal to find a new trading route, the Portuguese, with their strong maritime power, were the first to venture out. Not only was the
establishment of a new trade route crucial, but so was the discovery of resources to exploit for European gain. Land empires formed, bringing about the
enslavement of native populations, and control of production and labor. No more was this evident than in the Caribbean Islands. Small but crucial assets
to Europe, why did the Caribbean islands have such a big impact on the slave trade? Many European countries had colonized several regions in North
and South America, yet there was something about the Caribbean's that made them indispensable to their respective economies. The politics in Europe,
the Caribbean's fertile soil, and its demographics were key factors in the Caribbean's importance. All three factors were essential in the Caribbean
becoming a staple in the slave trade.
The world capitalist system emerged when Europe became the hub of trade – which was made possible by the fortunes they amassed through
colonization. Having just begun to develop into a world hegemonic power through trade, credit and market systems, Europeans organized largescale
agricultural plantations in the Caribbean's. The power and force that was exerted between European powers, particularly in the America's

Ap World History Sugar Trade Dbq

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