Northern Rivers CSG Study

Northern River Case Study
Advice on Northern Rivers Coal Seam Gas
1. We refer to your request for advice on Coal Seam Gas operations to advise you on the matter of
potential CSG operations on or near your property and what these may entail.
Summary of Advice
2. We have provided advice based upon information that is current as of March, 2015. Should any
new information become available in relation to this issue, please provide that to us as it may change
the advice.
3.
Background
Coal Seam Gas in the Northern Rivers
4. Coal Seam Gas is a naturally occurring gas found in coal seams hundreds of metres below the
surface of the Earth. Like conventional gas, CSG is comprised mostly of methane and is a type of
petroleum. Coal Seam Gas is extracted via different methods including ... Show more content on
Helpwriting.net ...
A 'significant improvement' includes and substantial building, dam, reservoir, contour, bank, levee,
water disposal area or other valuable work or structure . The restriction on significant improvements
only applies to the actual land containing the improvement, not the entire area of land on which
there are improvements .
It is possible for CSG production to go ahead in these areas with the written consent of the owner
and, in the case of a dwelling house, with the written consent of the occupier as well .
16. The Minister for Resources and Energy can decide whether an improvement is substantial or
valuable and can set aside areas adjourning these improvements as areas where no petroleum
production activities are to be carried out on the surface without the owner's consent . Disputes over
whether something is a 'significant improvement' are settled in the Land and Environment Court,
and either party can apply to the Court for a ruling
... Get more on HelpWriting.net ...

The Restoration Of Glacial Park
When we arrived at Glacial Park, it was oppressively hot, and it stayed so throughout the day. We
were ushered into the visitor center where we met Dr. Tom Simpson, the research field station
ecologist. He gave an introductory lecture on restoration ecology in general, alluding to the
foundational UW–Madison Arboretum Project, and laying out challenges within the field. He
specifically pointed to how restoration projects can never be truly finished and how projects often
work to restore historical landscapes that are long gone. Then, he asked us to consider, in the face of
these challenges, whether ecological restoration is even worth the effort. With that question hanging
over our heads, we went into the field. Our task was two–fold; we ... Show more content on
Helpwriting.net ...
Our next activity, following lunch, was a nature walk through the park. Although the sun beat down
with a vengeance, we braved the heat in the name of knowledge. Dr. Simpson led us to a beautifully
restored oak savanna. After farmers had cleared the landscape for agriculture, MCCD has worked to
restore the area to an oak savanna, the historic ecosystem. Dr. Simpson said that there were more
oaks in the restored area than the reference ecosystem probably had. I was very impressed by the
project as there were massive oaks and a relatively good diversity of prairie grasses and shrubs
beneath them. However, Dr. Simpson asked us what was wrong with the restored system.
Bewildered, the group was unable to answer him. He revealed that there was a lack of small oaks.
Although there were plenty of established trees, the landscape was missing saplings, which is
problematic for the future of this ecosystem. Dr. Simpson said he would tell us later why he thought
this was so, but, as we ran out of time, Dr. Ohsowski eventually informed us that rodents were
preventing oak saplings from growing. Our walk continued through the park. We stopped and
examined different exotic invasive species, like multiflora rose and European buckthorn. Dr.
Simpson explained how multiflora rose was brought to the United States to be used as erosion
control. This harkened back to the original dilemma he posed. If

A Study Of A Large Coastal Development Project
In his text To the Beach: Community Conservation and Its Role in Sustainable Development Thor
Kerr presents an illustrative and case study of a large coastal development project in Southern
Australia. The framing of this coastal project is indicative of production operating under the
ideology of ecological modernization, which functions with the assumption that science and
technology can provide the solutions to ecological crisis with the help of economic agents such as
innovators, entrepreneurs and technologists (Mol 1997). Ecological modernization is accompanied
by the transfer of power to knowledgeable experts who are perceived as being best equipped to
develop appropriate solutions to ecological crises(). Opponents of ecological ... Show more content
on Helpwriting.net ...
While the project had the support of renowned sustainability scholar, Peter Newman, the NPQ
consortium responsible for the project misjudged the reception their proposed project would receive
from the nearby residents of Freemantle. Kerr suggests the failure of the development project
resulted from the local community's attachments to beaches, as being emblematic to the Western
Australian way of life. The scarce urban beaches in Freemantle provide refuge for urbanites to
escape the city, and hold important memories for Freemantle residents. The threat of large coastal
development prompted resistance from community members and was appropriated by the Green
Party to gain parliamentary power. Kerr traces the narrative of the failed coastal development
project as a major topic in Western Australian elections, as it was framed by media sources in
Western Australia, and how this project fits within the context of Australia's colonial history and
larger discourses on development.
In the second chapter Kerr turns his attention to the colonial history of Australia. Colonization
occurred using the discourses framed with maps, surveys, and language to evict and erase the
presence of aboriginal peoples. Resistance to the appropriation of land by the indigenous peoples,
referred to as the Nyoongah, living in the region around Freemantle was met with violence by the
crown. As

Social Environment Accounting
Accounting Forum 28 (2004) 1–5 Introduction Social and environmental accounting: trends and
thoughts for the future Over the years Accounting Forum has explored different possible directions
for the field of social and environmental accounting. With a new publisher–Elsevier–it is our hope
that we shall reach new markets and opportunities. In recent issues, these explorations have been
extended to theorising the role of accounting in transnational global processes, and to the channels
of global information and the interpretation of that information. In particular, contributions have
attempted to explore the notion that accounting discourse is a medium through which relationships
between business and society can be created, nurtured ... Show more content on Helpwriting.net ...
A cross–sectional analysis indicates that the share price response is mainly a function of the relative
fine imposed on the firm; other explanatory variables such as environmental performance news or
sector membership were unsuccessful in explaining variations in the market responses they
observed. Equally, Accounting Forum has been interested in the interdependencies between social
and environmental accounting which extend to the nexus between accounting and information to
employees and other relevant parties. In this issue of Accounting Forum, R. G. Day presents
evidence concerning the evolution of reporting about employees in the last century and its
relationship with mandatory disclosure rules (Day, 2004). This is an interesting phenomenon, given
that the current conceptual framework for corporate environmental reporting has only recently
begun to analyse the relationship between voluntary and regulated disclosure. For example,
accounting research is only just beginning to examine the relationships between the role that
International Standards such as ISO 14001 have had on the reporting function. In Day's article,
however, he focuses on evidence from the UK and finds that there is an apparent disregard for
statutory disclosures. Implicit in much of the Corporate Environmental and Social Reporting
(CE&SR) literature is the supposition

The Incompatibility Between Economic Sustainability And...
The incompatibility between economic sustainability and ecological sustainability is a contentious
issue, specifically within the area of politics, technology, society, financial economies and
environmental issues. When discussing such a matter the terms, sustainability, economic
sustainability and ecological sustainability should be defined.
Sustainability: the equality of environmental, social and economic necessities between today's
generation and tomorrow's generation.
Economic Sustainability: the employment of various strategies to the use of resources so that a long
term beneficial balance can be achieved.
Ecological Sustainability: the ability of the environment to meet the necessities of the present
generational society, without causing repercussions for future generations meeting their necessities
using natural resources.
When focusing on the incompatibility between economic and ecological sustainability, the issue of
enlarged market product food production, increased emissions, large scale farming, income
inequality, growth, demand and consumption surround the concept of sustainability regarding issues
of population, affluence and technology. Ecological impact is the product of population, affluence
and technology and therefore, the IPAT (environmental impact (I) is the product of population (P),
affluence (A), and technology (T)) formula or theory can depict the incompatibility of these
elements when concerning ecological sustainability. In order for economic

Ecosystem Services And Ecosystem Based Management
Introduction/overview
This review of current literature attempts to provide the context for the upcoming research and
findings. Ecosystem services and Ecosystem–based Management (EBM) will be discussed. The
definitions, current methods, benefits, limitations, and challenges will be discussed. The literature
review will discuss the unresolved issues or current challenges.
This literature review will...discuss scope and limitations.
Ecosystem services
Ecosystem services are defined as the benefits natural ecosystems supply to human well–being
(Elliff and Kikuchi, 2015). These services directly and indirectly influence our welfare, and are of
great interest to stakeholders, but also the community (UNEP–WCMC, 2011). One ecosystem has
the ability to provide numerous services and functions. Recognition of ecosystem services is fairly
recent, but the concept is something that has been part of human society since ancient times (Elliff
and Kikuchi, 2015). The Millennium Ecosystem (MEA) in 2005, advanced the concept of
ecosystem services. According to the MEA, these services can be provisioning services, such as
food or water, regulating services, such as purification or waste management, habitat services, such
as maintaining a species, or cultural services, which would be things such as aesthetic value. This
assessment's goal was to create a foundation of economist and ecologists, in a world where people
and institutions appreciate natural resources and systems and recognize

Ethics And Sustainability Of The Skidmore College Honor Code
HONOR CODE: I have not witnessed any wrong doing nor have I personally violated any condition
of the Skidmore College Honor Code while taking this examination.
I attended a meeting last week with other faculty members. One of them let fly her/his opinion that
"sustainability does not exist" or is, at best, a "bankrupt" notion that is basically a form of
"greenwashing" and that sustainable development was a "joke." Hmmm . . . . Please comment on
that assertion. In the process, discuss the "big idea" of sustainable development, and more generally
the concept of sustainability as applied to individual businesses. For that matter, what is a
"sustainable enterprise?" Can being "sustainable" be good for business? Sustainability has achieved
a more ecological tone in the past few decades in terms of a business model, but it originally derives
from the concept that a business is successful due to the interconnected areas of economics, culture
and ecology. Sustainability is now becoming a somewhat fad and thus it is understandable that it
could be misconstrued by some as a form of "greenwashing". Greenwashing is the idea that a
company markets their "green" or environmentally friendly changes in policy and values, despite no
actual concrete changes in these areas, for example some argue that Fiji Water greenwasher in terms
of their marketing as an environmentally friendly water company despite their little effort to actually
go carbon–neutral. Many companies are seeing the

Conceptualize Sustainable Development
Topic: The politics of Sustainable Development
Dozen of years after the second millennium, people are witnessing a world with a high level of
complexities, trans–boundary issues at a level of dysfunction that seem not to cease. Today,
humankind is said to have a tendency to produce what they do not necessarily consume, and
consume what they do not produce; as well as produce far more information than the capacity of any
individuals to absorb (Mebratu 1998, UNEP 2012). The urges for changes throughout historical
milestones and evolutions have led to a new, global concept 'Sustainable Development'. Associating
with the theory of 'Three pillar' addressing the fundamentally systematic aspects of humanity,
sustainable development is ... Show more content on Helpwriting.net ...
Environmentalist viewpoints can be found through the notions of World Conservation Strategy for
instance (IUCN 1980), whilst the rationale of growth could be derived through 'Status quo' idea.
Supporters of status quo believe that business is the driver of sustainability by providing
information, technology advances, and claim for no conflicts between market enlargement and
environmental stability (Hopwood, Mellor & O'Brien 2005). To reconcile these distinct ideas,
Mitcham (1995) stresses that sustainable development approach simply does not halt growth, but to
enable growth in a sustainable way.
Moreover, the ideas of sustainability are developed by principles – set values and ethics on how
people regard development should be. Hopwood, Mellor& O'Brien (2005) identifies five main
principles based on equity; including "futurity", "social justice", "geographical equity", "procedural
equity" and "inter–species equity". These principles do not only clarify the understanding of the
term, but to relate human equity with environment and ecology values. The ideological version
comes up with several new concepts, among which 'eco–feminism and 'eco–socialism' are two of the
most significant. Eco–feminism is about the linkage between feminism and ecological matters;
meanwhile, eco–socialism assumes ecological crisis as a

After reviewing the Department of Environment, Heritage...
After reviewing the Department of Environment, Heritage and Local Government's planning
guidelines for Landscape Character Assessments (LCA) it is clear the intentions of these documents.
These guidelines give a template for the production of cohesive reports that include the input of
professionals and non–professionals alike. These reports are focused around the landscape and
encourage communal guidance for landowners, county councils and even ordinary interested parties.
LCA's give a comprehensive guide to the landscapes identity and share valuable information to aid
development of land while being aware of various values the landscape may have to offer. As
Landscape and Landscape Assessment portrayed, 'we have inherited our present ... Show more
content on Helpwriting.net ...
The first stage is the Identification of Physical Units i.e desk–study. This stage looks at the
combination of landform and land–cover. Landform looks at the product of geological and
geomorphological history which is achieved through O.S Contour maps, water catchments, drainage
surveys and geo–logical and –morphological studies. Landcover looks at the physical attachments to
the basic landscape such as human settlements, rivers and vegetation. This information is found
through satilette imagery and Corine landuse maps. When focusing on an existing LCA such as
Meath it is important to note the main aspects within the topic landcover. This falls into four
categories for Co. Meath; river corridors/estuaries, lowland landscapes, hills and upland areas and
coastal landscapes. Within these headings we then look at the site's sensitivity, importance and
value. After this study you are left with a map of the physical attributes of chosen your chosen
County's LCA. This is the initial step in understanding the character of an area and will act as the
base for any further study.
ID of Visual Units
This stage requires field work which enables visibility from the landscape. This is key when
realising the physical boundaries within a landscape whether it be a visual barrier(i.e mountain
range), a physical barrier(i.e water body) or the meeting of two areas.
ID of Image Units
This makes us look at the

Ecological Economics Vs. Welfare Economics Essay
Ecological Economics vs Neoclassicial Welfare Economics
In the past, economic school of thought regarded the resources as unlimited and focused on more
production under the light of the unlimited growth assumption. Every economic action was
suggested to only consider about making more profit. While the economy and the human population
are growing; more natural resources are used and more pollution is observed. Human become to
deal with the results of its production such as enviromental problems and resource scarcity. A debate
has emerged in economics and the mainstream economics is brought into question since its
unlimited growth assumption is collapsed. Ecological economists argues the neoclassical welfare
economics for ignoring the enviromental and ethic values by only focusing on the cost–benefit
analysis. It also claims that the neoclassical economics fails to calculate the value of the
enviromental capital and the loss of the economic activities on the environment. This paper is going
to explain the problems with the neoclassical welfare economics and the alternatives offered by the
ecological economics in terms of economic growth and environment.
The neoclassical welfare economics explains the economic production and behaviour by using the
mainstream terms of economic literature. Specifically, it focuses on the Pareto efficieny and
suggests two theorems related to it. Firstly, the Pareto efficieny is stated by maximisation of
preferences under a restricted budget and

Case Study Of Ramdev Food Products
Ramdev Food Products Pvt. Ltd. is conscious of its obligations as a responsible corporate entity to
promote social harmony, increasing opportunities for socially and economically disadvantageous
sections of the society. Ramdev Food Products Pvt. Ltd. will endeavor to carry out various activities
which have been stated in Schedule VII of the Companies Act, 2013 and rules made there under."
The Company firmly believes that CSR is primarily, the responsibility of the Company in relation to
the impact of its decisions and activities on the society and also the Environment, through a
transparent and ethical behavior which is:
(a) Consistent with sustainable development and welfare of Society,
(b) Takes into account the expectations of stakeholders,
(c) Is ... Show more content on Helpwriting.net ...
While the Company is eligible to undertake any suitable/ rightful activity as specified in Schedule
VII of the Act, however, at present, it proposes to undertake the relevant activities on priority basis
in the following three Thrust Areas:
1. Promoting education, including special education and employment enhancing vocation skills
especially among children, women, elderly, and the differently abled and livelihood enhancement
projects;
2. Enduring environmental sustainability, ecological balance, protection of flora and fauna, animal
welfare, agro forestry, conservation of natural resources and maintaining quality of soil, air and
water;
3. Contributions to the Prime Minister's National Relief Fund or any other fund set up by the Central
Government for socio–economic development and relief and welfare of the Scheduled Castes, the
Scheduled Tribes, other backward classed, minorities and women;
CSR Projects need to be identified and planned for approval of the CSR Committee, with estimated
expenditure and phase wise implementation schedules, if the project size requires stage–wise

Link Between Sustainable Construction And Construction...
ABSTRACT
The link between sustainable construction and the construction industry itself is inextricable. The
two elements of the concept are the cause and effect. Crudely put: sustainable construction is
facilitated by the construction industry, and yet the construction industry has the greatest effect of
the core factors of sustainable construction in terms of ecology, social and economic ways.
To enable ambitions and targets listed within white papers such as the Sustainable Development
Plan (2005), the Strategy for Sustainable Construction (2008) and the Climate Change Bill (2009)
there must be a continuation of the legacy of sustainable construction as demonstrated at London
2012 and Glasgow 2014. There are opportunities to embrace ... Show more content on
Helpwriting.net ...
The first principle is founded in the industry's impact on the economy. The UK construction industry
provides £90billion gross value added to the UK economy, approximately 7% of the UK economy,
whilst also supplying 3million jobs, itself approximately 10% of the total employment (Construction
2025, 2013). The construction industry underpins the UK economy, and is effectively a barometer of
the economy itself.
The tables listed below demonstrate the bearing that the industry has on both the economy and
employment in times of relative boom (the period pre–2008) and that of economic crisis / recession
(post 2008):
Listed as 2012 prices and relative to the 2012 economy.
The Construction Industry: Statistics and Policy, 2014
As indicated within the tables, the construction industry is also susceptible to a poor economy, thus
the basis for achieving sustainable construction is reliant on the economy it is founded upon. It can
be argued that sustainable construction strategies cannot be achieved without a stable economic
climate or one that does not show growth (Carvalho, 2001). Such is the impact of construction on
the UK economy it was listed within the first phase of the government paper "Plan For Growth" as
one of the 8 sectors where barriers were required to be removed to

Sustainability Planning For Sustainable Policies Essay
Addressing the challenges and opportunities in environmental policy making requires the analyses
of various interweaving aspects which at times is almost impossible when utilizing a single tool
under any given circumstance. The primary reason for sustainability planning in Forest
Management, Wildlife Conservation and Rangeland Management lies in ensuring natural resources
serve the present as well as future population. However, it is impossible to convince the population
that is being driven by economic needs to abide by sustainable policies without concrete reasons;
this brings in the notion of science–based decision making. Just in case a significant portion of the
resources have been destroyed before the enforcement of the sustainable policies, a marketing
solution would be employed to prevent further destruction as restoration is underway.
Finally, a collaborative planning model would be applied to prevent recurrence of the incidences
that led to destruction with the aim of conserving what is left by involving a larger crowd in
decision–making. In summary, sustainability cannot be attained without the input of scientific
research, collaborative management, and marketing solution.
The focus of this paper is on Public Lands Management, the attention will be given to the challenges
and opportunities that lie within. Therefore, this section will concentrate on the collaborative
management tool. It will describe the pro's and con's in environmental policy making Davis

Prison Industrial Complex And Its Interrelationships
Name Course Institution Tutor Date Urban anthropology Question 1: In Maskovsky and
Cunningham (2009), there is a relationship which exists between the politics of surveillance, the rise
of the prison complex and their interrelationships. The Bush administration was not formulated on
the basis of unifying the homeland security but it was intended to create a fragmentation in the
system which has unequal measures of the risks and security protocols which are followed. The
prison industrial complex in this system was designed in order to eliminate people who are
considered to be high profile criminals from the society. A lot of funds have been allocated to this
system which depended entirely on policing strategies and surveillance improvements in order to
help reduce the activities of terrorists. This massive investment in this sector led to the changes in
the administration and the urban fears increased as a result of increased surveillance. The connection
between urban fears, the politics of security and surveillance and the rise of prison industrial
complex is based on the changes which took place in the bush administration. According to parenti
(2000) the relationship between urban fears, the rise of the prison industrial complex and the politics
of surveillance and security are interrelated in different ways. The ways in which they are
interrelated is caused by the overlapping nature of the American cities. In order to make the
overlapping nature of the American

Biodiversity, Or Biological Diversity
Biodiversity, or biological diversity, is a technical term that captures diversity of the whole living
world, from genes to individual species, through plant and animal communities and entire biomes
(Defra, 2010). In other words, biodiversity represents genes, species, and ecosystems, which are the
structural elements that are nestled within each other, and their ecological functions, in an area
(Cepel, 1997; Ozcelik, 2006).
Biodiversity provides the building blocks for our ecosystems to function, which provide us with a
wide range of goods and services that support our economic and social wellbeing (Defra, 2011). For
example, these include food, fresh water and clean air, along with protection from natural disasters,
regulation of ... Show more content on Helpwriting.net ...
Today, the effects of the changes caused by men can be felt by nearly 17,000 species of plants and
animals that are face–to–face with extinction (Kucuk and Erturk, 2013). This threat of the mass
extinction of the species was recognised several decades ago; however, since then, the best efforts
have hardly done more than slow the pace of the accelerating damage (Myers, 2003). More than a
decade after Myers (2003) made this point, Professor Sir John Lawton (2015) explains that
biodiversity loss is still getting worse, not better; pollution in the oceans is rising; the planet seems
to be running out of fresh water and its soils are degrading at an alarming rate.
Essentially, the effects and total resource needs of human society were extremely small for most of
human history. Nevertheless, since the beginning of the Industrial Revolution, society has been
growing in size and technological power, causing an ever–growing impact on the biosphere, to the
point that the ecosystems services that society depends on are being degraded in ways that cannot be
sustained (Robert et al., 2012). This study demonstrates this sustainability challenge with a funnel
metaphor (Figure 1.1).
Figure 1.1. The funnel metaphor shows the systematic decline in options for society
The funnel metaphor shows our unsustainable society entering a funnel, which represents the

Land Administration Systems Provide The Foundation For...
Executive summary
Land administration systems provide the foundation for building sustainable nations. Effective land
administration systems provide the framework that allows for sustainable exploitation of land as a
scarce resource. This paper compares and contrasts land administration systems in Netherlands and
Tanzania. It evaluates how the different socio–economic situation of both countries has influenced
the development and implementation of land administration systems. The findings of this study
show that socio–economic factors have considerable impacts in the development and management
of land administration systems. It concludes that in order for poor countries such as Tanzania to
sustainable development, they need to develop strong land administration institutions while
wealthier countries need to balance between development and environmental sustainability.
Table of Contents
Executive summary ii
1.0 Introduction 1
1.1 Aim and objectives 1
2.0 Sustainable development as a framework for evaluating land administration systems 2
3.0 Sustainable development framework and its attributes 3
4.0 Land Administration system in Netherland and Tanzania 5
4.1 Land policy 6
4.2 Land tenure 7
4.3 Land markets 7
4.3 Planning, environmental protection, and taxation 8
5.0 Discussion 8
6.0 Conclusion 10
References 12
1.0 Introduction
Land is the important resource for any country and all nations have systems and processes for
managing land resources. According to

Environmental Planning And Restoration Section
Jessica Pagan Wilson
October 14, 2015
CRPLAN 6410
Paper 2 – Environmental Planning & Restoration
The environmental planning and restoration section in the Wheeler and Beatley (2014) book
incorporates elements of sustainable development, and includes readings on biophilic cities,
environmental restoration, and landscape ecological urbanism. Sustainability is the equitable and
appropriate use of present resources to ensure a resilient future of interconnected systems. This
conception of sustainability will be connected to the dimension of environmental planning and
restoration by highlighting its importance to the concept, as well as its relation to the key
sustainability themes of environmental protection, economic development, and social equity.
Environmental planning and restoration are processes and practices that foster the goals of
sustainable development. Environmental planning, though not explicitly defined within the
dimension readings, includes planning and resulting decision–making that focuses on natural
resource protection and management. The objective of environmental planning would not only be to
promote a sustainable physical environment, but also sustainable governance and economic
conditions within cities. The other aspect of the dimension is restoration, which is defined by the
Society for Ecological Restoration, through Riley (1998), as "the process of intentionally altering a
site to establish defined indigenous, historical ecosystem" (in Wheeler &

Forget Moral Imperatives
Forget moral imperatives. Leading for sustainability has become good business. Indeed, managers
are facing increasing pressures from shareholders to justify the 'business case' for why organisations
should "accept and advance" corporate sustainability initiatives (Carroll & Shabana 2010, p.1;
Salzmann et al.2005). On the surface, there is nothing strange about this 'logic'. According to this
rationale, managers operate within a business context and are responsible for their company's
economic success, and consequently are obliged to design their sustainability initiatives in the most
proﬁtable manner (Schaltegger & Horisch 2015; Schaltegger, Lüdeke–Freund & Hansen 2012). Like
it or not, its 'business–as–usual'. Through an analysis of the ... Show more content on
Helpwriting.net ...
Hence, economic growth could still be possible even if it were environmentally constrained (Jacobs
1991).
A question that arises, as a result, is whether businesses would be able to implement this EM
perspective of sustainability by solely relying on its core competencies or whether it would require a
broader change of the systems of which they are part (Stubbs & Cocklin 2008). Accordingly,
academics who have analysed the Interface experience suggest that creating shared value – for
business and the environment – in isolation from the socio–economic system is not possible (Benn,
Dunphy & Griffiths 2014; Stubbs & Cocklin 2008). Stemmed from this, is the fact that sustainable
development needs to be established into the minds of key stakeholders for it to be successfully
implemented (Bansal 2002). For instance, Interface, a global carpet manufacturer, encountered
difficulties in its commitment towards implementing sustainability – namely, the Evergreen Lease
model – because customers were reluctant to pay premium for sustainability outcomes (Stubbs &
Cocklin 2008). Moreover, the short–term focus of investors combined with a sole fixation on
financial performance and an unsustainable supply chain further contributed to the Evergreen Lease
model's failure (Stubbs & Cocklin 2008). Elsewhere, the ecological modernist perspective has been
criticised for not providing organisations with an ethically coherent

Concept Of Ecosystem Services And Practice Of Conservation
GG3057
What does the concept of 'ecosystem services' add to the theory and practice of conservation?
If we are managing ecosystems, then in theory, we need to also be managing people, essentially
speaking, if we develop management tools that are effective and equitable and also meet the needs
of people, then we really need to understand how people use and interact with their environments,
how they value and prioritise those interactions and why. So the Millennium Ecosystems
Assessment (2005) defines ecosystem services as the benefits people obtain from ecosystems
themselves. These are categorised into three separate categories: Provisioning, these are the sort of
the goods that nature provided us such as fresh water, food and timber. They ... Show more content
on Helpwriting.net ...
Source: Millennium Ecosystem Assessment 2005
The chart above focuses on the three categories: provision, regulating and cultural services.
Essentially speaking, 15 out of the 24 ecosystem services assessed belong in the degraded category,
most of them in the regulating category, with the second most in the provisioning. When looking
towards the mixed results category, it means they have increased in some part of the world and
decreased in others, therefore mixed. Finally, the last four services were enhanced. Note that three of
these are actually services that have a value in the marketplace. Often our interventions in
ecosystems are about optimising or maximising those services with value in the marketplace, but
sometimes at the expense of these other services. So when focusing on the ecosystem services, we
must ask ourselves, how can their value be incorporated in decisions?
Human well being is dependent upon a functioning and productive natural environment, so this puts
human well being at the core of sustainability debates. The policy implications of this concept are
based on the assumption that: Behaviour can be understood as the pursuit of well being. So if we
can demonstrate how people's well being are dependent on functioning and productive ecosystems,
then behaviour should change to protect those ecosystems. But well being itself is a complex
concept. McGregor (2007) defines well being as "A

A Brief Note On Marine Pollution And Its Effects
Many of the targets for goal 14 are measurable, however not all. Some targets are open for
interpretation, and lack a solid unit of measurement. For example targets 14.2, 14.3 14.6 and 14.a/c
cannot be measured. It would be difficult to determine the strength of resilience, and an adverse
impact must first be defined by a unit that can be measured.(14.2) Furthermore cooperation cannot
be measured by any units (14.3), "appropriate treatment of a country" is vague (14.6), nor is there a
unit scientific knowledge nor enhanced conservation (14.a/c). Otherwise the targets are generally
quantifiable, such as pH of ocean water (14.3), number of fish in fish stocks, and exploited fish
populations (14.4), percentage of area conserved, by square foot, (14.5), reduction of subsidies is a
numeric value easily understood, as well as economic benefit (14.6,14.7), percentage of artisanal
fisheries (14.b). 1. Marine pollution (14.1) is measured by regional assessment around the world; the
method of collection not allowing for valid comparisons although it provides a base, specifically for
marine debris.1,2 Ocean acidification is measured and modeled by current carbon dioxide
absorption from the atmosphere (14.3), subsidies are given a numerical value (14.6), but estimated
rather than known for sure due to lack of transparency from decision makers. 3,4 Overfishing is
monitored by categorizing; underexploiting, moderately exploited, overexploited, and depleted
stocks (14.4). The percentage

The City Of Fremantle Is A Local Government Area
Introduction
The city of Fremantle is a local government area located in Western Australia. It has over 7000
residents. The city attract thousands of tourist every year, making it one the popular tourist
destination in Western Australia. In this assignment, I will identify and discuss sites that are of
values to me. As Stocker ( 2015) noted that one of the reasons we undertake sustainability mapping
is to learn about the values of places. The term "value" drives many decision we make as
individuals. As Watson ( 2005) identifies, values "capture the deeper motivations behind human
behaviour, tendencies of thought and feelings – unconscious as well as conscious – and the intra–
personal and interpersonal dynamics related to ... Show more content on Helpwriting.net ...
The system will also allow us to identify hotspots . Sustainability mapping is about identifying
values sites that matters to you. As Stocker ( 2015) noted "our purpose in this mapping method is to
provide a different or enriched way of seeing and understanding the world, our community, and our
place in it" (as cited in lecture note 2015 ). For example, what values do you attach to South beach
in Fremantle as an individual? Values are based on experience and connection to a place. In our
sustainability mapping process we identify four layers and a hotspot.
Social layer
Fremantle Hospital is a public hospital situated in central Fremantle that provides services to many
residents in living in the south. Fremantle Hospital is an important site for me, because my son was
born there. Every time we see the site, it reflects our experience of having a first child in that area.
Based on this, my family has attached so much value to the site. More importantly, the site has both
economic and social values, for example, it provides jobs for many people. Unfortunately, it has
poor ecological feature. Therefore, I propose having a garden on its roof. This will not only add
ecological value to the site, but also provide foods for staff and patients in the hospital. This will
help make the place ecological friendly.
Ecological site
South Beach is one the important sites identified in this

The Valuation And Commodification Of Ecosystem Services
The Valuation and commodification of Ecosystem Services
Ecosystems in our world act as vital and fundamental sections to maintain health, living, well–being
and survival of human beings and other creatures (Robert Costanza et al, 1997; Millennium
Ecosystem Assessment (MEA), 2005; TEEB Foundations, 2010; TEEB Synthesis, 2010). They
provide different kinds of service, such as production of goods, life support processes, and life–
fulfilling conditions (Gretchen C. ,2000). Ecosystem significantly contributes to both economic and
non–economic value of our planet, but when compared to market efficiency, it seems to be paid less
attention when involved in decision making. In the majority of the ongoing projects that have
numerous debates on, it seems common for people put a price tag on ecosystem services and
evaluate them by means of commodification. When the immediate or intuitionistic benefits fail to be
derived, it is less likely for ecosystems to be protected or reserved. Therefore, the importance of
ecosystem services is often poorly appreciated and only to be seen when facing severe problems.
People are less likely to come up with solutions to protect the ecosystems of their own will than to
make a better trade to exchange ecosystem services for money. Also, it is quite often to fail to define
the difference between "valuation" and "privatisation", considering ecosystem services more of
tradable products than a part of nature system. It is often overlooked that the market

Sustainable Economic Growth And The Success Of A Country
Abstract
Last few decades we have seen a changing notion of what constitutes a successful nation. According
to the old school approach, 'sustainable economic growth' is primarily seen as the best way to make
a "successful country". There are a few questions that arise as to what factors contribute to the
success of a country. Is sustainable economic growth the best way to get there?
A country comprises of its citizens and the two most important components contributing to the
success of a country are the health and happiness of its citizens. Wealth becomes an important aspect
only in a manner where it encourages greater well–being of the citizens.
Another aspect that we need to consider is that of sustainable well–being. The term means
maintaining a balance between environment sustainability and well–being. Thus, countries must
provide well–being within environmental limits.
Economic growth as measured by gross domestic product doesn 't really tell us much about citizens '
general well–being. Here we will be discussing about the change in approach towards what we
consider a successful nation today.
Acknowledgement
The term paper on "THE CHANGING NOTION OF WHAT CONSTITUTES A SUCCESSFUL
NATION" has been given to me as a part of partial fulfillment of requirements for award of degree
of Bachelor of Arts in economics.
Best and sincere efforts have been put in by me to present this information as clearly as possible
using basic terms that I hope will be comprehended by the

The Importance Of Producing A Sustainable Work System
As frightening evidence continues to emerge, it is crucial to the environment to extend the
importance of producing a sustainable work system to every company in all countries. It is
extremely important for companies to assimilate and balance out their social, environment, and
economic factors. The expansion of the population and the financial industries has led to an increase
of stress on our natural resources. This is creating a severe challenge for the decades ahead which is
why it is imperative for companies to enforce a sustainable work system. The Brundtland
Commission described it as "development that meets the needs of the present without compromising
the ability of future generations to meet their own needs".
A sustainable work system is created with the purpose of expanding assets in human and social
capital while attaining working purposes and financial goals. This system aims to equalize dynamic
and static efficiencies which are subsequent to a healthier economic system. The most practical
service a sustainable work system provides is the ability to encourage and continue to construct
progress of resources such as economic, ecological, human and social aspects used in companies.
The participation of employees and the consideration of time are significant in the formation of a
sustainable work system. Recognition that sustainability is a process and acknowledging that
modifications of the work system will be a constant occurrence offers advantage when

Importance and Significance of Calgary Urban Sustainable...
Running Head: Calgary Urban Sustainable Development
Introduction
The concept of urban sustainable development emerged in the twentieth century. Development is
defined as the way of bringing change in communities by promoting economic growth and
development, changing infrastructure and utilizing technology to create stronger and advanced
communities. However, this development can have negative impact on society and may lead to
exploitation of natural resources, deforestation, outdoor pollution, gender inequalities and social
injustice (Bartelmus, 2011). Therefore, the concept of sustainable development has emerged as a
new paradigm of development, which concentrates on protecting the environment and preserving of
resources and removing social inequalities and at the same time, promoting economic growth and
development. Calgary's urban sustainable development model has been selected and would be
discussed in the lights of broad and diverse academic resources.
Importance and Significance of Sustainable Development
Definition
Sustainable Development is a term, which is defined as the development that caters sustainability of
the present environment in order to meet its needs and at the same time, ensures that the present
development would not in any way harm the future environment for the future generations
(Bartelmus, 2011). In the year 1987, the World Commission on Environment and Development
published a report that concentrated on dealing with the issues related to

Sustainability Definition
Sustainability is a word that can be defined in many different ways, according to the world view of
an individual. I personally define sustainability as a term that allows an individual or a population to
use natural resources without degrading their ability to regenerate to provide for the future
generation. The term itself is too problematic because it does justify the limit of consumption. I
strongly disagree that a college student can live sustainably in the middle of America. Living a
sustainable life requires sacrifice to a lot of thing. Firstly, America is ranked as a number one
consumer of goods and services. This implies that every individual has equal access to everything
including college students. I have been here for few weeks now but there a number of things that I
have observed which cannot allow me live sustainably. Public transport is not provided, which
forces a lot of students in college to own their own cars for easy transportation. Public transport
reduces the amount of fossil fuels that is burnt to make that car move. Owning a car doubles the
amount of carbon that goes direct to the atmosphere making global warming an issue of our
generation. ... Show more content on Helpwriting.net ...
Consumption of goods and services goes hand in hand with the price. Low price acts as a driving
force for more consumption. This forces many students to buy wants and not needs because they can
afford whatever they want. However, peer pressure also plays a huge role, as a college student peers
are the most important people that you can talk to and enhances your college life experiences but
also determines your life at college. This is also a driving force for consuming more goods and
services. Moreover, we are in the phase of teenagers that can easily get influenced by our

Ecological Economics Vs. Neoclassical Welfare Economics Essay
Ecological Economics vs Neoclassical Welfare Economics
In the past, the economic school of thought regarded the resources as unlimited and focused on more
production under the light of the unlimited growth assumption. Every economic action was
suggested to only consider about making more profit. While the economy and the human population
are growing; more natural resources are used and more pollution is observed. Human become to
deal with the results of its production such as environmental problems and resource scarcity. A
debate has emerged in economics and the mainstream economics is brought into question since its
unlimited growth assumption is collapsed. Ecological economists argue the neoclassical welfare
economics for ignoring the environmental and ethic values by only focusing on the cost–benefit
analysis. It also claims that the neoclassical economics fails to calculate the value of the
environmental capital and the loss of the economic activities on the environment. This paper is
going to explain the problems with the neoclassical welfare economics and the alternatives offered
by the ecological economics in terms of economic growth and environment.
The neoclassical welfare economics explains the economic production and behavior by using the
mainstream terms of economic literature. Specifically, it focuses on the Pareto efficiency and
suggests two theorems related to it. Firstly, the Pareto efficiency is stated by maximization of
preferences under a restricted

SF State Sustainability Essay
Sustainability With the increase in global warming, sustainability and resilience plays a very
important role. Sustainability is usually defined as meeting "the needs of the present without
compromising the ability of future generations to meet their own needs" (Hudson 2013). Resilience
is the ability of a system to withstand disturbances and continue to function in a sustainable manner
(Tagtow et al., 2014). The office of sustainability brings the SF State community together to work
towards a more sustainable, resilient, and efficient campus. The three main areas which I got
attracted to, as a dietetic student are as follows:
Energy efficiency: SF State is focused on reducing energy use on campus and procuring renewable
energy and it has surpassed its goal of reducing overall energy use by 15% by 2010 as compared to
2003. Recent projects include hallway de–lamping, LED site lighting in parking lots, and HVAC
upgrades in Creative Arts and Hensill Hall (http://sustain.sfsu.edu/energyefficiency). As a dietetic
student, I would like to suggest the use of energy efficient equipment's in kitchens, cafeteria and the
vista room. For example, while buying a new appliance or replacing an existing one, one could ...
Show more content on Helpwriting.net ...
I would like to suggest using low flow toilets, low flow valves in sinks or sensor faucets (Tagtow et
al., 2014). I have noticed many a times in restroom, students are in a hurry and forget to close the
tap completely and as a result, water drips till the next person notices and turns off the tap. What if
this happens during night time and the next person notices this in the morning, there will be so much
of water waste till that time. Replacing the current faucets with sensor faucets would be a great idea
to minimize the water waste. These small changes can definitely bring some reduction in water

Ecosystem Response Paper
Ecosystem services are defined as the direct and indirect benefits to human well being that are
derived from ecosystems and ecosystem function (Gomez–Baggethun and Barton 2013, TEEB
2011), or in other words, "the conditions and processes through which natural ecosystems, and the
species that make them up, sustain and fulfill human life" (Daily, 1997, p. 3). The ecosystem service
framework may be used to assess present day function, monitor change over time, and inform future
planning, conservation, and restoration to maximize the ecosystem function and services generated
at multiple scales (Daily et al. 2009; Sukhdev et al. 2010).
Realizing the promise of its application, for the past two decades ecosystem service science has been
a topic ... Show more content on Helpwriting.net ...
In this paper we define such urban landscape as urban–coastal fringe. Modeling of the urban–coastal
fringe is inherently more complex and nuanced, but in the end may provide a more robust means for
directing goal setting, urban planning, as well as conservation and restoration efforts. There are
several existing ecosystem service models and valuation tools (See Drakou et al. 2014 for review).
Drakou et al. categorize the existing tools into three broad categories, including data cataloguers,
toolkits that allow one to model ecosystem service flows for a site, and a combination of both that
are custom for specific region. Recent efforts have resulted in the development of several models
that assess the impact of development on service flow, including the Integrated Valuation of
Ecosystem Services and Tradeoffs (InVEST) model and the Multi–scale Integrated Models of
Ecosystem Services (MIMES) model (Boumans and Costanza 2007; Nelson et al. 2009;Gomez–
Baggethun et al. 2010; Kareiva et al. 2011; Calvet–Mir et al. 2012; Crossman et al. 2013). However,
these models are best applied at a regional scale and do not operate at a scale fine enough to address
the services generated by the urban core. The HERCULES model,

Impact Of Global Warming On Human And Natural Systems
Environmental change is a global phenomenon and it impacts human and natural systems
substantially. Precisely predicting interactions as a result of such change is a very difficult science as
many elements are often involved. Complex environmental problems such as biodiversity loss,
resource degradation, and fresh water availability have been at the center of many debates. In
particular, global warming has been the predominant topic in political, social, and scientific
communities. What needs further assessment is the relationship between global warming and that of
urban cities around the world. Cities are more so than ever becoming the intersection for nature and
humans. Cities are major factors in the global warming debate as there strains their local
environments can have a global impact. The rapid transition of rural to urban developments and the
increasing move of human populations from rural to urban centers around the world show that there
is a need to examine in–depth the relationship between urbanization and global warming, and how
such a relationship can be made more sustainable. Truly assessing such a complicated problem
requires an interdisciplinary approach on the social and ecological systems of human development.
The importance of such an analysis is crucial as there is a small window for responding and
adapting to global warming. Emissions by urban cities give cause to further examine temperature
increases, extreme climate changing events, and the impacts of

Sustainability In The 13th Century
As a transitive verb of sustainability, the word 'sustain' was first known be used in the 13th century
and origin from Latin means to hold up (sus– means up, tenēre means to hold) (Merriam–Webster
Dictionary, n. d.). Sustainability has first been quoted in 1953, and is defined in the Oxford English
Dictionary (2017) as 'the quality of being sustainable at a certain rate or level.' Fleiszer et al. (2015)
argue that sustainability has been identiﬁed using varied terminology. For example, continuous,
ongoing, steady, constant, prolonged, persistent are terms associated with sustainability (Oxford
English dictionary, 2017). The distinction between continuous and sustainability is that continuous
is focused on the action carry out the innovation activity; whereas sustainability is noted to focus on
maintain the causal route of the improvement of patient outcomes gained from the innovation. ...
Show more content on Helpwriting.net ...
Bowman, Sobo, Asch, and Gifford (2008) defined sustaining improvements refers to "holding the
gains" for a variable defined period after the funding has ceased and project personnel has been
withdrawn. Likewise, Rabin, Brownson, Haire–joshu, Kreuter, and Weaver (2008) presented
sustainability as "what extent an evidence–based intervention can deliver its intended benefits over
an extended period of time after external support from the donor agency is terminated" (Chambers et
al., 2013). Rogers (2003) defined sustainability in the content of diffuse innovations as 'the degree to
which an innovation or program of change is continued after initial resources are

Civil Engineering Case Study
Introduction
The paper is aimed at identifying the definition of sustainability and studying several general
principles relevant to civil engineering. A case study of the regeneration of Mossley Mill in Northern
Ireland which covers the rebuilding and reuse technology will be given below for detailed research.
This kind of technology is not only a typical solution which meets the concept of sustainability, but
also a classical paradigm in the civil engineering area. It is further suggested that the case contains
several principles which are the specific branches of the general principles. Also, as a contemporary
development, the use and re–use of building and land related to the building are of significant
meaning in maintaining ... Show more content on Helpwriting.net ...
They have both defined sustainability in a more "engineering" way which might not be easy for
ordinary people to understand. The main point they wanted to convey is that sustainability is
changeable. Sustainability is not a rigid idea, it transforms from time to time along with the change
in era and technology. To be sustainable, simply saving resources or even abandoning the usage of
certain energy or raw materials helps a little. Since sustainability is a dynamic idea, solutions in
different subjects should also be varied, and to some kind of degree, it is our engineers'
responsibility to build an ecosystem in a sustainable way. Developing new energy, using resources
in a more efficient way and even changing the traditional transport can be all the concept that
engineers should considerate about. It also satisfies the opinion that Thiele( 2016) has recently put in
his book. He considers that to be sustainable does not mean people just have to survive in the long
term, on the contrary, they should expand the idea and find more way in development, not simply in
practicing situation and institution.
It is argued that sustainability in the education to civil engineers is of vital meaning. Fenner and his
colleagues(2014) argue that engineers should have the ability to respond to issues about the bad
influence of the environment which has been done by human activities. The key factor is the
growing up requirements from

The Goals Of Sustainable Development
Sustainability can be defined as the development of present needs that wouldn't hinder the
development of future needs in an environment. Sustainability main focus is on preserving the
natural resources of an economy, it is not a fixed state of harmony but a continuous process of
change where the exploitation of resources, the direction of investments, orientation of technological
development and institutional change are made consistent with present and future investments.
(UNCED, 1978). Mohan Munasinghe posited that the goal of Sustainable development is to
maximize the net welfare of economic activities while maintaining or increasing the stock of
economic, ecological and socio cultural assets overtime to ensure the sustainability of income and
Intra generational equity and providing a safety net to meet basic needs and protect the poor.
Munasinghe in his work mentioned three main objectives of sustainable development. The first is
the Economic objective which involves increased efficiency and growth in an economy, second,
social objective which focused on the reduction of poverty and increased equity and third the
ecological objectives which is the management of the natural resources. Interactions among those
objectives are also important to the development process. Economic and social objective have
focused on economic activity which brought about a relief to the disadvantaged providing the basic
needs and livelihood essential for survival and intra generational equity.

Robert Goodland Sustainability
The definition of sustainability is the ability to support a long term ecological balance while not
harming the environment or depleting its natural resources. According to Robert Goodland and his
essay "The Case that the world has reached limits" the world is currently being run unsustainably,
"being fueled by inherited fossil fuels is the best single example" (Goodland 602). Fossil fuels are
non renewable gases and oils and we are using them to provide 60 percent of the global energy,
because of the extensive usage of these nonrenewable fossil fuels, we barely have fifteen years left
of reserves. Goodland uses his essay to build on Brundtland's leads to gain and maintain
sustainability, claiming that we need a "new era of economic growth" to meet the needs of
sustainability (Goodland 602). Goodland ... Show more content on Helpwriting.net ...
Carbon dioxide is accumulating rapidly in the atmosphere, it is extending geographically as much as
possible, and it is extremely expensive to fix, not to mention if it worsens. In Goodland's research,
the year 1990 was the warmest year, on record in more than a century, closely followed by the rest
of the years of the 90's. Since Goodland's essay was written, 2016 was the warmest year ever
recorded, followed closely by 2015 and 2014, according to the NOAA. The increase in climate is
especially alarming because in the last 10,000 years, temperature did not change more than 2 to 4
degrees and it is currently steadily increasing at least .25 degrees every 10 years! Even though
scientists all over the world disagree on the rate at which the world is warming they all agree on one
thing: the world, is in fact, warming. Greenhouse gases are accumulating and the dominant cause
seems to be the "fossil–fuel–based human economy" (Goodland 604). Greenhouse gases are
accumulating in the atmosphere and fast; greenhouse gases include the release of carbon dioxide
from burning coal, natural gas, and

Environmental Issues Of Business And Industry
Introduction:
Growing environmental trepidations, combined with stricter regulations and public pressure, are
altering the way people usually do business all over the world. Business & Industry is now on a
three–phase journey from environmental compliance to long–term sustainable development
strategies through environmental risk management.
Sustainable development is at present more than a mere facade for the business related community.
Companies generally attain competitive edge, proliferate their market stock & share, and boost
shareholder or stockholder value.
The introduction of recent national and international environmental regulations forces businesses
across the world to improve their ecological oriented environmental performance. ... Show more
All sorts of environmental concerns, even in any stage, cannot be considered in isolation and it must
be integrated along with other aspects of products e.g. Performance, quality, standard and safety.
This assignment shall examine some of the health, social and environmental costs and benefits allied
with an economic development project .This shall also examine policies and initiatives taken by
Royal Dutch Shell PLC. In order to ensure the implementation of sustainable development.
Sustainable Development, Business, Environment and Economy:
Sustainable development denotes moving head for sustainable production and consumption by
managing environmental issues along all phases of the product lifecycle.
(Ehnert 2009) The history of the notion of "sustainable development" dates back to early of the
Twelfth to Sixteenth centuries in forest quality management. However, this concept has considerably
gotten widened over the previous five decades. In 1972 in the Club of Rome, in its "Limits to
Growth", the classical report, at first used the term sustainability in the modern sense. A set of
scientists did a thesis on that and wrote the report. Dennis and Donella Meadows led them. Both
were from the MIT (Massachusetts Institute of Technology). The writers described the most required
"state of global equilibrium" and used the word "sustainable" for it. The sustainable

Corporate Social Responsibility ( Csr )
Introduction
Corporate Social Responsibility (CSR) is the intention of the companies to do the right things and
act in certain ways that are good for the company, society and environment. CSR was accelerated in
1970 (Archie B, 2006) and took into account since there was a concern between the increased
population and scarce resources. It was established in order to ensure that the global development is
sustainable. There are three fundamental aspects of sustainability, economic progress, communities'
relationships and environmental protection. This essay will report the managerial skills, leadership
style and management practises in leading and managing an organisation to promote better and
greener environment. Considerable research has been undertaken on Toyota Motors Corporation.
Toyota is a car manufacturer established in 1937. It is a well–known worldwide company due to
their persistence in making affordable cars. As one of the biggest car manufacturer in the world,
there have been mass controversial environmental topics floating around. Some people perceive
Toyota has significant contribution in promoting better environment. However, some people do not
agree with it. In 1992, there was a significant change of their responsibility to the environments.
Toyota Earth Charter was introduced regarding the policies for better environment. The vision for
this charter is 'respect for the planet' and it aims to improve the global average fuel efficiency by
25% in 2015.

Evaluation Of The Alternative Of Economic Progress
Ashley Beckett 11138895 Geography 280 Bert Weichel and Rod Johnson September 18, 2015
Evaluation of the Alternatives to GDP in the Measuring of Economic Progress Measuring the
success of a country in modern society is very important as it influences future decisions made to
improve economy. The main indicator used to measure a country's success is the Gross Domestic
Product (GDP). GDP represents the total dollar value of all goods and services produced, usually
annually. Just like all indicators, GDP has several limitations and may not be the best–suited
indicator for sustainable success. In calculating a country's success, GDP only includes the benefits
of economic growth, such as production and consumption of goods, and not the ... Show more
Because it considers the negative effects on the environment and inequality of expenses among
people, ISEW is a more balanced index and can be better sustained in the environment while the
economy continues to grow. The Genuine Progress Indicator (GPI) and ISEW are very similar. In
fact they are often grouped together in discussion because both ISEW and GPI suggest that the costs
of economic growth outweigh the benefits, and this will ultimately lead to uneconomic and
unsustainable growth (paraphrasing Herman Daly) (Van den Bergh and Antal 2014, 4). Although
these two indicators share multiple features, GPI incorporates additional elements such as crime,
divorce, unemployment and changes in leisure time. "Furthermore, GPI is considered less complex
and more accessible to all people" (Schepelmann, Goossens, and Makipaa 2010, 25). This simplicity
makes it appealing to the general public. A country's economic success includes happiness, which
depends on leisure time (Van den Bergh and Antal 2014, 5). Since GPI is based on personal
consumption and expenditure, it includes hobbies and leisurely activities in calculations. Decrease in
consumption of resources and work hours both lead to a less stressful life and provides more
personal time for individuals and their families. This correlates with GPI's goal of growth of the
economy with lower overall consumption rates. Nevertheless this result is not flawless, as people
with more money and time are likely

The Idea For Green Infrastructure
Green Infrastructure
Keqing Zhu
Introduction
The idea for green infrastructure (GI) has started 150 years ago. However, the term was first
appeared in a Floridian report to the governor on land conservation strategies in 1994. It is
becoming a popular term which used by planning, conservation, ecology related disciplines in recent
years and it means quite different to different disciplines, people and purposes. Basically, green
infrastructure can be defined as an interconnected network of green space that conserves natural
ecosystem values, functions and provides associated benefits to human populations. The functions
and effects of green infrastructure are extensive, it could reduce people's contribution to climate
change and clean the ... Show more content on Helpwriting.net ...
In the late period of 20th century, the accelerated development of urbanisation led to the excessively
consumption of city land and destruction of the balance of ecological system in the US. In order to
regulate the urban sprawl, some North American scholars started to review this kind of uncontrolled
approach of land exploitation in 1990s. It was reported by the American President's Council on
Sustainable Development that "green infrastructure strategies actively seek to understand, leverage,
and value the different ecological, social, and economic functions provided by natural systems in
order to guide more efficient and sustainable land use and development patterns as well as protect
ecosystems" in 1999, as a result, it boosted the boom of green infrastructure.
Definition
A considerable amount of explanations of "Green Infrastructure" can be found from the previous
literature but there is no unified definition until now. According to Natural England (2009), it was
defined as:
＇Green Infrastructure is a strategically planned and delivered network comprising the broadest
range of high quality green spaces and other environmental features. It should be designed and
managed as a multifunctional resource capable of delivering those ecological services and quality of
life benefits required by the communities it serves and needed to underpin sustainability. Its design
and management should also respect and enhance the character and distinctiveness of an area with

Impact Of The Industrial Revolution On Women
The Industrial Revolution Impact on Women The industrial revolution reversed this on some basic
levels, through wars of necessity, technological change, medicine and even a cultural readjustment.
This techno revolution created millionaires, generated a need for public education, these changes
allowed both men and women to contribute to society. Women eventually took center stage during
WWII as many men were called up to fight in massive military engagements. The question before
the U.S. government was how to maintain the high rate of production needed to defeat the German
and Japanese war machines and still meet the massive requirements of men needed in the front. The
answer were able bodied women trained to do the same jobs as their male counterparts. The
industrial revolution meant that women could do these same jobs because machines equalized the
playing field giving women the ability to match men physically through training. The problem came
in after the war when most men wanted to reset the clock and return women to the homes while men
resumed their previous roles. However, they would soon find out that it would not be possible to
place the genie back in the bottle. Women began to protest forcefully for equal rights and they
weren't alone. African Americans, Mexican Americans were all getting into the fray and government
was having a challenging time keeping pace. The Supreme Court in ruling after ruling began
changing the nature of equality within our society. These

Northern Rivers CSG Study

Recommended

Recommended

More Related Content

More from Beth Hall

More from Beth Hall (20)

Recently uploaded

Recently uploaded (20)

Northern Rivers CSG Study