This document reviews the effect of various vegetable oil-based cutting fluids on the surface integrity of steel during drilling. It discusses how different cooling strategies and cutting fluid properties like viscosity can influence surface roughness. Studies have found that vegetable oil-based cutting fluids generally produce finer surface finishes on steels like AISI 304 compared to mineral-based fluids. However, cutting fluid viscosity must be optimized as both too high and too low viscosity can decrease performance. Cutting speed, feed rate, and cutting fluid selection are important factors affecting surface roughness. Further research is still needed to better understand viscosity effects and identify cutting fluids that improve machining responses.

1. Examining the Effect of Various
Vegetable Oil-Based Cutting
Fluids on Surface Integrity in
Drilling Steel : A Review
by
Ahmad Zubair Sultan
Safian Sharif & Denni Kurniawan

2. Content
Objectives
Introduction
Recent Findings & Remarks
Concluding Remark

3. OBJECTIVES
This paper gives an overview of the
influence of VO-CF on surface integrity
of steel during the drilling process.
This paper also presented the effect of
the different cooling strategies on
surface integrity.

4. Introduction
CF have commonly been viewed as a
required addition to high productivity
and high quality machining operations.
However the negative effects of the
conventional CF have motivated many
researchers to look for alternative
coolant in replacing the excessive use of
mineral and synthetic cutting fluids

5. Introduction
The advantage of using VO-CF cutting
fluid on tool wear and the cutting force
have been reported in the literature, but
the literature on the effects of its use on
the surface finish of the workpiece is
still lacking.

6. Introduction
Surface integrity can be defined as
inherent or enhanced condition of a
surface produced in machining.
Common defect such as plastic
deformation, microcracking, metalurgical
transformations, microhardness, tears and
laps related to BUE formation, residual
stress distribution, etc

7. Introduction
Numerous studies have been conducted
on machining of stainless steel in order
to evaluate VO-CF such as
• Rapeseed oil [Belluco et al. 2004],
• Coconut oil [Khrisna et al 2010 ; Xavior & Adithan 2009]
• Sunflower oil [Kuram et al.;Ozcelik et al. 2011],
• Canola oil [Cetin et al. 2011],
• Palm oil [Sharif et al. 2009]

8. Recent Findings
Kuram et al. (2011)
AISI 304
SCF I = Refined
Sunflower 1.9cpʋ
SCF II = Refined
Sunflower 1.3cpʋ
CSCF I = Crude Sunflower
1.7cpʋ
CVCF = Commercial
Vegetable
CMCF = Commercial
Mineral
1.01 µm
2.26 µm
1.03 µm

9. Recent Findings
1.01 µm

10. Remark
• An increase in Vc make the drill bit cut better
without ploughing, resulting in a drop in Ra
value.
• An increase in frate increased the MRR,
consequently increasing forces and vibration
caused an increase in the Ravalue.

11. Remark
• Viscosity affects the flow of cutting fluid.
• CF with low viscosity expectedly can reach
the t-wp interface more effectively, making
chips to be flushed away from the cutting zone
and preventing a finished drilled hole surface
from becoming scratched [19].

12. Recent Findings
Ozcelik et al. (2011)
VCF I = Vegetbale
1.5cpʋ
SSCF I = Semi synthetic
MCF = Mineral
1.36 µm
VCF II = Vegetable
1.1cpʋ
1.43 µm
AISI 304

13. Recent Findings
Ozcelik et al. (2011)
1.36 µm

14. Remark
• VCF-1 produced better surface roughness
compared to VCF-2 although the former has
higher viscosity.
• This can be attributed to the lubrication ability,
in which cutting fluid with low viscosity has
poor lubricating capability
• This result hinted that there is a critical cutting
fluid viscosity value that can give the best
surface roughness out of this workpiece.

15. Remark

16. Recent Findings
Kilickap et al. (2011)
1.36 µm
AISI
1045
3.04 µm
3.48 µm
MQL tends to result fine surface roughness values
compared to dry drilling at the same drilling
parameters.

17. Remark
• The general trend was when cutting speed
increases, surface roughness value decreases.
• Contrasting trend that higher cutting speed
causes an increase in surface roughness was
perhaps due to the increasing tool wear when
higher machining speed was employed.

18. Recent Findings
Brandao et al.
(2011)
AISI H13

19. Remark
• Based on the experiments, it was concluded
that cooling technique is of great influence on
cylindricity error
• For circularity error, MQL has the worst
performance, for instance at the cutting speed.
• It seems that MQL is an effective method to
lubricate tool-workpiece interface, but it is not
an effective way to cool down cutting zone
temperature [23].

20. Concluding Remarks
• It was found that cutting fluid, feed rate, and
cutting speed have significant effect on surface
roughness of the steel (AISI 304).
• Surface roughness of austenitic stainless steel
being processed by drilling using vegetable oil-
based cutting fluids was very fine.
• Considering its advantages and also
inconsistence due to viscosity effect on Ra,
further research worth pursuing in search of
better machining responses using alternative
cutting fluids.

21. End of Presentations
Thank You
The authors wish to thank