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1. A TRAINING REPORT
ON BUILDING CONSTRUCTION TECHNOLOGOY
TAKEN AT PUBLIC WORKS DEPARTMENTJODHPUR
FROM 6 JUNE TO 6 AUGUST
BY AYUSH JAIN
TAKEN UNDER THE GUIDANCE OF AEN.
SANJAY BORANA
SUBMITTED TO DEPARTMENT OF STRUCTURE ENGINEERING
M.B.M ENGINEERING COLLEGE

2. NAME :- AYUSH JAIN
ROLL NO. :- 14BCT70001

3. PREFACE
Excellence is an attitude that the whole of the human race is
born with. It is not our surrounding and environment those are
gateways for opportunities and for innovations.
In the same order if truly saying, theoretical knowledge is only a
part of study which enable us to get familiarity with the facts
and grasping them up to the best but till the time we don’t apply
them practically or say use their application, the story remain
uncompleted.
For me, this training was just like this opportunity through which I get
practical experience of civil engg. It is really interesting to know that
how an engineering puts a drawing paper into the form of a building
upon a ground with his integrated team and excellence. I personally
in all the construction works going on my site.
I am heartly thankful to public works department (PWD) for
providing me this opportunity.

4. ACKNOWLEDGEMENT
First, I would like to thank department of structural eng. , M.B.M engineering
jodhpur for providing me this opportunity of practical training.
I wish my sincere thank to MR. SANJAY BORANA (AEN) for spending her
precious time to guide us even he was having so busy schedule.
AYUSH JAIN
B. TECH FINAL YEAR
STRUCTURAL ENGINEERING
M.B.M ENGINEERING COLLEGE

5. INDEX
S. NO. TOPIC
1. PREFACE
2. ACKNOWLEDGEMENT
3. PROJECT INTRODUCTION
4. INTRODUCTION
5. MATERIALS
6. FOUNDATION
7. FORMWORK
8. SCAFFOLDING
9. QUALITY ASSURENCE MEASURES
10. PRODUCTION OF CONCRETE
11. PLACING OF REINFORCEMENT
12. CHECKING AND SUPERVISION OF
CONCRETE
13. COLUMN
14. BEAMS
15. SLABS
16. JOINTS IN CONCRETE CONSTRUCTION
17. BRICK WORK
18. MAIN PROVISIONS FOR CHECKING
19. TESTING OF CONCRETE

6. PROJECT INTRODUCTION
PROJECT NAME:- Construction of CENTRAL STERLIZATION
DEPARTMENT
LOCATION:- MDM HOSPITAL CAMPUS,JODHPUR
CONSTRUCTED AND MAINTAINED BY:-Public Works
Department(PWD)
ESTIMATED COST:- 2 CRORES
FACILITIES:- 1. Parking
2. good road connectivity etc.
INTRODUCTION
Reinforced concrete buildings consist of floor slabs, beams, columns and walls
continuously placed to form a rigid monolithic rigid structure, such a
continuous system leads to greater redundancy, reduce moments and distribute
the load more evenly. The floor slabs rests on a system of inter connected
beams .the beams and other side column or between gross beams.
This is a complete monolithic 3-D structure or say space structure. But it can be
idealized as 2-D structure composite of different frames analysis point of view.
It may be designed and structural components can be analysed using certain
computer softwares also.
According to the requirements and different needs the different storeys are
planned. The plan of different stories may be different or say plan of different
floors may be different.

7. STRUCTURAL SYSTEM
A building is subjected to different loads as following:-
1. Gravity loads
2. Lateral loads :- (a) wind loads
(b) earthquake loads
A well defined structural system is needed to design so the building can
withstand with all the loads. Following are structural systems with their details:-
Gravity load resisting system:-
PURPOSE:- to transfer gravity loads applied at the floor levels down to the
foundation level , this system having mainly two ways :-
 Direct path system
 Indirect path system
Lateral load resisting system:-
Purpose:- to transfer lateral loads applied at any location in the structure down
to the foundation level.
Following are its sub types:-
 Single system
 Dual system
TYPICAL STRUCTURE SYSTEM:- following are typical structural
system used for buildings:-
1. Load bearing wall system
2. Moment resisting frame system
3. Dual frame system
4. Tube system

8. MATERIALS DETAIL OF MATERIALS
 CEMENT:- TYPE:- OPC(ordinary Portland
cement)
GRADE:- 43
BRAND:- J. K. Lakshmi
COST:- 268/bag
SPECIFIC GRAVITY:- 3.15
 BRICKS:- BRAND:- sangam
CLASS:-first
COST:- 5600 RS. Per thousand bricks
DIMENSION:-23.0*11.0*7.5 Cm
 REINFORCEMENT:- BRAND:- tiscon
TYPE:- 500 TMT
COST:-
DIAMETER:- 8,10,12,16,20,25 mm
UNIT WEIGHT:- 7850Kg/m^3
SOURCE:- Jaipur
 GRANITE:- BRAND:- inani marbles
SOURCE:- kota
 AGGREGATES:-
 COARSE AGGREGATES:- (a) size 10mm
f. m. 2.82
%used 50%
(b) size 20mm
f. m. 3.94
% used 50%
 FINE AGGREGATES:- zone 2
f. m. 2.2 to 3
source - Banas river
cost - 23 per cu. Feet
 WATER:- used for mixing and mixing shall be
clean
and free from injurious amount salts,
sugar etc. (PH<6)

10. FOUNDATION
A foundation is the element of a load bearing structure, often architectural,
which connects it to the ground and transfers loads from the structures to the
ground. Foundations are generally considered either shallow or deep.
Shallow foundations, often called footings are common type is the spread
footing which consist of strips or pads of concrete which external below the
frost line and transfer the weight from walls and columns to the soil or bedrock.
Our building consists of isolated footing, its acts as a base for a column. It is
usually used for reinforced concrete skeleton type of buildings. It can take any
shape such as square, rectangular or circular.
DAMP PREVENTION:- Basically the Kota city is having waterlogging
because there is rocky strata which prevents the water to penetrate into the
ground, so buildings are subject to serious problem of capillary damping .

11. To prevent this problem damp proof coarse DPC is used. This is put at
following levels –
 Below plinth level
 At mid of masonary wall etc.
FORM WORK
The formwork is a temporary construction used as a mould for structure. In
which concrete hardens and matures the form plates are made up of steel which
are 3.5mm thick and up to 3 to 4m high. For walls boards are fixed upon the
shoulders, these are spaced about 8m apart.
Horizontal railings of size 7.5cm*10.0cm are fixed at suitable intervals to the
posts. The whole assembly is then strutted as using a strut. The two shutters are
kept apart equal to the thickness of the wall by providing a 2.5cm*5cm. spacers
hailed to the posts.
The form work shall be designed and constructed so as to remain sufficiently
rigid during placing and compaction of concrete and shall be such as to prevent
to lose of slurry.
CLEANING AND TREATMENT OF FORM WORK:-
All rubbish particularly chipping, shoving and saw dust shall be removed from
interior of the form before the concrete is placed. The face of formwork is
contacted with the concrete shall be cleaned and treated with proper agent.
Release agent also must be applied in a thin and uniform layer so that there will
be no effect on reinforcement particularly.

13. STRIPPING TIME:- form shall not be released until the concrete has
achieved a strength of at least twice the stress to which the concrete may be
subjected at the time of removal to formwork.

14. While using the above parameter, the temperature does not fall below 15’C
STRIPPING PERIOD:-
TYPE OF FORMWORK MINIMUM PERIOD
BEFORE STRIKING
FORMWORK
Vertical formwork to column, walls, beams 16-24 hours
Soffit formwork to slabs (props to slabs) 3 days
Spanning up to 4.5 cm 7 days
Spanning>4.5cm (props to beams and arches) 14days
Spanning up to 6 m 14 days
Spanning>6m 21 days
SCAFFOLDING :- When the height of a wall or column or other structural
member of a building exceed 1.5 cm. Temporary structural member are needed
to support the platform over which the work man can sit 2 carry on
construction.
 These temporary structure made easy very near to the wall is in the form
of steel or timber called scaffolding.
 Scaffolding has following members.
Standards :- Vertical members supported on the ground.
Ledgers :- These are horizontal members running parallel to the wall.
Putlog :- Transverse members placed at right angle to the wall.

15. Transoms :- Putlogs whose both ends are supported on the ledgers.
Braces :- Diagonal members fixed at standards.
Boarding :- Horizontal platform to support workman and material
Guard Rail :- Provided like ledger at working level at this site single, double,
steel scaffolding are used.
Main types are following :-
• Single
• Double
• Cantilever
• Suspended
• Trestle
• Steel and painted

18. QUALITY ASSURANCE MEASURES :-
In order that the properties of completed structure be consistent with the
requirements and assumption made during the plaining and assumption made
during quality assurance measures shall be taken. The construction should be
result in satisfactory strength, serviceability and long term durability so as to
lower the overall life = cycle cost.
Quality assurance includes properdesign use of adequate materials and
components to be supplied be the producers, workmanship in execution of work
by the contractor, quality control audit both inputs and output as well.
 Input are in the form of materials for concrete, all stages of concrete
production of the related plats, equipments etc.
 To ensure performance it is must that each step in concreting which will
be covered by the next step is expected as the work proceeds.
PRODUCTION OF COCRETE :-
Production of quality concrete requires meticulous care exercised at every stage
of manufacture of concrete. It is interesting that ingredients of good and bad
concrete with the same material if intense care is taken to exercise control at
every stage it will result in good concrete.
The various stages of construction of concrete are :-
• Batching
• Mixing
• Transporting
• Placing
• Compaction

19. • Curing
• Finishing
BATCHING :- The measurement of materials for making concrete is known
as batching. There are two types of batching
 Volume Batching
 Weight Batching
Volume Batching :- This is not a good method due to these problems –
• In this method volumes of ingredients is the parameter for
amount of the ingredient.
• It is not every easy to take angular aggregates as per these
volume.
• Volume of sand keep on changing with changing moisture
content.
• Because of this, good quality concrete material have to be
measured by weight only.
WEIGHT BATCHING:- This is the correct method of measuring the
material for important concrete mix, invariably this is only adopted method.
Use of this method facilities accuracy flexibility but are used as per the nature
of the job.
Large weigh batching plants having automatic batching operation are now a
days, plays important role for consuming less films and efficient mixing, this
requires a trained person to operate it.
In small jobs the cement is weighed in the no. of bags. ( 1
Bag = 50 Kg )

20. MIXING :- Through mixing of the materials is essential for the production of
uniform concrete. There are two methods used for mixing concrete :-
At our site, m/c mixing is used to mix the concrete The mixing is continued till
the homogenous mixture is framed. If the segregation after unloading from
mixture, the concrete should be revival.
The minimum mixing time is 2 min. for mixing for other type of mixers this
should be decided by the site engineer in charge
Workability should be checked at frequent intervals usages of retarders,
plasticizers etc. should be restricted to 0.5 to 1.0%
TRANSPORTING :- The concrete is either mixed at the site itself if place
is available then transit mixes are used in concrete is transported from RMC
plant, but at the site different methods are used to access the concrete at
different storeys.
At our site SKIP & HOIST method was used.

21. PLACING OF CONCRETE :- The precautions should be taken to
methods adopted while placing concrete in the under mentioned situations as
multistory building slab, wall column, foundation are as following :-
 The concrete shall be deposited as merely as practicable in its final
position to avoid handling.
 The concrete shall be placed and compacted before initial setting of
concrete commences should not be subsequently disturbed.
 Methods of placing should avoid displacement of reinforcement or
movement of formwork.
 Method of placing should be such as to preclude segregation.
 Cover should be taken to avoid displacement of reinforcement or
movement of formwork.
 The maximum permissible free fall of concrete is 1.5m as a guidance.

22. COMPACTION :- Compaction of concrete is the process adopted for
expelling the entrapped air from the concrete. In the process of mixing,
transporting and placing of concrete air is likely to get entrapped in the
concrete. The lower the workability, higher is the amount of air entrapped.
If this air is not removed fully, the core loses strength considerably.
5% voids :- 30% strength decreased
10% voids :- 50% strength decreased
Concrete should be thoroughly compacted and fully marked around the
reinforcement, around embedded fixtures into corners of the formwork.
 Over vibration and under vibration of concrete are harmful and should be
avoided, vibration of very wet mixes should be avoided.
 Whenever vibration has to be applied externally the design of formwork
and the disposition of vibration should receive special consideration to
ensure efficient composition and to avoid surface blemishes.
 Joints are common source of weakners and therefore, it is desirable to
avoid them.
 The following methods are adopted for compacting the concrete.
• Hand Compaction
• Compaction By Vibration
• Compaction By Pressure & Jointing
• Compaction By Spinning
At my site compaction by vibration was adopted. Where high strength is
required, it is necessary that stiff concrete required for full compaction with low
w/c ratio.

23. For this modern high frequency vibrations are used which is impracticable to
place by hand, so at this site “ Needle Vibrator” is used.
About vibrator – at site 25mm & 50mm.
Diameter of Needle – 20mm & 75mm.
Length – 25cm to 90cm.
Here – 75cm.
Frequency – 1200 cycle min.
Depth of immersion – 10 to 20 cm

24. CURING OF COCRETE :- The hydration of cement is not a moment any
action but a process containing for a long time of course rate of hydration is
very high initially it keep on decreasing with time over a very long time. Some
measure must be taken In such a way that impervious covering will be there
from surface of concrete.
Therefore mixing can be considered as creation of environment during early
period of uninterrupted hydration.
The desirable condition are a suitable temp. and moisture favourable.
At over site water curing is used.
For slabs – Ponding
Plastered Surface - spraying water
Application of water is done after 24 hrs.
FINISHING - It is not operation in making concrete finishing in real sense
does not to all concrete operation. For a beam concreting finishing may not be
applicable but flooring of a domesic building.
Careful finishing is if great importance, particularly, many types of
prefabricated core. panels used as floor slab or wall give very attrective
architectural effect. Even concrete adding are made to give attractive look
surface finishes may be grouped as under
• Framework finishes
• Surface treatment
• Applied finishes
Placing of reiforcement - Placing of steel at the proper position is most
important operation to obtain desired strength.
Rough handling, shock handling (prior to embedment) & the dropping of
reinforcement from a height should be avoided, Reinforcement should be
secured against displacement outside the specified limits. Main requirement of
placing of reinforcement are following :-

25. • Tolerence on placing of reinforcement
• Tolerence for cover
• Compaction requirement
Tolerance on placing of concrete-unless otherwise specified by engineer in
change the reinforcement shall be placed within the following tolerances:-
For effective depth 200 mm -> 10 mm or less
 For effective depth more-> 15 mm than 200 mm
Tolerance of cover – unless on otherwise specified, actual cover should
not deviate from the requirement nominal cover 10 mm
Spacers, cover, blocks should be of concrete of same strength or PVC
Compaction Required :- Reinforcement should be placed & tied in such a
way than concrete placement be possible without segregation of mix,( 28)
Reinforcement placing should allow compaction by immersion vibrator, within
the concrete mass, different types of metal in contactshould be avoided to
ensure that bimetal corrosiondoes not take place, core shall also be taken when
bending back bars.
Checking and supervision of reinforcement:-
Propersupervision of laid reinforcement is a prime duty of a site
engineer. A site engineer should be strictly aware of rules of
supervision.All reinforcement shall be checked by engineer such that
these are placed & in the position. In the drawings by providing proper
covers blocs, spaces, supporting bars etc.
Cross bars should not be tack welded for assembly of reinforcement
unless permitted by engineer in charge.(29)
Spacers, chairs & other supports detailed on drawings, together with such
other supports ormay be necessary, should be used to maintain the

26. specified ,nominal cover to the steel reinforcement . spacers or chairs
should be placed at a maximum spacing of 1m & closes some time.
COLUMN
Column or pillar in architecture and structural engg. Is a structural element that
transmits, through compression, the height of the structure above to other
structure elements before. In other words a column is a compressionmember, it
is of different shapes like rectangurlar, square circular etc.
At our site square rectangular column were constructed of different dimensions
at different places. (30)
Five types of columns were used in our building:-
1) C1= Dimension 9*18
Number of bars = 16 φ - 8 nos.
Stirrups φ 8- 6” c/c
2) C2= Dimension 9*18
Number of bars =16 φ – 8 nos.
Stirrups = φ 8- 6 c/c
3) C3=Dimension 9*18
20 φ – 8nos.
8 φ – 6” c/c Rings
4) C4= Dimension 9*18
20 φ – 8 nos.
8 φ - 6” c/c Rings
5) C5 = Dimension 9*9
16 φ -8nos.
8 φ – 8” c/c Rings

28. BEAMS
A beam is a structural element that is capable of withstanding load primarily by
resisting bending . The bending force, included into the material of the beam as
a result of the external loads, own weight,span and external reactions to these
loads is called a bending moment.
Beams are characterised by their profile (Shape of cross section) their length
and their material .
In Engg. Beams are of several types:-
 Simply supported
 Fixed
 Over hanging
 Double overhanging
 Continuous
 Cantilever
 Trussed
Most beams in reinforced concrete buildings have rectangular cross sections but
a more efficient cross sectionfor a beam is an I or H section which is typically
seen in steel construction.(33)
Five different cross-sectionof beams were used in our building:-
B1= Dimension 9*15
Number of bars = 20φ - 6nos.
6 φ – 6” c/c Rings
B2= Dimension 9*15
Number of bars =16 φ – 2 nos.(Top)
12 φ-2 nos. (bottom)
8 φ -6” c/c Rings
B3=Dimension 9*15
20 φ – 3 nos.(Top)
16φ – 3 nos. (bottom)
8 φ – 6” c/c Rings
B4= Dimension 9*15
25φ – 5 nos.(Top)

29. 25φ - 3 nos. (bottom)
8 φ – 6” c/c Rings
B5 = Dimension 9*15
25 φ -3 nos.(Top)
16 φ – 3 nos. (Bottom)
8 φ - 6” c/c Rings
SLABS
A Concrete slab is common structural element of modern buildings. Horizontal
slabs of steel reinforced concretetypically between 4 and 20 inches thick, are
most often used to constructfloors and ceilings while thinner slabs are also used

30. for exterior paving. Sometimes these thinner slabs ranging from 2” to 6” thick
are called mud slabs particularly when used under the main effect floor slab or
in crawl spaces.
In many domestic and industrial buildings a thick concrete slab. Supported on
foundations or directly on the subsoil, is used to constructthe ground floor of a
building.
ONE WAY SLAB – One Way Slab is supported on two opposite side only
thus structural ACTION is only at one direction. Total to the supporting beams,
if the slab is supported on all the four sides but the ratio of longer span to
shorter spanis greater than 2 then the slab will be considered or one way slab.
At our site one way slab was used in corridors.(35)
TWO WAY SLAB – Two way slab are the slabs that are supported on four
sides and the ratio of longer span to shorter span is less that 2. In two way slabs
load will be carried in boththe direction. 50 main reinforcement is provided in
both direction for two way slabs. The dimension and details of the
reinforcement in bothtype of slabs are as follows-
SLAB SCHEDULE
Slab Mark S1 S2 S3
S4
Nature of Slab Two way One way Two way
Waist Slab
Main Reinforcement
Bottom Top #8-6”c/c #8-6”c/c #10-8”c/c #6-
6”c/c
Top #8-8”c/c #8-6”c/c #10-8”c/c #12-
6”c/c
Distribution Reinforcement
Bottom Top #8-8”c/c #8-8”c/c #10-8”c/c
#2-6”c/c
Top #8-8”c/c #10-8”c/c

31. Slab
Thickness 5” 5” 5”
5”
(36)
JOINTS IN CONCRETE CONSTRUCTION –
Joints in concrete building construction are construction joints, expansion joints,
contraction joints, isolation joints. They present cracking or concrete. Types of
joints in concrete are described below-
Construction joint – Construction joints are placed in a concrete slab to define
the extent of the individual placements, generally in confeunity with a
predetermined joint layout. They must be desgined in order to allow
displacement between both sides of the slab but at the same time, they have to
transfer flexural stresses produced in the slab by external loads. They must
allow horizontal displacement right angled to the joint surface that is normally
caused by thermal and shrinkage movement. At the same time they must not
allow vertical movement or rotational displacements. (37)
(38)
EXPANSION JOINT - the concrete is subjected to voiume change due to
many reasons.so we have to cater for this by way of joints to believe the stress .
expansion is a function of length. The building longer than 45cm are generally
provided with one or more expansion joint. In Indian recommended c/c spring is
30m. The joint are formed by providing a gap between the expansion joint are
provided.
CONTRACTION JOINTS- it is a sawed , framed or tooled groove in a
concrete slab that creater weak end vertical plane . it regulates thelocation of the
cracking caused by dimensional changes in the slab. Unregulated cracks can
grow and result in an unacceptably rough surface as well as water infilteration
into the base subgrade , which can enable other types of pavement distress.

32. ISOLATION JOINTS- joints that isolate the slab a wall, column, or
drainpipe. These joints have one way simple purposethey completely isolate the
slab from something else, that something else can be wall on column or a drain
pipe.
BRICK WORK-It is masonary produced by a brick layer using bricks and
mortars typically rows of bricks, called courses are laid on top of one another
etc. build up a structure such as a brick wall.
Nearly universal rule allowing for brick work to be stable under even madest
loads is that pretends should not vertically align in two successivecourses . if
this rule is observed then the force acting on any brick is distributed across a
wider area in the next successive course.
MAIN PROVISIONS FOR CHECKING ARE AS FOLLOWS –
a)FOR COLUMNS-
1)Diameter of bars used & no. of bars
2)Spacing of main bars
3)Spacing of ties
4)Types of tie joints
5)Overlapping length on main bars
6)Cover of reinforcement
7)Water proofing of formwork
8)Vertical orientation of column
b)FOR BEAMS-
1)Diameter of tension & compressionbars
2)Effective depth
3)Top and bottom cover
4)Side face cover
5)Spacing of shear stirrups

33. 6)Development length
7)Spacing of main reinforcement with number of bars