BIOLOGY FLASH CARDS very very very very very helpful
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1) The document discusses homologous and analogous organs through various examples. 2) Homologous organs have a common origin or structure but have evolved to perform different functions, such as the forelimbs of humans, whales, and bats. 3) Analogous organs have different origins or structures but perform similar functions through convergent evolution, such as the wings of bats and butterflies or flippers of penguins and dolphins.
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Evidences of evolution from patterns of development
The document provides evidence for evolution from patterns of development in plants and animals. It discusses several lines of evidence including homologous and analogous structures, vestigial organs, fossils showing transitions in horse evolution, and similarities seen in early plant and animal embryos which indicate common ancestry. For example, it notes the wing of a bird and insect serve the same function but have different structures, showing analogous not homologous evolution. Together, these various developmental patterns found across species provide strong support for the theory of evolution.
Evidences of evolution from patterns of development
The document provides evidence for evolution from patterns of development in organisms. It discusses several lines of evidence, including:
1) Homologous structures that have a common origin but different functions, such as the thorn of a plant and tendril, providing evidence of descent from a common ancestor.
2) Analogous structures that have a similar function but different origins, such as wings of insects and birds, indicating similar adaptations.
3) Vestigial structures that were functional in ancestors but no longer serve a purpose, found in both plants and animals including humans.
4) Embryological evidence from plant and animal embryos that show similarities in early stages, indicating common ancestry.
How are the forelimbs of humans, the wings of birds, the wings of ba.pdf
How are the forelimbs of humans, the wings of birds, the wings of bats, the wings of insects
similar, how are they different, and what do we think happened in the past evolution of these
structures ?
Solution
All these structures mentioned, that is, the forelimbs of humans, the wings of birds, the wings of
bats, the wings of insects have a similarfunction because they all are used for movement. But
they are structurally very dissimilar. Hence they are also known as analogous characters.
The independent evolution of characters in members of different species with similar function
but differences in structure and ancestral origin is known as convergent evolution. This type of
evolution leads to the formation of analogous characters or traits. The convergent evolution of
flight of birds, bats and insects is known as functional convergence, as their function is similar.
In the very past, there must have been a common ancestor, from whom the wings and forelimbs
were evolved and structurally became different in the course of evolution..
Homologous organs and analogous organs..
Homologous and analogous organs helpsbto study evolutionory relationship among different species. They are evidences of evolution.
Grade 10 Science Week 6
The document provides evidence for evolution from four areas: fossil records, comparative anatomy, embryonic development, and amino acid sequences. It describes how fossils found in sedimentary rock layers provide evidence of how species have changed over generations. Comparative anatomy shows homologous and analogous structures between species, indicating shared ancestry or convergent evolution. Embryonic development reveals similarity between species in early embryonic stages even if adults differ. Finally, greater similarity in amino acid sequences between organisms suggests a closer evolutionary relationship and common ancestor.
Presentation1 (1).pdf
1. Paleontological evidence such as fossils provide evidence of evolution over long periods of time as life forms change.
2. Comparative anatomy shows that organisms have homologous organs with the same structure but different functions, indicating common ancestry, as well as analogous organs with different structures but similar functions due to convergent evolution.
3. Biochemical evidence such as similarities in proteins and genes performing the same functions across diverse species also points to common ancestry through evolution.
Squid molluscCrab ArthropodsCrayfish ArthropodsPolychaete .pdf
Squid: mollusc
Crab: Arthropods
Crayfish: Arthropods
Polychaete: Annelids
Homologous organs are the one that develop from common ancestor and have diverged to
perform different functions according to the habitat and habit of the organisms. Lateral
appendages present in Crab (arthropod), crayfish (arthropod) and polychaete (annelid) exhibit
homology. The lateral appendages (parapodia) in polychaete worms extend from the body
segments and serve in locomotion. However, soft body plan does not fix them firmly. On the
other hand, arthropods have hard bodied skeleton. Crab and crayfish takes advantage of hard
bodied skeleton and their lateral appendages are fixed firmly in the skeleton to provide maximum
leverage. Development of parapodia in polychetes allowed them to thrive out of burrow in the
muddy oceanic sediments.
Solution
Squid: mollusc
Crab: Arthropods
Crayfish: Arthropods
Polychaete: Annelids
Homologous organs are the one that develop from common ancestor and have diverged to
perform different functions according to the habitat and habit of the organisms. Lateral
appendages present in Crab (arthropod), crayfish (arthropod) and polychaete (annelid) exhibit
homology. The lateral appendages (parapodia) in polychaete worms extend from the body
segments and serve in locomotion. However, soft body plan does not fix them firmly. On the
other hand, arthropods have hard bodied skeleton. Crab and crayfish takes advantage of hard
bodied skeleton and their lateral appendages are fixed firmly in the skeleton to provide maximum
leverage. Development of parapodia in polychetes allowed them to thrive out of burrow in the
muddy oceanic sediments..
Recommended
Evidences of evolution from patterns of development
The document provides evidence for evolution from patterns of development in plants and animals. It discusses several lines of evidence including homologous and analogous structures, vestigial organs, fossils showing transitions in horse evolution, and similarities seen in early plant and animal embryos which indicate common ancestry. For example, it notes the wing of a bird and insect serve the same function but have different structures, showing analogous not homologous evolution. Together, these various developmental patterns found across species provide strong support for the theory of evolution.
Evidences of evolution from patterns of development
The document provides evidence for evolution from patterns of development in organisms. It discusses several lines of evidence, including:
1) Homologous structures that have a common origin but different functions, such as the thorn of a plant and tendril, providing evidence of descent from a common ancestor.
2) Analogous structures that have a similar function but different origins, such as wings of insects and birds, indicating similar adaptations.
3) Vestigial structures that were functional in ancestors but no longer serve a purpose, found in both plants and animals including humans.
4) Embryological evidence from plant and animal embryos that show similarities in early stages, indicating common ancestry.
How are the forelimbs of humans, the wings of birds, the wings of ba.pdf
How are the forelimbs of humans, the wings of birds, the wings of bats, the wings of insects
similar, how are they different, and what do we think happened in the past evolution of these
structures ?
Solution
All these structures mentioned, that is, the forelimbs of humans, the wings of birds, the wings of
bats, the wings of insects have a similarfunction because they all are used for movement. But
they are structurally very dissimilar. Hence they are also known as analogous characters.
The independent evolution of characters in members of different species with similar function
but differences in structure and ancestral origin is known as convergent evolution. This type of
evolution leads to the formation of analogous characters or traits. The convergent evolution of
flight of birds, bats and insects is known as functional convergence, as their function is similar.
In the very past, there must have been a common ancestor, from whom the wings and forelimbs
were evolved and structurally became different in the course of evolution..
Homologous organs and analogous organs..
Homologous and analogous organs helpsbto study evolutionory relationship among different species. They are evidences of evolution.
Grade 10 Science Week 6
The document provides evidence for evolution from four areas: fossil records, comparative anatomy, embryonic development, and amino acid sequences. It describes how fossils found in sedimentary rock layers provide evidence of how species have changed over generations. Comparative anatomy shows homologous and analogous structures between species, indicating shared ancestry or convergent evolution. Embryonic development reveals similarity between species in early embryonic stages even if adults differ. Finally, greater similarity in amino acid sequences between organisms suggests a closer evolutionary relationship and common ancestor.
Presentation1 (1).pdf
1. Paleontological evidence such as fossils provide evidence of evolution over long periods of time as life forms change.
2. Comparative anatomy shows that organisms have homologous organs with the same structure but different functions, indicating common ancestry, as well as analogous organs with different structures but similar functions due to convergent evolution.
3. Biochemical evidence such as similarities in proteins and genes performing the same functions across diverse species also points to common ancestry through evolution.
Squid molluscCrab ArthropodsCrayfish ArthropodsPolychaete .pdf
Squid: mollusc
Crab: Arthropods
Crayfish: Arthropods
Polychaete: Annelids
Homologous organs are the one that develop from common ancestor and have diverged to
perform different functions according to the habitat and habit of the organisms. Lateral
appendages present in Crab (arthropod), crayfish (arthropod) and polychaete (annelid) exhibit
homology. The lateral appendages (parapodia) in polychaete worms extend from the body
segments and serve in locomotion. However, soft body plan does not fix them firmly. On the
other hand, arthropods have hard bodied skeleton. Crab and crayfish takes advantage of hard
bodied skeleton and their lateral appendages are fixed firmly in the skeleton to provide maximum
leverage. Development of parapodia in polychetes allowed them to thrive out of burrow in the
muddy oceanic sediments.
Solution
Squid: mollusc
Crab: Arthropods
Crayfish: Arthropods
Polychaete: Annelids
Homologous organs are the one that develop from common ancestor and have diverged to
perform different functions according to the habitat and habit of the organisms. Lateral
appendages present in Crab (arthropod), crayfish (arthropod) and polychaete (annelid) exhibit
homology. The lateral appendages (parapodia) in polychaete worms extend from the body
segments and serve in locomotion. However, soft body plan does not fix them firmly. On the
other hand, arthropods have hard bodied skeleton. Crab and crayfish takes advantage of hard
bodied skeleton and their lateral appendages are fixed firmly in the skeleton to provide maximum
leverage. Development of parapodia in polychetes allowed them to thrive out of burrow in the
muddy oceanic sediments..
Evidences of Organic Evolution
The document provides evidence for organic evolution from various areas:
1. Homologous organs show divergent evolution from a common ancestor into different species over time. Analogous organs show convergent evolution of similar functions but different origins.
2. Fossils like Archaeopteryx provide direct evidence as a connecting link between reptiles and birds. A series of horse fossils show evolution of the species over time.
3. Similarities in early embryo development and similarities between species in biochemistry and genetics provide further evidence for evolution from common ancestors.
Evidence of evolution
Charles Darwin developed the theory of evolution by natural selection. He observed that organisms with beneficial traits tend to produce more offspring, causing traits to change over generations. His theory explains how life has evolved from common ancestors over time. The key ideas are that evolution occurs and it proceeds through natural selection. Fossils, comparative anatomy, embryology, vestigial structures, DNA evidence, and biogeography provide strong supporting evidence for evolution through common descent.
Evolution and Changes
Evolution is the process by which organisms acquire adaptations over time. There are several lines of evidence that support the theory of evolution, including:
- Comparative anatomy, which looks at anatomical similarities between species and finds homologous structures that suggest a common ancestor.
- DNA analysis, where closer genetic relationships are found between species that share more similarities in their DNA sequences.
- The fossil record, where fossils in older rock layers tend to resemble more ancient organisms, while fossils in newer layers more closely resemble present-day species.
Evidence of evolution.pptx
The document provides evidence for evolution from comparative anatomy, including:
- Homologous structures like the forelimbs of different vertebrates which have the same embryonic origin and basic structure, implying common ancestry.
- Vestigial structures in organisms like human tails that were likely useful ancestors but no longer function in descendants.
- Convergent evolution where unrelated organisms independently evolve similar adaptations for the same functions, like wings in insects and bats.
- Monotremes showing characteristics intermediate between reptiles and mammals, indicating their descent from reptilian ancestors.
NatSci_ecology
The Galapagos Islands provided evidence for Darwin's theory of evolution by natural selection through the adaptive radiation of finches. A single finch species migrated to the islands and diverged into 13 species as they adapted to different ecological niches and food sources. The beak shapes of the finch species evolved to suit their specific diets, such as seeds, insects, or blood, demonstrating how natural selection can drive speciation.
Diversity in organisms
The document summarizes key concepts around classification of living organisms. It discusses how organisms are classified into taxonomic groups like domain, kingdom, phylum etc. based on their similarities. For humans, the taxonomic classification includes Eukarya, Animalia, Chordata, Mammalia, Primates, Hominidae, Homo and H. sapiens. It also provides classifications for major kingdoms like Plantae, Animalia and describes characteristics of key phyla under these kingdoms including porifera, coelenterata, platyhelminthes, nematoda, annelida and arthropoda.
Prehensile Tail Research Paper
This document summarizes a research paper on prehensile tails. It discusses how prehensile tails are an adaptation that helps creatures thrive by allowing them to grasp objects. While many monkeys share a common ancestor and have prehensile tails, the structure of tails differs between reptiles and fish who also possess them, suggesting they evolved separately. Prehensile tails are an example of an analogous adaptation rather than a homologous one.
BIOLOGY 2.ppt
This document provides evidence from four areas that support the theory of evolution:
1) Fossils show that organisms have changed over time, become extinct, and that life has developed from simple to complex forms.
2) Comparative anatomy reveals homologous, analogous, and vestigial structures that indicate common descent.
3) Embryological development patterns share similarities across species, suggesting shared ancestry.
4) Biochemical similarities in proteins, RNA and DNA provide further evidence that more closely related species share a more recent common ancestor.
Evidence_of_Evolution-observe.ppt
This document provides evidence from four areas that support the theory of evolution:
1) Fossils show that organisms have changed over time, become extinct, and that life has developed from simple to complex forms starting in the water.
2) Comparative anatomy reveals homologous and vestigial structures indicating common descent among species.
3) Embryological patterns indicate a shared ancestry as different species pass through similar early developmental stages.
4) Biochemical similarities, such as a universal genetic code, further support the idea that organisms share a common ancestor the more closely related they are.
Owl Pellet Dissection Lesson Plan
Owl pellet is used for educational purposes. When you dissect the pellet, you will find skeletons of mice, voles, birds and more. This is not just fascinating but also helps the kids to gain knowledge about the bird’s eating habits.
Wouldn’t you want to introduce your kids/students to something that would help them learn about the nature of the food chain and ecosystem?
Reference: https://www.educationalscience.com/owl-pellets-kits
Unit b - section 1.2 structure and function
The document discusses how living things need to perform certain functions like breathing in order to survive. It explains that plants and animals have developed different structures and ways of breathing, such as lungs, holes in abdomens, and gills. The document also discusses Darwin's famous study of finches on the Galapagos Islands where he observed how their beak structures evolved to suit their environments and food sources.
Scientific evidences I would give in support of evolution1. Paleo.pdf
Scientific evidences I would give in support of evolution:
1. Paleontological evidence: Fossils are those remains of plants and animals that could not be
degraded. Some of them bear resemblances to present day animals and serve as connecting links,
eg. Duck billed platypus is connecting link between reptiles and mammals. Some of them
represent extinct organisms, eg. dinosaurs. Cross sections of the earth\'s crust from where the
fossils have been isolated determines the geological time scale during which the organism
existed.
2. Comparative anatomy/physiology: Homologous organs of animals such as forelimb bones of
humans, tigers, whales and bats share similar type of arrangement and indicates common
ancestry. Such type of evolution is called \"divergent\". Analogous organs are opposite to
homologous organs, such as wings of butterfly and birds. Although they perform the same
function, they are not anatomically similar. Thus, these are results of \"convergent \"evolution.
3. Similarities in genes and proteins among genetically different organisms also support for the
existence of common ancestry.
4. Natural selection/Industrial melanism: The dominance of dark coloured moths in industrial
areas compared to the white forms is an example of industrial melanism. This type of selection
resulted in the dark coloured moths from becoming a prey of birds compared to the paler ones as
the darker forms camouflage in the dark coloured soots. Another example of natural selection is
antibiotic resistance in bacteria. The resistant bacteria can be isolated by plating the organisms in
a LB agar plate containing the corresponding antibiotic.
5. Adaptive radiation: Darwin\'s finches in Galapagos island is an example of adaptive radiation.
It was found that the different species of finches (with different beak structure) arose from an
initial seed eating finch, enabling them to become vegetarian and insectivorous finches.
Solution
Scientific evidences I would give in support of evolution:
1. Paleontological evidence: Fossils are those remains of plants and animals that could not be
degraded. Some of them bear resemblances to present day animals and serve as connecting links,
eg. Duck billed platypus is connecting link between reptiles and mammals. Some of them
represent extinct organisms, eg. dinosaurs. Cross sections of the earth\'s crust from where the
fossils have been isolated determines the geological time scale during which the organism
existed.
2. Comparative anatomy/physiology: Homologous organs of animals such as forelimb bones of
humans, tigers, whales and bats share similar type of arrangement and indicates common
ancestry. Such type of evolution is called \"divergent\". Analogous organs are opposite to
homologous organs, such as wings of butterfly and birds. Although they perform the same
function, they are not anatomically similar. Thus, these are results of \"convergent \"evolution.
3. Similarities in genes and proteins among genetically different o.
Taxonomy
The document discusses the classification of living organisms through taxonomy. Taxonomy aims to group organisms according to their evolutionary relationships based on phenotypic and genotypic characteristics. The basic unit of taxonomy is the species, which taxonomists classify into a hierarchical system of taxa using characteristic features. Homologous structures provide evidence of common ancestry, while analogous structures evolved independently but serve similar functions.
organic evolution evidences
This document provides evidence for organic evolution from several sources:
1) Fossil records from sedimentary rocks show connecting links between different species over time.
2) Homologous and analogous organs between different species indicate common ancestry.
3) Embryological studies show that animals of the same class have common early embryonic structures.
4) Connecting links are organisms that exhibit characteristics of two adjacent groups, providing transitional forms.
5) Geographic distribution patterns show that isolated populations of the same ancestral species vary over generations in different climates.
Chapter 6 : The Process of Evolution
1. The document discusses evolution and natural selection, referencing Darwin's voyage on the HMS Beagle. It describes how Darwin was influenced by observing homologous structures in the Galapagos Islands.
2. Darwin later published On the Origin of Species, introducing his theory of evolution by natural selection. He proposed that species evolve over generations through natural selection of inheritable traits that increase survival and reproduction.
3. The document provides examples of natural selection in action, adaptive radiation of honeycreepers in the Galapagos, and the process of speciation leading to new species.
Phylum : Onychophora
The document describes the phylum Onychophora, specifically the genus Peripatus. Peripatus is a small, soft-bodied, bilaterally symmetrical worm-like animal found in tropical regions around the world. It exhibits characteristics of both annelid worms and arthropods, serving as a connecting link between the two groups. Peripatus has a combination of annelid traits like a worm-like body, parapodia, and coelom; and arthropod traits like a chitinous exoskeleton, antennae, and tracheal breathing tubes. It also displays some primitive features not seen in modern annelids or arthropods.
Diversityinlivingorganisms for class 9 by kr
1. This document discusses the classification of plants and animals according to their characteristics and evolutionary relationships.
2. It outlines the classification systems for the plant and animal kingdoms, dividing plants into cryptogams and phanerogams and further subclassifying them, and dividing animals into various phyla based on their features.
3. The classification systems aim to arrange diverse organisms in an orderly manner to facilitate the study of biological diversity.
Evolution Science Grade 10
This document discusses evidence for evolution from fossil records, comparative anatomy, and genetics. It explains two types of evolution: divergent evolution which causes populations to split into new species, and convergent evolution which causes unrelated species to evolve similar traits from adapting to similar environments. Evidence comes from homologous and analogous structures found in fossils and between species, similarities in embryonic development, and identical amino acid sequences between proteins of different species. Early theories of evolution from Jean Baptiste Lamarck and Charles Darwin are also summarized, including Lamarck's theory of acquired characteristics and Darwin's theory of natural selection.
Creation-vision Formulas of evolution!.pdf
The history of life is very ancient, that is, millions of years. During such a long period of time, innumerable species continued to occur. How come there is so much variety in it? Where did it come from? Some of what is produced is destroyed, and some that is (and still is!) Grows from one type of organism to another. The similarities between the two are sometimes significant and some are not. If the speed of some transitions is too slow to breathe The rush to change for just a few days! Some live in a certain area and some are so widespread everywhere! How did this gigantic mountain range of biodiversity come to be? Why produce diversity? When and how fast? What are the pressures in nature for such changes to take place? What is the nature of these pressures? What is their strength? Answers to such questions are not always found in descriptive and categorical systems.
Evolution evidence and theory (2)
The document discusses evidence for evolution from the fossil record, distribution of fossils, and succession of forms over time. It describes Lamarck's theory of acquired traits being passed to offspring and Darwin and Wallace's theory of natural selection. Key evidence includes homologous and vestigial structures, similarities in embryology and macromolecules providing evidence that evolution has occurred and living things share common ancestors. Patterns of evolution include convergent, divergent and coevolution resulting from changing environmental pressures.
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Similar to BIOLOGY FLASH CARDS very very very very very helpful
Evidences of Organic Evolution
The document provides evidence for organic evolution from various areas:
1. Homologous organs show divergent evolution from a common ancestor into different species over time. Analogous organs show convergent evolution of similar functions but different origins.
2. Fossils like Archaeopteryx provide direct evidence as a connecting link between reptiles and birds. A series of horse fossils show evolution of the species over time.
3. Similarities in early embryo development and similarities between species in biochemistry and genetics provide further evidence for evolution from common ancestors.
Evidence of evolution
Charles Darwin developed the theory of evolution by natural selection. He observed that organisms with beneficial traits tend to produce more offspring, causing traits to change over generations. His theory explains how life has evolved from common ancestors over time. The key ideas are that evolution occurs and it proceeds through natural selection. Fossils, comparative anatomy, embryology, vestigial structures, DNA evidence, and biogeography provide strong supporting evidence for evolution through common descent.
Evolution and Changes
Evolution is the process by which organisms acquire adaptations over time. There are several lines of evidence that support the theory of evolution, including:
- Comparative anatomy, which looks at anatomical similarities between species and finds homologous structures that suggest a common ancestor.
- DNA analysis, where closer genetic relationships are found between species that share more similarities in their DNA sequences.
- The fossil record, where fossils in older rock layers tend to resemble more ancient organisms, while fossils in newer layers more closely resemble present-day species.
Evidence of evolution.pptx
The document provides evidence for evolution from comparative anatomy, including:
- Homologous structures like the forelimbs of different vertebrates which have the same embryonic origin and basic structure, implying common ancestry.
- Vestigial structures in organisms like human tails that were likely useful ancestors but no longer function in descendants.
- Convergent evolution where unrelated organisms independently evolve similar adaptations for the same functions, like wings in insects and bats.
- Monotremes showing characteristics intermediate between reptiles and mammals, indicating their descent from reptilian ancestors.
NatSci_ecology
The Galapagos Islands provided evidence for Darwin's theory of evolution by natural selection through the adaptive radiation of finches. A single finch species migrated to the islands and diverged into 13 species as they adapted to different ecological niches and food sources. The beak shapes of the finch species evolved to suit their specific diets, such as seeds, insects, or blood, demonstrating how natural selection can drive speciation.
Diversity in organisms
The document summarizes key concepts around classification of living organisms. It discusses how organisms are classified into taxonomic groups like domain, kingdom, phylum etc. based on their similarities. For humans, the taxonomic classification includes Eukarya, Animalia, Chordata, Mammalia, Primates, Hominidae, Homo and H. sapiens. It also provides classifications for major kingdoms like Plantae, Animalia and describes characteristics of key phyla under these kingdoms including porifera, coelenterata, platyhelminthes, nematoda, annelida and arthropoda.
Prehensile Tail Research Paper
This document summarizes a research paper on prehensile tails. It discusses how prehensile tails are an adaptation that helps creatures thrive by allowing them to grasp objects. While many monkeys share a common ancestor and have prehensile tails, the structure of tails differs between reptiles and fish who also possess them, suggesting they evolved separately. Prehensile tails are an example of an analogous adaptation rather than a homologous one.
BIOLOGY 2.ppt
This document provides evidence from four areas that support the theory of evolution:
1) Fossils show that organisms have changed over time, become extinct, and that life has developed from simple to complex forms.
2) Comparative anatomy reveals homologous, analogous, and vestigial structures that indicate common descent.
3) Embryological development patterns share similarities across species, suggesting shared ancestry.
4) Biochemical similarities in proteins, RNA and DNA provide further evidence that more closely related species share a more recent common ancestor.
Evidence_of_Evolution-observe.ppt
This document provides evidence from four areas that support the theory of evolution:
1) Fossils show that organisms have changed over time, become extinct, and that life has developed from simple to complex forms starting in the water.
2) Comparative anatomy reveals homologous and vestigial structures indicating common descent among species.
3) Embryological patterns indicate a shared ancestry as different species pass through similar early developmental stages.
4) Biochemical similarities, such as a universal genetic code, further support the idea that organisms share a common ancestor the more closely related they are.
Owl Pellet Dissection Lesson Plan
Owl pellet is used for educational purposes. When you dissect the pellet, you will find skeletons of mice, voles, birds and more. This is not just fascinating but also helps the kids to gain knowledge about the bird’s eating habits.
Wouldn’t you want to introduce your kids/students to something that would help them learn about the nature of the food chain and ecosystem?
Reference: https://www.educationalscience.com/owl-pellets-kits
Unit b - section 1.2 structure and function
The document discusses how living things need to perform certain functions like breathing in order to survive. It explains that plants and animals have developed different structures and ways of breathing, such as lungs, holes in abdomens, and gills. The document also discusses Darwin's famous study of finches on the Galapagos Islands where he observed how their beak structures evolved to suit their environments and food sources.
Scientific evidences I would give in support of evolution1. Paleo.pdf
Scientific evidences I would give in support of evolution:
1. Paleontological evidence: Fossils are those remains of plants and animals that could not be
degraded. Some of them bear resemblances to present day animals and serve as connecting links,
eg. Duck billed platypus is connecting link between reptiles and mammals. Some of them
represent extinct organisms, eg. dinosaurs. Cross sections of the earth\'s crust from where the
fossils have been isolated determines the geological time scale during which the organism
existed.
2. Comparative anatomy/physiology: Homologous organs of animals such as forelimb bones of
humans, tigers, whales and bats share similar type of arrangement and indicates common
ancestry. Such type of evolution is called \"divergent\". Analogous organs are opposite to
homologous organs, such as wings of butterfly and birds. Although they perform the same
function, they are not anatomically similar. Thus, these are results of \"convergent \"evolution.
3. Similarities in genes and proteins among genetically different organisms also support for the
existence of common ancestry.
4. Natural selection/Industrial melanism: The dominance of dark coloured moths in industrial
areas compared to the white forms is an example of industrial melanism. This type of selection
resulted in the dark coloured moths from becoming a prey of birds compared to the paler ones as
the darker forms camouflage in the dark coloured soots. Another example of natural selection is
antibiotic resistance in bacteria. The resistant bacteria can be isolated by plating the organisms in
a LB agar plate containing the corresponding antibiotic.
5. Adaptive radiation: Darwin\'s finches in Galapagos island is an example of adaptive radiation.
It was found that the different species of finches (with different beak structure) arose from an
initial seed eating finch, enabling them to become vegetarian and insectivorous finches.
Solution
Scientific evidences I would give in support of evolution:
1. Paleontological evidence: Fossils are those remains of plants and animals that could not be
degraded. Some of them bear resemblances to present day animals and serve as connecting links,
eg. Duck billed platypus is connecting link between reptiles and mammals. Some of them
represent extinct organisms, eg. dinosaurs. Cross sections of the earth\'s crust from where the
fossils have been isolated determines the geological time scale during which the organism
existed.
2. Comparative anatomy/physiology: Homologous organs of animals such as forelimb bones of
humans, tigers, whales and bats share similar type of arrangement and indicates common
ancestry. Such type of evolution is called \"divergent\". Analogous organs are opposite to
homologous organs, such as wings of butterfly and birds. Although they perform the same
function, they are not anatomically similar. Thus, these are results of \"convergent \"evolution.
3. Similarities in genes and proteins among genetically different o.
Taxonomy
The document discusses the classification of living organisms through taxonomy. Taxonomy aims to group organisms according to their evolutionary relationships based on phenotypic and genotypic characteristics. The basic unit of taxonomy is the species, which taxonomists classify into a hierarchical system of taxa using characteristic features. Homologous structures provide evidence of common ancestry, while analogous structures evolved independently but serve similar functions.
organic evolution evidences
This document provides evidence for organic evolution from several sources:
1) Fossil records from sedimentary rocks show connecting links between different species over time.
2) Homologous and analogous organs between different species indicate common ancestry.
3) Embryological studies show that animals of the same class have common early embryonic structures.
4) Connecting links are organisms that exhibit characteristics of two adjacent groups, providing transitional forms.
5) Geographic distribution patterns show that isolated populations of the same ancestral species vary over generations in different climates.
Chapter 6 : The Process of Evolution
1. The document discusses evolution and natural selection, referencing Darwin's voyage on the HMS Beagle. It describes how Darwin was influenced by observing homologous structures in the Galapagos Islands.
2. Darwin later published On the Origin of Species, introducing his theory of evolution by natural selection. He proposed that species evolve over generations through natural selection of inheritable traits that increase survival and reproduction.
3. The document provides examples of natural selection in action, adaptive radiation of honeycreepers in the Galapagos, and the process of speciation leading to new species.
Phylum : Onychophora
The document describes the phylum Onychophora, specifically the genus Peripatus. Peripatus is a small, soft-bodied, bilaterally symmetrical worm-like animal found in tropical regions around the world. It exhibits characteristics of both annelid worms and arthropods, serving as a connecting link between the two groups. Peripatus has a combination of annelid traits like a worm-like body, parapodia, and coelom; and arthropod traits like a chitinous exoskeleton, antennae, and tracheal breathing tubes. It also displays some primitive features not seen in modern annelids or arthropods.
Diversityinlivingorganisms for class 9 by kr
1. This document discusses the classification of plants and animals according to their characteristics and evolutionary relationships.
2. It outlines the classification systems for the plant and animal kingdoms, dividing plants into cryptogams and phanerogams and further subclassifying them, and dividing animals into various phyla based on their features.
3. The classification systems aim to arrange diverse organisms in an orderly manner to facilitate the study of biological diversity.
Evolution Science Grade 10
This document discusses evidence for evolution from fossil records, comparative anatomy, and genetics. It explains two types of evolution: divergent evolution which causes populations to split into new species, and convergent evolution which causes unrelated species to evolve similar traits from adapting to similar environments. Evidence comes from homologous and analogous structures found in fossils and between species, similarities in embryonic development, and identical amino acid sequences between proteins of different species. Early theories of evolution from Jean Baptiste Lamarck and Charles Darwin are also summarized, including Lamarck's theory of acquired characteristics and Darwin's theory of natural selection.
Creation-vision Formulas of evolution!.pdf
The history of life is very ancient, that is, millions of years. During such a long period of time, innumerable species continued to occur. How come there is so much variety in it? Where did it come from? Some of what is produced is destroyed, and some that is (and still is!) Grows from one type of organism to another. The similarities between the two are sometimes significant and some are not. If the speed of some transitions is too slow to breathe The rush to change for just a few days! Some live in a certain area and some are so widespread everywhere! How did this gigantic mountain range of biodiversity come to be? Why produce diversity? When and how fast? What are the pressures in nature for such changes to take place? What is the nature of these pressures? What is their strength? Answers to such questions are not always found in descriptive and categorical systems.
Evolution evidence and theory (2)
The document discusses evidence for evolution from the fossil record, distribution of fossils, and succession of forms over time. It describes Lamarck's theory of acquired traits being passed to offspring and Darwin and Wallace's theory of natural selection. Key evidence includes homologous and vestigial structures, similarities in embryology and macromolecules providing evidence that evolution has occurred and living things share common ancestors. Patterns of evolution include convergent, divergent and coevolution resulting from changing environmental pressures.
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BIOLOGY FLASH CARDS very very very very very helpful
- 1. DAV PUBLIC SCHOOL Flashcard On Homologous And Analogous Organs By Mrs. Nibedita Pati PGT, Biology DAV Public School, Chandrasekharpur Nrusingh Charan Samal Roll No. Ayus Anupam Roll No. Anshuman Parida Roll No. Bipul Nayak Roll No.
- 2. Thorn V/S Tendril Both the thorn and tendrils are modifications of axillary bud. They have common origin but are modified to different structures on modifications with different functions. Thus they are homologous.
- 3. Homology In Forelimb Structure The limbs of many organisms like human, whale and bat have same structural components. The shapes of bone is different and function is also different. Due to structural similarity and functional difference, they are homologous.
- 4. Analogy in Wing The wings of bats and butterfly are different in structure. They are important for flying. Due to different structure but same function, they are analogous
- 5. ANALOGOUS ORGANS Potato and sweet potato have different origins but they have the same functions. They both are used for storage of food materials (starch) Potato is originated from stem but sweet potato originated from roots.
- 6. ANALOGOUS ORGANS The eyes of Octopus and Humans shows analogy between them. The basic structure of eye and their origins are different. Their function is same which is to see
- 7. HOMOLOGOUS ORGANS • The mouthparts of insects like butterfly, honeybees show homology • The basic structure of the mouth is very similar and have a common origin but perform different functions • The mouth of butterfly is used for sucking whereas the mouth of bee is used for
- 8. Homologous Organs Not all homologies are obvious For example, the chomping front teeth of a beaver look quite different than the tusks of an elephant The beaver uses its teeth for chewing through tree trunks, and the elephant uses its tusks for a number of tasks including digging, peeling bark from trees, and fighting Each is a modification of the basic incisor tooth structure Over time, evolution adapted each of these animals' incisors to perform different functions. They are homologous structures, inherited from a common ancestor with incisor teeth
- 9. Homologous Organs Potato and runners of grass are structurally similar as they both are stem. Potato is used for the storage of starch. But runners of grass are used for vegetative propagation.
- 10. Analogous Organs Penguins and Dolphins are evolved from different origins therefore they are an example of Convergent Evolution. Dolphins are evolved from the mammals that walk of the land while penguins are evolved from the birds that fly. But both these organisms emerged a common structure called flippers to swim underwater. The function of the flippers are similar and hence these are an example of Analogous Organs
- 11. Analogous Organs Both these plants have different morphology and anatomy but both have photosynthetic stems and their leaves are also modified into spines. As both are succulent plants, their spines are used to reduce the extra loss of water in arid climate or soil conditions
- 12. Analogous Organs Both these plants have thorns for protection but the thorns of Firethorn have modified stem while the thorn of Barberry is modified leaves. Therefore these are also an example of the Analogous Organs.