2023/04/24 清華大學台研教專班

1. 數位 X ⺠族誌
李梅君
中研院⺠族所
助研究員
清華⼤學台研教專班
2023/04/24
SLIDES CC-BY 4.0 MEICHUN LEE

2. I. 「進⼊」⽥野
II. 數位⺠族誌：議題與趨勢
III. 數位⺠族誌：迷思與現實
IV. 數位⺠族誌：⽅法與倫理
OUTLINE

3. I. 「進⼊」⽥野
II. 數位⺠族誌：議題與趨勢
III. 數位⺠族誌：迷思與現實
IV. 數位⺠族誌：⽅法與倫理
OUTLINE

4. ⼀切開始在2014....

5. hacker me

6. 進⼊⽥野

7. 這個故事告訴我...
⾏動
開放
協作
授權條款
⾏動者即是參與者
去中⼼化⼯具
不會寫程式也沒關係
“不要問為什麼沒有⼈做這個，
先承認你就是「沒有⼈」”
多重時空的參與

8. 零時政府
將 gov 以「零」替代成為 g0v，從零重新思考政府的⻆
⾊，也代表數位原⽣世代從 0 與 1 世界的視野。

9. (參與者)
(專案) (⿊客松)
By Ipa
Hacking Government Hacking Governance
以開源⼯具來開放公共資料，
進⼀步開放政府
以多中⼼、開放協作的⽅式串連
開放原始碼 > 開放資料 > 開放政府
from g0v website

10. 謠⾔地景
早安圖
開放政府
參與事實查核
媒體識讀課程
街頭活動
收集早安圖
參與社區⼤學電腦課
開放國會民間委員
開放政府活動
零時政府
⿊客松
開源活動
公民科技專案

11. I. 「進⼊」⽥野
II. 數位⺠族誌：議題與趨勢
III. 數位⺠族誌：迷思與現實
IV. 數位⺠族誌：⽅法與倫理
OUTLINE

12. ⺠族誌
12
as a genre, method, and theory
participant observation
the process of becoming, and from the “native” point of view
re
fl
exivity
single site > multi-sited
problem-oriented yet open-ended process

13. 當⽥野無處不數位...
林瑋嬪編，2018，《媒介宗教》。

14. 數位⺠族誌？
網路⺠族誌？
社群媒體⺠族誌？
虛擬世界⺠族誌？

15. 數位⺠族誌？
網路⺠族誌？
社群媒體⺠族誌？
虛擬世界⺠族誌？

16. 16
Digital Ethnography sets out a particular type of digital
ethnography practice that takes as its starting point the
idea that digital media and technologies are part of the
everyday and more spectacular worlds that people
inhabit. It follows what media scholars have called a non-
media-centric approach to media studies by taking a non-
digital-centric approach to the digital. It also
acknowledges the intangible as a part of digital
ethnography research, precisely because it invites us to
consider the question of the ‘digital intangible’ and the
relationship between digital, sensory, atmospheric and
material elements of our worlds.
Pink et al. 2016.
Digital Ethnography.

17. Multiplicity: There is more than one way to engage with the digital
Non-digital-centric-ness: The digital is de-centred in digital ethnography
Openness: Digital ethnography is an open event
Re
fl
exivity: Digital ethnography involves re
fl
exive practice
Unorthodox: Digital ethnography requires attention to alternative forms of
communicating
數位⺠族誌的原則
Pink et al. 2016. Digital Ethnography.

18. I.VIRTUAL WORLDS
II.SOCIAL MEDIA
III.SOCIAL GROUPS
IV. POLITICAL
ECONOMY
V. UBIQUITOUS
DIGITAL
VI.POSTHUMAN
OUT THERE
EMBEDDED,
EMBODIED,
EVERYDAY DIGITAL
ONLINE<>OFFLINE

19. Tom Boellstorff, 2008,
Coming of Age in Second Life.
Nardi, Bonnie. 2010. My Life
as a Night Elf Priest.
VIRTUAL
WORLDS
SOCIAL
MEDIA
SOCIAL
GROUPS
POLITICAL
ECONOMY
UBIQUITOUS
DIGITAL
POSTHUMAN

20. Tom Boellstroff, 2008,
Coming of Age in Second Life.
主題：虛擬世界有⽂化嗎？
探討虛實的社會性 virtual world, actual life：
- 本來就是 virtual beings: 語⾔、宗教等等都有其虛擬性。
- 虛擬世界與現實⼈⽣並⾮⼆分，它有⾃成⼀格的⽂化，但
也與現實相互影響交錯。
⽅法：參與觀察、訪談
章節編排致敬經典⺠族誌；抵達-歷史與理論-空間時間-⼈
觀-親密關係與社群(虛擬親屬)-政治經濟

21. Miller, Daniel. 2011. Tales
from facebook.
Gershon, Ilana. 2010.
The Breakup 2.0.
VIRTUAL
WORLDS
SOCIAL
MEDIA
SOCIAL
GROUPS
POLITICAL
ECONOMY
UBIQUITOUS
DIGITAL
POSTHUMAN

22. Gershon, Ilana. 2010.
The Breakup 2.0.
主題：透過”mediated breakup”的經驗，探索美國⻘年
對數位的想像及使⽤。
- 網路不只對來新的連結 (connection) 的⽅式，也帶來斷
裂 (disconnection) 的新形式。
- “media ideologies”, e.g. 調情可以傳訊息，但分⼿不能;
- 不同科技的架構如何影響社會互動及敘事的模式
⽅法：訪談(67位⼤學學⽣；5位30-50歲；18M54F)

23. Kelty, Christopher M.
2008. Two bits: The
cultural significance of
free software.
Coleman, Gabriella.
2014. Hacker, hoaxer,
whistleblower, spy.
VIRTUAL
WORLDS
SOCIAL
MEDIA
SOCIAL
GROUPS
POLITICAL
ECONOMY
UBIQUITOUS
DIGITAL
POSTHUMAN
Boyer, Dominic. 2013. The
life informatic: Newsmaking
in the digital era.

24. Coleman, Gabriella.
2014. Hacker, hoaxer,
whistleblower, spy.
主題：匿名者究竟只是⼀群網路⼩⽩？還是有原則的異議
份⼦？
- the culture and politics of Lulz: corruption of LOL
- weapon of geek vs weapon of weak
⽅法：線上+線下參與觀察、訪談 (合法的範圍內)

25. Aneesh, Aneesh.
2006. Virtual
Migration.
Juris, Jeffrey S. 2008.
Networking Futures.
VIRTUAL
WORLDS
SOCIAL
MEDIA
SOCIAL
GROUPS
POLITICAL
ECONOMY
UBIQUITOUS
DIGITAL
POSTHUMAN
Irani, Lilly. 2019. Chasing
Innovation.

26. VIRTUAL
WORLDS
SOCIAL
MEDIA
SOCIAL
GROUPS
POLITICAL
ECONOMY
UBIQUITOUS
DIGITAL
POSTHUMAN
Gray, Mary L., and Siddharth
Suri. 2019. Ghost Work.
Lukács, Gabriella. 2020.
Invisibility by Design.

27. Gray, Mary L., and Siddharth
Suri. 2019. Ghost Work.
主題：透過數位平台群眾外包的按需式零⼯(aka.幽靈勞⼯)
- ⾃動化、⼈⼯智慧的發展取消了某些全職勞⼒，卻創造出更
多零⼯的需求
- 按需式勞⼒平台透過API中介看似消去僱傭成本，實則透過
演算法的殘酷將成本轉嫁在勞⼯身上。
- 勞⼯們如何透過建⽴社群來彼此扶持
在Microsoft Research底下，由⼈類學家+電腦科學家領導
的團隊研究四個外包平台、以及身處美國及印度的零⼯
⽅法：200+ 訪談, 10000+ 問卷, 數⼗個⾏為實驗、網絡分
析、平台分析

28. VIRTUAL
WORLDS
SOCIAL
MEDIA
SOCIAL
GROUPS
POLITICAL
ECONOMY
UBIQUITOUS
DIGITAL
POSTHUMAN
Horst, Heather A., and Daniel
Miller. 2020.The Cell Phone.
Pink, Sarah. 2012.
Situating Everyday life.

29. Pink, Sarah. 2012.
Situating Everyday life.
主題：⽇常⽣活的實踐與慢活⾏動主義，
- the sensory, embodied, mobile and mediated elements
of practice and place.
- 與參與者”協作”地反思家的物質與感官，並探索未來的可
能性
⽅法：訪談、錄影紀錄、導覽錄影、線上材料收集
“mobile methodologies”: video in the (re)enactment
of practices and in place-making walking tours

30. Suchman, Lucy, 2007.
Human-Machine
Reconfigurations.
VIRTUAL
WORLDS
SOCIAL
MEDIA
SOCIAL
GROUPS
POLITICAL
ECONOMY
UBIQUITOUS
DIGITAL
POSTHUMAN
Whitehead, Neil L., and
Michael Wesch, eds. 2012.
Human no more.

31. I. 「進⼊」⽥野
II. 數位⺠族誌：議題與趨勢
III. 數位⺠族誌：迷思與現實
IV. 數位⺠族誌：⽅法與倫理
OUTLINE

32. 數位⺠族誌的迷思
De Seta, Gabriele. 2020. “Three Lies of Digital Ethnography.” Anthro{dendum}.
networked
fi
eld-weaver the eager participant-lurker the expert fabricator

33. 多重時空

34. 參與 g0v ⼤⼩松
亂⼊各個 task force meetups
開放⽂化基⾦會(OCF)⼯作
參與揪松團每週聚會@OCF
開源社群/開放政府相關活動
跟 g0ver 出國拜訪
訪談
每天上 slack、臉書、HackMD
遠端進⾏協作
從共筆與紀錄中爬梳過去
碎形⽥野
2014, 2015 summer @Taipei
2016/7~2017/12 @Taipei
2018, 2020 @Taipei for 1 mo
+ online all the time
蔡晏霖、趙恩潔，2019，《辶反⽥野》

35. 數位⺠族誌的身體與感官
五感和四度空間
⼈際/⼈機互動
虛實身體
以身為度
“⽥野裡的身體，不是單純的、沒有情感的物件儀器，⽽是⼀種已經「內建」⾃身⽣
命經驗、⽂化規訓與具備⽂化主體性的量測⼯具。”
洪伯⾢編，2021，《⽥野敲敲⾨》

36. 1. Seek entry points rather than sites.
2. Consider multiple types of networks.
3. Follow, but also intercept.
4. Attend to what is indexed in interviews.
5. Incorporate uninhabitable spaces
6. Know when and where to stop.
數位⽥野作為網絡
Burrell, Jenna. 2009. “The Field Site as a Network: A strategy for locating ethnographic
research." Field Methods 21(2): 181-199.
fi
eld site as a network composed of
fi
xed and moving points including
spaces, people, and objects.

37. 修補⺠族誌
37
By patchwork ethnography, we refer to ethnographic processes and protocols
designed around short-term
fi
eld visits, using fragmentary yet rigorous data,
and other innovations that resist the
fi
xity, holism, and certainty demanded in
the publication process. Patchwork ethnography refers not to one-time, short,
instrumental trips and relationships à la consultants, but rather, to research
efforts that maintain the long-term commitments, language pro
fi
ciency,
contextual knowledge, and slow thinking that characterizes so-called
traditional
fi
eldwork, while fully attending to how changing living and working
conditions are profoundly and irrevocably changing knowledge production.
Günel, Gökçe, Saiba Varma, and Chika Watanabe. 2020. "A Manifesto for Patchwork
Ethnography." Cultural Anthropology, Fieldsights.

38. ⽥野研究的後台
38
作為⼀個⼈類學者，你總是前往他處……失落，哀悼，對記憶的，希望
進⼊你周圍的世界卻不知所措，害怕太過冷靜、煩亂或粗糙地觀察，怯
懦的憤怒，永遠遲來的洞⾒（如同輕蔑的後⾒之明），覺得寫下什麼都
毫無⽤處卻⼜熱切地想寫點什麼，上述這些都是⼀路上的停頓處。
Ruth Behar, 2010, 《傷⼼⼈類學》

39. I. 「進⼊」⽥野
II. 數位⺠族誌：議題與趨勢
III. 我的⽥野反思
IV. 數位⺠族誌：⽅法與倫理
OUTLINE

40. 參與觀察
訪談與閒聊 (實體、線上、同時、不同時)
焦點團體座談
問卷
記錄與補捉 (對話、螢幕截圖、連結、po⽂、
影⾳etc.)
錄⾳、Go Pro
and more…
資料收集的⽅式
by Ingrid Ramón Parra, PhD, https://medium.com/
@ingridcarolinaramnparra/whats-in-a-field-researcher-s-
bag-982938c26987

41. “照顧”資料

42. 42
1. Do No Harm
2. Be Open and Honest Regarding Your Work
3. Obtain Informed Consent and Necessary Permissions
4. Weigh Competing Ethical Obligations Due Collaborators and Affected
Parties
5. Make Your Results Accessible
6. Protect and Preserve Your Records
7. Maintain Respectful and Ethical Professional Relationships
⺠族誌倫理
AAA Statement on Ethics

43. 43
the principle of CARE
power asymmetry btw researchers and their subjects
things to consider
do ppl know your existence?
open or close environment?
what to collect: privacy, consent, and copyrights
anonymity? and to what degree?
dynamics btw online and of
fl
ine
數位⺠族誌倫理
Boellstorff, Tom, et al. 2012. Ethnography and Virtual Worlds.

44. 誰代表了誰？
⼀個⼩故事...

45. 數位⺠族誌作為轉譯與協作
45
…to translate is always to betray…
(Viveiros de Castro, 2004)

46. ⽥野⼯作必然在每⼀個環節與層次都涉及了⽥野⼯作者與⽥野對象之間的⼼
念交錯、⾔詞互動、聲⾊相聞 ，與肢體應對。在這個⼈我彼此「勾引」⽽斷
續交織的過程中，「他者」無論如何不會只是讓我們獲取書寫材料的「⼯
具」，⽽是⽥野⼯作者必須謙卑討教、努⼒建⽴互信、嘗試認真理解與對待
的「⽬的」本身。「⽥野即⽬的」的背後，是「迎向她/他者、認納他/她者」
的價值選擇與⽣命倫理實作。
⽥野即⽬的
蔡晏霖、趙恩潔，2019，《辶反⽥野》

47. Sarah Pink on “Doing Ethnography Remotely”
Daniel Miller on “How to Conduct an
Ethnography during Social Isolation”
video and ethnographic sensory /
ethnography as collaboration /
combined method / working with
transnational teams
C-19 closes a door but opens another /
method is something you learned not
applied / volunteer / digital materials /
ethics

48. 48
THANK YOU
questions & comments are much appreciated
mclee@gate.sinica.edu.tw