12th International Arab Congress of Plant Protection, 5 – 9 November, 2017, Cairo - Egypt

1. By
Atef A. Shahin
Senior Researcher,
Plant Pathology Research Institute,
ARC, Egypt
Effective genes for resistance to wheat yellow rust and virulence
of Puccinia striiformis f. sp. tritici in Egypt
12th International Arab Congress of Plant Protection, 5 – 9 November, 2017, Cairo - Egypt
20 March 2015: CAUTION- Increasing risk of stripe (yellow) rust outbreaks North
Africa to South Asia*
*http://rusttracker.cimmyt.org/?page_id=9
1

2. The objective of the study was to evaluate
reaction of the differential set, isogenic line and
Egyptian genotypes to identify the virulence patterns
of yellow rust pathogen populations and determine
the effectiveness of resistance genes since 2013-
2017.
Objective
2

3. The UN Food and Agriculture Organization (FAO)
estimates that 31 countries in East and North Africa,
the Near East, Central and South Asia, accounting
for more than 37 percent of global wheat
production area and 30% of production, are at risk
of wheat rust diseases including the Ug99 race of
stem rust and Yr27 strain of yellow rust.
World’s wheat basket threatened
3

4. Country /Year Crop losses Millions $
USA 2000-07
2010
6.5 million tones
2.2 millions tones $US 30 Washington State
Australia 2003-2006 AU$ 30-90
China 1950
64, 90,02
14.4 million tones
More than 20 million
Turkey 1992
1996
2000
2009-10
26.5% (Gereck > 1 m ha)
1.2 million tones
3% Gerek 79
568
53
10
Iran 1992-94
2007 and 09
2010
2.5 milliom tones
2 million ha
650.000 ha spray
258
?
?
Syria 2010 Cham 8 (80% yield loss) 80% of Area
Ethiopia 2010 $US 3.2 in fungicide application in Ethiopia
During the last decades, several yellow rust epidemics in most of the
wheat-growing areas
The last dramatic epidemic took place in 1997 in which stripe rust and national average loss in grain
yield ranged from 14 % - 20 % in Delta region (El-Daoudi et al., 1998).
4

5. Monitoring of Pathogenic Variation
 Trap nurseries
 Resistance genes
 Common cultivar
 Some cultivars which have important genes
 Pathotype/race analyses under controlled greenhouse
condition on differential sets
5

6. Typical stripe rust symptoms on the seedling and adult-plant leaves
6

7. Bila
Elhamoul
Elborollos
ElriyadSidi Salim
Qilin
Desouq
Metoubas
Fowa
The studied area is located in North Delta
region, Kafrelsheikh (30.601400° North and
31.510383° East) at Sakha station, northern
Egypt. Climatic condition of the studied area is
typically arid Mediterranean climate.
 Regular field surveys were annually
conducted across wheat growing area in Egypt,
especially in area considered source the
inoculum i.e. Northern governorate of Egypt i.e.
Kafrelsheikh.
Studied area
Map of Kafrelsheikh governorate showing the
location of planted trap nursery
7

8.  One infected fields in Kafrelsheikh
governorate , registration data and
collection of samples infected.
Annual survey (Commercial fields
and Egyptian Wheat Trap Rust
Nursery).
 Data of collection location,
cultivar, severity, collector and any
other relevant information were
recorded for each sample.
Field surveys and isolate collections
8

9. Rust surveillance and Race Analysis (Yr, Sr, Lr): procedure
Rust sampling Seedling inoculation
Incubation chamber Post inoculation
Yr- Seedling infection typesStem rust race typingLarge scale spore multiplication
Spore collection Yellow rust adult-plant resistance screeningField Inoculation
Yr27 race
Yr27 Yr1
Warrior race
Yr27 Yr1
Kumarse Nazari, 2017. Regional Cereal Rust Research Center, (ICARDA)
9

10.  Method of :
Collecting samples , Inoculation , Inocubation , isolation , Reproduction and Identification
 The main objective of race identification :
• To determine the presence and prevalence of the various races under the different
environment conditions.
• The effects of the identified races and isolates on the adult plants under the prevailing
environmental conditions.
• To determine the gene conditioning resistance to stem , leaf and stripe rusts virulences
for using in the wheat breeding programme.
•….. etc.
Physiologic Races of Wheat Stripe Rusts
10

11. Old Race
New Race
Yr27 pt.
Old Race New Race
Genotypes
Resistance
genes
Scores
0-9 scale
Scores
0-9 scale Scores Scores
Chinese 166 Yr1 0 0 0 5S
Lee Yr7, + 7 7 50S 30S
Heines Kolben Yr 6,(Yr2) 7 7 20S 10MS
Vilmorin 23 Yr 3+ 1 1 ? R
Moro Yr 10 1 1 10R R
Strubes Dickkopf Yr Sd, Yr25 7 7 T-10MR 5R
Suwon 92*Omar Yr SU 2 7 0 30S
Clement (W-Kışlık) Yr9+, Cle 3 3 5MR 5MR
Triticum spelta
album
Yr5
0 0 0 R
Hybrid 46 Yr4+ 1 1 0 R
Reichersberg 42 (W;Yr7+?) 6 6 0 R
Heines Peko Yr6,Yr2,Yr25,+ 7 6 5R 20MR
Nord Desprez 3N 1 2 5MR R
Compair Yr8, + 7 7 0 R
Carstens V Yr32, Yr25, +
0 1 0 5R
Spaldings Prolific SP 0 0 0 R
Heines VII Yr2,Yr25+ 7 7 5R 5R
Yr17 /6*Avocet S Yr17 5 ? MR 5S
Ciano Yr27 5 8 20MS 30S
Opata 85 Yr27,Yr18 5 7 10MR 10MSS
Yr32/6*Avocet S Yr32 0 - 0 30S
 Yr27 virulence was recorded
in Egypt in the 2010 year.
 *New race were recorded in
2013 by GRRC, Denmark in
samples collected.
 Recently, in 2015 was
observed of new races
)virulence on: Yr1, Yr2, Yr6,
Yr7, Yr8, Yr9, Yr17, Yr32, YrSP
and Yr27(.
Yellow rust- new race
Yr27/6*Avocet S Chinese 166 (Yr1)
11

12. SCIENCE AND TECHNOLOGY
AARHUS UNIVERSITY
Report for Puccinia striiformis race analyses 2013, Global Rust Reference Center
(GRRC), Denmark. January 31, 2014.
Race identification by GRRC (Denmark)
GRRC race analyses of Puccinia striiformis in 2012 and 2013
-,-,-,-,-,6,7,-,-,-,-,-,-,-,-,-,AVS,-
-,2,-,-,-,6,7,-,-,-,-,-,-,-,-,-,AVS,-
-,(2),-,-,-,6,7,9,-,-,-,-,25,27,-,-,AVS,-
×
Yr 27 virulent strain of yellow rust has caused significant losses in some countries in
North Africa, Near East and Central and South Asia during the serious epidemics in
2009, 2010 and 2013
12

13. • Stripe (Yellow) rust and Virulence trends;
 Yr9 (1990)
 Yr27 aggressive race since 2010
 Yr32 race 2014
 Warrior race since 2015
Pathogenic variabilities: race analysis
Race Analysis (Yr)
• Yellow : Yr27 race and Warrior (Avirulence/ Virulence formula)
• 2+, 5,10,15 / 1, 2, 3, 4, 6, 7, 8, 9, 17, 25, 27, 32, Sp, Su
Yr1 Yr17 Yr32 Yr27
13

14. 14

15. 15
Field activities for stripe rust

16. Stripe rust responses of differential genotypes in Egypt at adult stage over
three cropping seasons (2013 - 2016) at Sakha Agric. Res. Stn. In Egypt
Cultivar - Gene
Season/Stem rust responses
2013/14 2014/15 2015/16 2016/17
Avocet ‘S’ - 60S 50S 30S 40S
Avocet ‘R’ YrA 60S 50S 20S 30S
Yr1/6* Avocet S Yr1 0 5MR 5MR 0
Yr 5/6* Avocet S Yr5 0 0 0 0
Yr 6/6* Avocet S Yr6 60S 60S 40S 60S
Yr 7/6* Avocet S Yr7 50S 50S 30S 50S
Yr 8/6* Avocet S Yr8 50S 20MS 40MRMS 10MSS
Yr 9/6* Avocet S Yr9 20S 80S 30S 50S
Yr10/6* Avocet S Yr10 TR 0 0 0
Yr15/6* Avocet S Yr15 0 0 0 0
Yr17/6* Avocet S Yr17 5MR 10S 0 10MS
Yr18/6* Avocet S Yr18 20MS 20MS 5MS 5MSS
Yr27/6* Avocet S Yr27 5MS 30MSS 20MS 10MSS
Yr32/6* Avocet S Yr32 0 30MSS 5S TMR
YrSP/6* Avocet S YrSP 0 5R 5R 0
Chinese 166 Yr1 0 0 10S 0
Lee Yr7 20S 20S 10S 20S
Heine’s Kolben Yr6+1 20S 10MS 10MRMS 10MSS
Vilmorin 23 Yr3a, 4a +? 0 10MR 0 5R
Moro Yr10 0 0 0 0
Strubes Dickopf YrSD 0 5R 0 TR
Suwon 92/Omar YrSU 5R 0 TS TS
Clement Yr9+Yr2+? 5R 5MR 0 5MR
16

17. Cultivar - Gene
Season/Stem rust responses
2013/14 2014/15 2015/16 2016/17
Hybrid 46 Yr4 0 0 0 0
Reichersberg 42 Yr7+? 0 10MR 0 0
Heine’s Peko Yr6+? 0 0 5MS 5R
Nord Desprez YrND 0 5R 0 0
Compare Yr8 TMR 5MRMS TMR 5MS
Carstens V Yr32 0 10MRMS 0 TR
Spaldings Prolific YrSP TR 5R TS 5S
Heines VII Yr2+? 0 5R 0 TR
Federation4/Kavkaz Yr9 10MRMS 20MSS 10MRMS 10MS
Anza YrA, Yr18 5MR 5MRMS 5MS 10MS
Kalyansona Yr2 5MR 20MS 10MS 20MSS
Triticum spelta album Yr5 0 5MR 0 0
TP 1295 Yr25 30S 30S 10MSS 20S
Jupateco 'R' Yr18+ 5MRMS 20MS 5MSS 5MS
Fielder Yr6, Yr20 40S 60S 30S 30S
Lemhi Yr21 30S 80S 20S 30S
Lal Bahadur/Pavon 1B L Yr29 5MRMS 5MS 5MS TMS
Opata 85 Yr27,Yr18 10MS 30MRMS 10S 10MSS
Ciano 79 Yr27 20MS 10MSS 20S 20MSS
Yr28 / 6 *Avocet S Yr28 30S 40S 20S 30S
Pavon 76 Yr29, Yr30 TMRMS 5MSS 5MS 10MRMS
Pastor Yr31, APR 10MS 5MSS 5MS 5MS
Morocco - 70S 80S 100S 80S
17

18. Adult plant infection type
ResistantSusceptible
Cultivar
Rust Response
2013 2014 2015 2016
Misr1 R R-MR 5MR MSS
Misr2 R R-MR 10S 20S
Misr3 0 0 0 TR
Giza167 R MS MRMS 5MS
Giza 168 R-MR MRMS 20S 20S
Giza 171 R MRMS 5MS TS
Sakha 61 R R-MR MR 5S
Sakha93 MR 10MS 30S 40S
Sakha94 MR MR TMS 20MSS
Gemmeiza9 MRMS MR 10MS 10MS
Gemmeiza10 MR MR-MS MR-MS 5MS
Gemmeiza11 R-MR MS 10S 30S
Sids1 MR MR MRMS 10S
Sids12 MR 10MSS 30S 50S
Sids13 R MRMS 20S 20S
Shandaweel 1 R MR MS MRMS
Intermediate
Stripe Rust Reaction
18

19. 19
Rust Response
Cultivar
2013 2014 2015
Old pt Yr27 pt New pt
Misr1 R R-MR MS-S
Misr2 R R-MR 20S
Giza167 R MS MR-MS
Giza 168 R-MR MS 20S
Giza 171 R MR-MS 5S
Sakha 61 R R-MR 5S
Sakha93 MR 10MS 30S
Sakha94 MR MR 20MSS
Gemmeiza9 MR-MS MR 20S
Gemmeiza10 MR MR-MS MR-MS
Gemmeiza11 R-MR MS 30S
Sids9 MR R MR-MS
Sids12 MR 10MS-S 30S
Sids13 R MR-MS 20S
Shandaweel 1 R MR MS

20. No. Genotypes FRS
Mean coefficient of
infection
Mean
AUDPC Mean of r AUDPC
1 Misr 1 MR 3.25e 36.25r 1.86t
2 Misr 2 S 5.23s 97.89l 4.55l
3 Misr 3 0 0.00t 0.00s 0.00u
4 Gemmeiza 3 MRMS 10.75k 63.75n 2.96q
5 Gemmeiza 7 MRMS 7.50q 56.00op 2.60r
6 Gemmeiza 9 MSS 9.88m 116.25k 5.40k
7 Gemmeiza 10 MS 8.50n 72.50m 3.37op
8 Gemmeiza 11 S 20.75f 167.50i 7.78i
9 Gemmeiza 12 MS 7.23r 97.50l 4.53m
10 Sids 1 S 18.50i 325.75e 15.14e
11 Sids 12 S 40.50b 815.00b 37.89b
12 Sids 13 S 27.50d 650.00c 30.22c
13 Sakha 8 S 20.00h 268.75g 12.49g
14 Sakha 61 MSS 10.75k 95.75l 4.45n
15 Sakha 69 S 30.00c 637.5d 29.64d
16 Sakha 94 MSS 7.63op 195.25h 9.07h
17 Sakha 95 0 0.00t 0.00s 0.00 u
18 Giza 168 S 20.25g 275.63f 12.81f
19 Giza 171 MSS 10.13l 125.63j 5.84j
20 Shandaweel 1 MRMS 10.80j 50.25q 2.33s
21 Morocco S 97.50a 2150.50a 100.00a
LSD 1% 0.01 0.006 6.957 0.002
5% 0.05 0.007 5.203 0.001
Adult plant infection type and mean comparison for coefficient of infection,
AUDPC and rAUDPC in 20 Egyptian wheat genotypes against stripe rust.
20

21. Average coefficient of infection (CI) of twenty genotypes evaluated under natural
infection of stripe rust at Sakha in 2017 growing season
0
20
40
60
80
100
120Coefficientofinfection(CI)
Wheat genotypes
ACI
21

22. Association between coefficient of infection (CI) and rAUDPC for
assessment of genotypes
Association between slow rusting
parameters: Field assessment of slow
rusting resistance was evaluated through
CI and rAUDPC. CI is the mostly used
parameter for the purpose. During in this
study, an attempt was made to elucidate
the relationship between these
parameters. Positive relation of
coefficient of infection was found with
and rAUDPC with a strong R2 value 96 %
R² = 0.9695
0
20
40
60
80
100
120
0 10 20 30 40 50 60 70 80 90 100 110 120
Coefficientofinfection
rAUDPC
Durable stripe rust resistance in the Egyptian cultivars
The Yr18 gene is also an important determinant of durable resistance in Spring wheat
Amplification products of PCR using Lr34/Yr18 marker (150bp) in some
Egyptian cultivars
Molecular investigation : Identification of
Yr18 in Egyptian wheat germplasm, has
been done by molecular marker using
specific primers.
22

23. Conclusions
Based on this study, genes Yr2+, Yr5, Yr10, Yr15, Yr26, YrSP and
YrCV are still effective in Egypt and can be used in developing
new resistant wheat cultivars. Approaches like gene pyramiding,
gene deployment and multiline cultivars should be considered for
the incorporation of race-specific major resistance genes. Yr18
and Yr29 showed moderate level of resistance. Those gene can
be used for pyramiding with other genes in breeding programs to
produce durable resistant cultivars. The results of this study will
assist in devising a strategy for stripe rust management, using the
well characterized wheat germplasms carrying effective resistance
genes in the breeding programs in Egypt.
23

24. 24
Effective genes for resistance to stripe rust and virulence of Puccinia
striiformis f. sp. tritici in Egypt
By
Atef Shahin
Wheat Diseases Department, Plant Pathology Research Institute, ARC, Egypt
Corresponding author. E-mail: a.a.shahin@hotmail.com.
Tel: 0021226762484, Fax: 002473242292.
ABSTRACT
Stripe rust of wheat (Triticum aestivum L.), caused by Puccinia striiformis f. sp. tritici, is a
serious problem of wheat production in many parts of the world. Virulence patterns of wheat
stripe rust were studied under the field conditions during four growing seasons during 2013 to
2017at Sakha Agriculture Research Station by planting international stripe rust trap nursery of
differentials sets, isogenic lines and Egyptian varieties. The results revealed that stripe rust
resistance genes Yr5, Yr10, and Yr15were resistant, while Yr18showed moderate susceptibility at
all seasons. Genes Yr1, Yr2, Yr6, Yr7, Yr8, Yr9, Yr17, Yr27, Yr32, and Yr18 and Yr29 were
partially effective during study periods and gene combinations Opata (Yr27+Yr18) were found
susceptible during the 2014/2015 growing season. Among the twenty (20) commercial varieties;
Gemmeiza 3, Gemmeiza 7, Sakha 95 and Misr 1 were found resistant. On other hand, Some of
the most important commercial cultivars i.e. Sids 12, Giza 168, Misr 2 and Sakha 61, known as
resistant to the previously characterized races of [Pst] in Egypt have become susceptible. The
genes found effective against stripe rust under natural conditions may be deployed singly or in
combination to develop high yielding resistant wheat varieties in Egypt.
Egypt. Acad. J. Biolog. Sci., 8(2):1-10 (2017). www.eajbs.eg.net
12th International Arab Congress of Plant Protection, 5 – 9 November, 2017, Cairo - Egypt

25. Thanks for your attention
Acknowledgements
ARC, PPRI, ACPP 2017, and
Department of Wheat Diseases Research
Egypt
Thanks to all the people who have contributed to organizing this great event
12th International Arab Congress of Plant Protection, 5 – 9 November, 2017, Cairo - Egypt