This document discusses the concept of self from a psychological perspective. It defines self as the totality of an individual's experiences, ideas, thoughts and feelings about themselves. It explores different aspects of self, including personal identity, social identity, self as subject and object, and kinds of self. It also examines cognitive aspects like self-esteem and self-efficacy, as well as behavioral aspects such as self-regulation. Finally, it discusses the influence of culture on views of self and identities.

1. WHAT IS SELF?
SELF

2. SUB TOPICS
 Concept of Self
Personal and Social Identity
Self as subject and self as object
Kinds of Self
Cognitive and Behavioural aspects of self
Self-Esteem
Self-Efficacy
Self Regulation
Culture and Self

3. LEARNING OBJECTIVES
 To describe the concept of self in psychological terms.
To understand different aspects of self.
To learn importance of self-esteem and self-efficacy.
To learn some ways for self regulation of behaviour.
To understand cultural influences on development of self.

4. PREVIOUS KNOWLEDGE TESTING
 My name is _____________
My hobbies are___________
My favourite colour is ________
My greatest fear is ___________
I m proud of ____________
I live in ______________.
This activity will help students to learn different aspects of self.

5. WHAT IS SELF?
Self is the image or the perception of our abilities and
our uniqueness.
In psychological terms, it refers to the totality of an
individual’s experiences, ideas, thoughts and feelings
with regard to himself or herself.

6. PERSONAL IDENTITY
Personal identity refers to those attributes of a
person that make him/her different from
others.
I am Nisha.
I am hardworking and honest.
I am a singer.
I believe in God or destiny.

7. SOCIAL IDENTITY
Social identity refers to those attributes of a
person that link him/her to any social or
cultural group.
I am an Indian.
I belong to a Hindu family.
I study in BBPS, Ludhiana.

8. SELF AS SUBJECT AND SELF AS
OBJECT
Self as Subject: It can be described as “Knower” as well as something that can be
known.
E.g. I know who I am.
I am good writer.
Self as Object: It can be defined as an entity which gets affected. As an object, self
gets observed and
comes to be known.
E.g. I am one who easily gets hurt.

9. KINDS OF SELF - PERSONAL SELF
Personal self leads to an orientation in which
one feels primarily concerned with oneself.
Initially, it leads to development of ‘biological
self’, when child says, “I am hungry or thirsty”.
As a child grows, psychological and social needs
lead other components of personal self to
emerge and emphasis comes to personal
freedom, personal responsibility, personal

10. KINDS OF SELF - SOCIAL SELF
Social self emerges in relation to others.
Emphasis on aspects of life such as unity,
cooperation, affiliation, sacrifice, support or
sharing. It values family and social
relationships.
 It is also referred as Familial or Relational
Self.

11. Video Link For Self, Self As Subject And Self As
Object And Kinds Of Self
https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=AC-iaPOyXNU

12. COGNITIVE AND BEHAVIOURAL ASPECTS
OF SELF
Cognitive aspect of self: It refers to
how we perceive ourselves and our
ideas, attitudes we hold about our
abilities.
Self-Esteem
Self-Efficacy
Behavioural aspect of self: It refers
to how we can use above
information to regulate and manage
our behaviour.

13. COGNITIVE ASPECTS OF SELF : SELF -
ESTEEM
It is an important aspect of self. As persons we
always make some judgement about our own value
or worth. This value judgement about himself or
herself is called self-esteem.
It starts developing at the age of six to seven year in
four areas:
 Academic Competence
Social competence
Athletic Competence
Physical Appearance
 It has been found that children with high self-
esteem perform better in schools, while children with
low self-esteem found to display anxiety, depression
and anti-social behaviour.

14. COGNITIVE ASPECTS OF SELF :
SELF - EFFICACY
It is another important aspect of self.
Self-efficacy refers to an individual's belief in his or her
capacity to execute behaviours necessary to produce
specific performance attainments (Bandura, 1977).
Self-efficacy reflects confidence in the ability to exert
control over one's own motivation, behaviour, and social
environment.
These cognitive self-evaluations influence all manner of
human experience, including the goals for which people
strive, the amount of energy expended toward goal
achievement, and likelihood of attaining particular levels

15. SOURCES TO DEVELOP SELF-EFFICACY

16. SELF EFFICACY AND BANDURA’S SOCIAL
LEARNING THEORY
 The notion of self-efficacy is based on Bandura’s
social learning theory.
His initial studies showed that children and adults
learn behaviours by observing and imitating others.
But, their self-mastery or achievements also
determine the types of behaviour in which they
engage.
People with high self-efficacy select, influence and
even

17. BEHAVIOURAL ASPECTS OF SELF: SELF-
REGULATION
 Self-regulation refers to our abilities to organise
and monitor our own behaviour, so that we can
change our behaviour according to demands of
external environment.
In order to change one’s behaviour, high ‘will
power’ is required.
It also requires to delay or defer the gratification of
needs and that is called self-control. E.g. in Indian
culture, fasting during roza and vrata are effective
mechanisms for developing self-control.

18. TECHNIQUES TO DEVELOP SELF-CONTROL/SELF-
REGULATION
a) Observation of own behaviour
b) Self-Instruction
c) Self-reinforcement/reward

19. VIDEO LINK FOR COGNITIVE AND
BEHAVIOURAL ASPECTS OF SELF
https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=HsPVEx64eeo

20. CULTURE AND SELF
Western Culture
 There is fixed boundary
between self and others.
Self and group exist as two
separate things.
Because of this western culture
is called “Individualistic Culture.”
Indian Culture
 Boundary between self and
others keeps shifting.
Indians cannot separate self
from group to which they belong.
Because of this Indian culture is
called “Collectivistic Culture”.

21. VIDEO LINK FOR CULTURE AND
SELF
https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=vZe7WD-KII8
Listen this video till 3 minutes, rest we will discuss in next session

22. REVISION
1. ______ refers to those attributes of a person that make him/her different from others.
2. Aspects of a person that link him to social and cultural group are referred to as _________ identity.
3. Value judgment of a person about himself/herself is called _________.
4. A student who believes that he has the ability to excel in sports demonstrates high __________.
A) Self-Regulation B) Self-Efficacy C) Self-Esteem D) Self-Confidence
5. The procedure to monitor and reduce psychological aspects of stress is called __________.
6. Learning to delay or defer psychological needs is called ___________.
7. Nishant is eating food during English class, it is an example of delay of gratification. True/False.
8. List three psychological techniques of self control.
9. Explain the views of self in different cultures.
10.Explain self as object and self as subject along with examples.