Inroducation to pharmacy

Art & Science of compounding
& dispensing drugs
Official books containing authoritative information
about drugs and critical comments about their properties
Many countries have their own Pharmacopoeia
e.g. British Pharmacopoeia (BP), USP, IP etc.
mainly concerned with
 Identification
 Preparation
 Standardization
 Storage
 Compounding
 Dispensing
Of drugs
INTRODUCTION

Types
Official Pharmacy
Extemporaneous
pharmacy
Official books containing authoritative
information
about drugs and critical comments about their properties(Identity,
Purity, Potency) Many countries have their own Pharmacopoeia
e.g. British Pharmacopoeia (BP), USP, IP etc.

source of Drugs & orientation
to the Pharmacology Museum
Ex-1

Objective:- To Identify and recognize the common
sources of drug
Materials Required-
Plant parts,
cello-tape,
ruler,
notebook,
pen etc.

Chenopodium album:-
Botanical name:- Chenopodium album
Common name:-Bathua
Active principle:- Ascaridole
Uses:-
Antibacterial,
Antihelminthic,
Laxatives,
Diuretics,
Tonic
Parts used:- Aerial leaves , flowers

Azadirachta indica
Botanical name:- Azadirachta indica
Common name:- Neem
Active principle:-Nimbin, Nimbinin, Nimbidin,
nimbolide and nimbidic acid
USES:-
-Ring worm
Eczema,
Leprosy &
Scabies
Parts used:- Leaves, Oil

Doob Grass
Botanical name:- Cynodon dactylon
Common name:-Durva grass, doob grass
Active principle:- β-sitosterol,flavanoids,alkaloids
USES:-
Immunomodulatory
and protective
Parts used:- Shoot

Acacia arabica
Botanical name:- Acacia arabica
Common name:-babool , keekar
Active principle:-
catechin, epicatechin ,
galic acid ,
sucrose,catechon 5-gallate
USES:-
Toothache (Bark)
Sore, throat(aerial part)
Part used:- Bark, Aerial part

Catharanthus roseus or rosy periwinkle
Botanical name:-Catharanthus roseus
Common name:-Nayon tara,Vinea rosea
Active principle:-
Vinblastine,
Vincristine
USES:- anti-cancer
Parts use-Flower

SOURCES OF DRUGS
Synthetic/semi-
synthetic sources
e.g.-
Aspirin,Paracetamol
Natural sources
Plants sources. e.g.-Morphine,
Atropine
Animals sources. e.g.-Insulin,Thyroxine
Mineral sources. e.g.-FeS04,MgS04
Microbiological sources. e.g.-Penicillin, Streptomycin
Genetically engineered drugs.e.g.-Hepatitis B vaccine

Natural sources
Plants sources
Alkaloids Glycosides Oils Gums ResinsTannins
Essential oils Fixed oils Mineral oils

Vegetable
sources
Name of plant Drug
Leaves Digitalis purpurea Cardiac glycosides
Eucalyptus Eucalyptus oil
Atropa belladonna Atropine
Flowers Papaver somniferum Morphine
Vinca rosea Vinblastine, Vincristine
Rose Rose water
Fruit Calabar beans Pysostigmine (cholinomimetic agents )
Seeds of nux-vomica Strychnine (CNS-stimulent)
Castor oil seed Castor oil
Roots Ipecacuanha root Emetine (vomiting inducer & has
amoebicidal properties)
Rauwolfia serpentina Reserpine (Hypotensive)
Bark Cinchona bark Quinine & Quinidine(Antimalarial drugs)
Atropa belladona Atropine
Hyoscyamus niger Hyosine
Stem- Chondrodendone tomentosum Tubocurarine(SMR)

Alkaloids
• Alkaloids = Alkali + oid (alkali like substances)
• Very active,Nitrogenous, Heterocyclic bases
derived from plants
• Insoluble in water but soluble in ethar,Alcohol
• Tertiary amine crosses BBB and cause CNS side
effect

• White crystalline in nature
• Produce salt with acids
• Their salts are soluble in water
• There names end with ‘ine’
e.g.-Atropine- Atropa belladona ,
Morphine- Papaverum somniferum
Quinine- cinchona bark

• Belladonna:-
Atropine
Hyoscine
• Cinchona-
Quinine
Quinidine
• Cocaine-
cocaine
Examples

• Opium:-
Morphine
Codeine
Papaverine
Noscapine

Glycosides
• Condensation product of sugars with various
organic hydroxyl compounds
• On hydrolysis glycosides=sugar + Non sugar
• Vary active ether like substances
• Non-sugar part(aglycone/genin) is active part
• Active part modify
penetration,reactivity,persistency

• There name ends with ‘in’
E.g.-
sugar-o-Non sugar = Glycosides
(eg-digoxin- obtain from Digitalis purpurea)
Glucose –o- Non sugar = Glucoside
Amino sugar-o-Non sugar=Aminoglycoside
(e.g.-Streptomycin)

oils
Volatile
/Essential
oil
Fixed oil
Mineral
oil
-:Essential oil/Volatile oil:-
• Have aroma
• Obtain by distillation of various parts plants

• No caloric value
• On prolong stay don’t become rancid
• Use:-
 carminatives (prevent formation of gas)
Astringents in mouth washes
flavoring agents
E.g.-Eucalyptus oil , clove oil,pepperment oil

-:Fixed oil:-
• Non volatile
• Have calorific or food value
• After prolong stay become rancide
• Form soaps with alkali
• Insoluble in water but soluble in ethar,alcohol

• E.g.-castor oil(purgative)
-:Mineral oil:-
• Petroleum products obtain by dry distillation
of woods
• No food value
• Prolonged use become rancid
E.g.- liquid paraffin

Gum
• Colloidal exudates of the plants
• Used as emulsifying or suspending agents
E.g.-gum acacia, agar
-:Tannins:-
• Non-nitrogenous phenolic derivative from plant
sources
• E.g.-tincture benzoin,Benzoin

Animal source
• E.g.- Insulin from pancreas
Vitamin B12 from liver extract
thyroxin from thyroid
Also include different types of vaccines and sera
Microbiological source
Penicillin from Penicillium notatum
Chloramphenicol from streptomyces venezuelae
Griseofulvum from Penicilium griseofulvum

Mineral source
• Antacids- aluminium hydroxide, Sodium
bicarbonate
• Purgatives –magnesium sulfate
• Metallic- iron used in Iron-deficiency anaemia
• Anti-monial salts- used In kala-azal
• Radioactive Iodine-131I

Genetically engineered drugs
• It involves cleavages of DNA by enzyme restriction
endonucleases.
• The desired gene is complied to rapidly replicating DNA.
• The new genetic combination is inserted into the bacterial
cultures which allow the production of vast amount of
genetic material
• E.g.-Hepatitis-B vaccines, omalizumab, human erythropoietin
Advantages Disadvantages
1.Huge amount of Drug can be
produced
1.Well equipped lab is required
2.Drug can be obtained in pure
form
2. Highly trained staff is required
3.Less antigenic 3.Its is a complex & complicated
techniques

Synthetic source
• Majority of drugs synthesize in lab or Industry
Advantage:-
More potent & safer
Process is easier and cheaper
Eg.-Aspirin,paracetamol
• Semi-synthetic drugs obtain by altering structure of
naturally occurring drugs
Eg.-Ampicillin,Amoxycillin

Nature of Drugs
• Physical nature of drugs:-
liquid e.g..-nicotine , ethanol
Gaseous e.g.- nitrous oxide
Solid e.g..-Aspirin , atropine

Dosage forms of Drugs
It is physical form of drug in which it is taken by recipient
According to his convenience or demand of situation
Solid forms Semi-solid
form
Liquid form

Solid dosage form
1. Powder:-oldest, extremely convenient, simple solid
dosage forms of drugs in a finely divided form.
Advantages:- Flexibility in compounding &
Relatively good chemical stability
Disadvantages:- time consuming to prepare
Finely Divided powder- are dissolved in water or mixed
with soft food
e.g.-ORS powder –dehydration,
boric acid

Effervescent powder:- powder drugs + NHCO3/citric
acid/tartaric acid
e.g.- Eno fruit salt
Granules:- small aggregates of powder
e.g.-Vitamin D3 granule
Dentifrices:-bulk powder form generally containing
soap or detergent, mild abrasive & an anticariogenic
agents .e.g.- composition of toothpaste
Douche powder- This is completely soluble &
intended to be dissolve in water prior
To be used as an antiseptic or clearing
agents for the body cavity.e.g.boring acid douch

Dusting powder:-
These are locally applied non-toxic preparation that
are intended to have no systemic action. Dusting
powders are applied to various part of the body.
Medicaments present in the dusting powder acts
as protective ,absorbents,
antiseptics,
antipruritics,
astringents & antiperspirants.

2. Tablets:-
Solid power form of drugs compresses under heavy
pressure into a round or disc like shape suitable for
swallowing
Commonly used solid dosage form as they are
simple,economical,stable & convenient dosage form
Active substance + Excipients
They are normally discoid/round/oval/oblong
/cylindrical or triangular in shape, the end surface of
which are flat or convex.
They may have lines or break-marks(Scoring).

o Ordinary Tabs:- uncoated compressed tab. they made in
such a way that the release of active ingredients is
unmodified .e.g.-paracetamol, aspirin tab.
o Sugar coated tabs:- coated over by sugar to avoid disagreeable taste
or odors of the drug and also protect the drug which are sensitive to
oxidation. they may be 50% larger & heavier than the original
uncoated tablets .g.- Tab.metronidazole
o Film coated Tabs:-coated with thin layer of resins, polymer or
plasticizers to masked disagreeable taste. They have additional feature
over sugar coated tabs is less time required for coating operation e.g.-
ceftum (cefuroxime film coated Tab)

o Enteric coated Tab/delayed release tab/gastro-
resistant tab:- Coating is resistant to gastric acid. But
dissolves at intestinal alkaline pH.Enteric coating can be
used for tablets containing drug substance which are
destroyed or inactivated in the stomach. This is a suitable
dosage form for gastric irritant drugs administered by oral
route.
e.g.-diclofen-EC(diclofenac enteric coated tab)

o Sustained release Tab(Extended/Prolonged
release tablets) – they are designed to slow the rate of
release of the active ingredient in the GIT.the tablets are
designed to produce drug effects over an extended time.
Advantages:-
Increase the duration of action of the drug
Decrease the frequency of drugs administration
Improve patient compliance
E.g.- Diclonac-SR(Diclofenac sod. Sustained release)

o Chewable Tab:- uncoated tabs with smooth texture, suitable
for large size tab. They are acceptable to children & adults who
have difficulty in swallowing solid dosage form.
e.g.- chewable albendazole tab
o Dispersible tab:- disintegrates rapidly when place in
liquid to form stable suspension
Advantages:- 1.Fast onset of action
2. useful for children and elderly who find
difficulty to swallow a tab.
e.g.-disprin(dispersible aspirin tab.)
o Lozenge:- tablet contain drug with sugar and gum and
is ,meant for chewing or sucking for providing local
effects in mouth e.g.- strepsil,various cough lozenges

3.Capsules:- solid form where ingredients are enclose
in a stable shell(gelatin/plant polysaccharides
/modified form of starch) and are meant for
swallowing
e.g.-Tetracycline cap.,amoxicillin cap.
• Heard capsules (Dry filled cap.):- contain dry powder or granules.
they have shells consisting of two pre-fabricated cylindrical sections
that fit together. one end of each section is rounded and closed and the
other is open.
• Titanium oxide + gelatin =white cap.
e.g.-vit B complex
• Soft capsules:- active ingredients are usually solution or suspension
in a non-aqueous liquids. they have thicker gelatin shells.
e.g.-vit-E

Spansule :- long acting capsules e.g.-ferrous sulfate spansule
4.Pellets :- these are sterile sphere formed by compression of drug
powder which are implanted subcutaneously. Drugs is slowly released
for a long duration of time
e.g.-testosterone pellets
5.Suppository:- conical shaped solid bodies which melts
and softens at body temp and are intended for insertion
in rectum, vagina etc.
e.g.- Bisacodyl suppository for constipation
pessary:- vaginal suppository.e.g.-nystatin
pessary for vaginal candidiasis
Bougie:- A urethral suppository

Semi solid dosage form
• Ointment:- soft semisolid preparation contain a greasy base
meant for external application
e.g.- silver sulfadiazine ointment
• cream:-semisolid emulsion containing suspension of
medicament for external application.e.g-shaving cream,
• Paste:-non greasy ointment like mixture of starch,zinc
oxide for external application. e.g.-toothpastes
• Gel:-colloidal suspensions of a solid dispersed in a
liquid.e.g-contraceptive gels
• Plaster:- These are substances intended for external application &
made of such ,material & consistency so as to adhere to the skin and
attach to a dressing. They help to bring medication into close contact
with the skin.e.g.- belladonna plaster

-:Liquid dosage forms:-
1.syrups:- concentrated sucrose solution in water.syrups
can be simple or flavoured. flavoured syrup can be used as
a vehicle.syrup have masking properties for bitter &
unpalatable drugs. e.g.-cough syrups(Grilinctus-
BM,Benadril)
2.liquors:-aqueous solution of medically substance which
are either gases or are volatile.e.g.-liquor ammonia
3.Linctus:- viscous syrupy liquids preparation which
should be sipped slowly to allow it to trickle down the
throat.e.g.-cough linctus
4.Mixture :- preparation containing one or more soluble
/insoluble ingredient for oral use.e.g.-Mgso4 mixture for
constipation

5.Emulsion:-mixture of 2 immiscible liquids in which
droplets of one liquid are dispersed throughout second
liquid. e.g.-cod liver oil emulsion
6.Suspension:-one or more insoluble ingredient
homogeneously distributed in liquid.e.g.-antacid suspension
7.Elixir:- clear, Pleasants flavored liquid of potent drugs
dissolve in water and ethanol e.g.-promethazine elixir for
cough
8.Liniment :- liquid or semifluid preparation to be
rubbed on skin e.g.-liniment turpentine
9.Lotion :- liquid or semisolid preparation intended for
external application without rubbing.e.g.-zinc calamine
lotion

10.Spray:- drug is delivered in the form of fine droplets
.e.g.-diclofenac(on skin)
11.Enema:- liquid preparation to be administered into
rectum
evacuation enema:- to evacuate the bowel content
e.g.-soap and water enema
retention enema:- the drug containing fluid is
retained in the rectum.e.g.-prednisolone enema for
ulcerative colitis
12.Injections:- sterile solution /suspension of drugs in
suitable solvent + preservatives meant for parental use
eg.- injection solution:-regular insulin
injection suspension –lente insulin

• Depot Injection :- Longer acting injectable
preparation
• Ampule:- small,sterile,sealed glass container
containing drugs solution for injection
it contain single dose of drug
e.g.- atropine ,adrenaline
• Vial :- small,sterile,glass bottle closed with a stopper
containing drugs in powder form/ aqueous solution/
suspension for injection
It contains single or multiple doses of a drug
e.g.- lignocaine,

-:Transdermal adhesive patches :-
Device in the form of adhesive patches
Deliver drugs into circulation for systemic effect in a constant
rate
Thickness is 0.2-0.4 mm

• Drug is delivered at the skin surface by diffusion
• Site:- chest , abdomen, lower back, buttock
,mastoid region
• e.g.- scopolamine – motion sickness
Nitroglycerine- angina
estrogen- HRT
fentanyl- analgesia

Prescription writing
• Medico legal document
• It’s a written order from a physician, surgeon,
dentist or veterinary surgeon
to a pharmacist for the
supply of medicine
• Patients receive medicines that
are safe for sale directly to
the public

Writing Prescriptions
• Practitioners
–Physicians
–veterinarians
–dentists

History
• Prescriptions have been in use since ancient
times
– Latin adopted as standard language to ensure
understanding between physician and
pharmacist
• The symbol "Rx" is said to be an abbreviation
for the Latin word ‘’recipe’’, meaning "take" or
"take thus’’

TYPES
Pre-compounded
prescription
Extemporaneous
prescription

• Pre-compounded prescription:-
 prescription for already prepared drug
Medicine is already available in a form suitable for
administration
98% of the prescriptions are of this type
Eg.
Particulars of doctors –
Particulars of patients-
Rx-
Cap.Amoxicillin-500 mg
dispense 21 capsules
One capsule to be taken every 8 hrs for 7 days.
signature of the prescriber
Registration number

Extemporaneous prescription
• Pharmacist (or doctor) has to mix or make a
particular form of medication, suitable for
administration
• Less than 2% prescription
Ex- Particulars of doctors –
Particulars of patients-
Rx-
– Cod liver oil -4ml
– Gum Acacia q.s.
– Peppermint water up to 15ml

prepare an emulsion. Send two doses.
one dose to be given twice a day after food
signature of the prescriber

1. Superscription
2. Inscription
3. Subscription
4. Direction to the patients
5. Signature of the prescriber
Parts of prescription

Superscription
Particulars of Doctors:-
Name-
Address- mobile no:-
Qualification-
Reg.NO- Date:-
Particulars of patient:-
Name- Age:-
sex- weight-
Address- Mobile no-
occupation -

• Rx- is said to be an abbreviation for the Latin word
‘’recipe’’, meaning "take" or "take thus
• Instruction to the pharmacist to supply the
prescribed medication
• Also considered as a prayer to the Greek gods of
healing –Jupiter & Horus

Inscription
• Body of prescription
• It gives the name and quantities of the
ingredients
• Direct the pharmacist to compound the
preparation
1. Basis
2. Adjuvant
3. Corrective
4. vehicle
Contents

• Basis :- main drug responsible for desired effect
• Adjuvant:- what should be added to promote the
effect of main drugs
• Corrective:-what to be added to minimize the
undesirable effect of the main drugs/adjuvant
drug
• Vehicle/solvent/excipient:-preparing the drug in
requisite amount

• In case of Pre-compounded prescription
drugs can be written in brand/proprietary
name/generic name

Subscription
• Provide direction to pharmacist regarding
dispensing of the preparation written in prescription
Direct for the
 dosage form{Cap/Tab/Inj/mix/syrup}
 strength
 dose interval
 duration for which drug is to be taken
This part is rarely described in modern prescription

Direction to the
patients/Transcription
• Direction to the patient contains instruction about
the amount of drugs ,time ,frequency of dose to be
taken
• Special instruction like-
FOR EXTERNAL USE ONLY
NOT TO BE GULPED
KEEP AWAY FROM CHILD
SHAKE WELL BEFORE USE

Signature of the prescriber
• Prescription should be signed by the prescriber
• Doctor is expected to write his/her registration
number
• Usually below the direction to the patients on the
right side

Traditional Prescription/compounded
prescription
Name-
Qualification-
Date-
Name- Age:-
sex- weight-
Address- Mobile no-
occupation -
Inscription:-
Basis:-Bismuth carbonate – 1g
Adjuvant:- sodium bicarbonate-1g
light kaolin-4g
corrective-Tinct.catechu-2.5g
vehicle-pulv.Tragacanth-0.15g
chloroform water- q.s.30ml
Contents
Rx-(superscription)
Subscription:- prepare the mixture. Send such 3 dose
One dose(30ml) to be taken every 4 hr
Signature & registration no

• Particulars of Doctors:-
Name-
Qualification-
Date-
Name- Age:-
sex- weight-
Address- Mobile no-
occupation -
RX-
Tab. Ciplox *500 mg- 1tab 12 hrs 5 days
Tab.Alerid * 10 mg – 1 tab once a day 5 days
Cap.Becosule 1 cap once a day 5 days
Current model of prescription

Drug treatment for a pt. of cholera
Name-
Qualification-
Date-
Name- Age:-
sex- weight-
Address- Mobile no-
occupation -
Oral Rehydration salt
Tab.Doxycycline 100 mg
Cholera
Rx-
Send such 10 tablets and two packets of ORS
One tablet to be taken BD for 5 days and dissolve one packets of ORS in one liter water and
take after every stool.

Drug treatment for a hypertensive emergency
Name-
Qualification-
Date-
Name- Age:-
sex- weight-
Address- Mobile no-
occupation -
Inj.sodium nitroprusside 5 ml vial
hypertensive emergency
Rx-
Send such one vial
Mix with 500 ml normal saline and give i/v infusion at a rate of 0.1 mg/min.till the B.P. is
controlled

Safe writing rules
1. Should be a space b/w a number & units to make it
easier to read
e.g.-Incorrect correct
10mg 10 mg
2. Trailing ‘0’ should be avoided
e.g.- Incorrect correct
2.0 mg 2 mg
3. Zeros should be preferred for number less than one
e.g.- Incorrect correct
.5 0.5

4. Never abbreviate drugs name e.g.-MTX-(for
methotrexate) or INH(isoniazide)
5. Blank space between the body of prescription and
the signature of the doctor should not be left. If blank
space then it should be striked off
6. Quantities :-
– 1 gram or more –write 1 g,
– less than 1 g: write as milligrams:500 mg not 0.5g
– less than 1 mg – write mcg,e.g-100 mcg not 0.1 mg

Abbreviation
•Abbreviation Latin phase Pharmacy
o.d Omni die Once a day
bid / bd Bis in die Twice a day
tid Ter in die Three times a day
qid Quarter in die Four times a day
q.d. Quaque die Every day
o.m. Omni mane Every morning
o.n. Omni nocte Every night
h.s. Hora somnis At bed time

Abbreviation
Latin phase Pharmacy
a.c. Ante cibos Before food
p.c Post cibos After food
s.o.s Si opus sit When necessary
p.o. Per os By mouth
Stat. Statim Immediately
m.ft.m. Misce ,fiat Mix to make a mixture
Ad.lib Ad.libitum As much as you please
q.s. Quantum sufficiat As much as is sufficient

Weights & Measures
• Commonly used weights & measures
weights:-
1 Gram(g) = 1000 (mg)
1 mg = 1000 (mcg)
1 litre(L) = 1000(ml)
Domestic measures:-
1 teaspoonful= 5 ml 1 tumblerful=180 ml
1 tablespoonful =15 ml 1 ounce = 30 ml
1 cupful= 120 ml

Compliance of prescription
• Financial constraints
• Patients lack of knowledge about the purpose for
which drug have been prescribed
• Delayed response or experience of side effect
• Patients should be informed what to do if one
dose is missed
• Patients complains can also be improved by
selecting drug that are given on one day/12 hrs
interval basis

Introduction:-
-It is of great professional significance that the
physician should know how to get authentic, up-to
date, unbiased information about approved drugs.
-There are vast amounts of data on drugs and there
are many source of information available that can
help to answer drug related question.

• Reference Books
• Drug compendia
• Drug formularies
• Essential Drugs
• Drug Information centres (DIC)
• Index Medicus
• Computerized drug information system
• Information from the pharmaceutical
Industry

Reference books
• Text books ,reviews and journals
• General pharmacology
Clinical pharmacology or specialize in pharmacology related areas
of contemporary interest
• Provide information about established drugs and new drugs

• Vast array of information about many drugs
• Information include-
 Trade names
 physical & chemical properties
Identification
Standards of purity and strength
Methods of storages
Dosage form available for therapeutic use
It’s a concise and comprehensive book that provide authoritative
information on drugs and published by government bodies or
recognized society
Drug compendia

Types
Official compendia Non-Official compendia

Official compendia
• Information is provided by non-proprietary name of
drugs, not by trade/brand names
• compilation of legally approve drugs for use in that
country along with their legal standards of purity, Quality
and strength
• Official Compendia include pharmacopoeias +
formulary

Pharmacopoeia
• Definition:- “It is a legally binding collection, prepared
by a national or regional authority of standards &
quality specification for medicines used in that country
or region ’’
E.g.-British pharmacopoeia(BP), United states
pharmacopoeia(USP),Indian pharmacopoeia(IP)
Need of pharmacopoeia:-
• To control the quality of medicine as per standards
• To ensure the public health
• To support the availability of safe, effective

Types
National
Pharmacopoeia
International
Pharmacopoeia
book containing a list of
standards drugs and
excipients that are
approved for prescription
throughout the country
issued by the WHO as a
recommendation
Aim:- to achieve a wide global
uniformity of quality
specifications for selected
pharmaceutical products,
excipients, and dosage forms

Drug Formularies
• It is a manual containing clinically oriented summaries of
pharmacological information about selected drugs.
• Provide information about the available drugs on the basis
of original reputed drug information as well as experts
recommendation
e.g.-National formulary of India-(1960-first edition)
British National formulary(BNF)
In India both Indian pharmacopoeia (IP) & National
Formulary of India (NFI) are published by the Indian
Pharmacopoeia Commission(IPC) under ministry of Health &
Family Welfare, Government of India.

• Secondary source of drug information
• Provide drug information by generic & brand name for
medical practitioner/pharmacist
• Drugs & substance which are not approved by official
regulatory bodies also included
e.g.-AMA drug Evaluations:- by American Medical
Association and council on drugs
Modern drug Encyclopedia:- by york medical books, New
york,USA
Non-Official compendia

Essential Drugs
• Drugs use in most common diseases & complaints
• Drugs Intended to be available
– within the context of functional health system
– at all times and
– in adequate amount
– in appropriate dosage forms
– at a affordable price
Current Essential drug list- 279 (India), 340(Haryana)

Drug Information centres
(DIC)
• Aim:- to increase the community knowledge and
awareness about drug and drug usage
• Health workers and general public can call and get help
with questions concerning drug use, intoxications etc.
• Also called “poison information centers’’
• primary role :-to give clear and definitive information
on drugs and promote their rational use

• secondary role:-to keep up-to-date with
pharmacological and therapeutic literature
• Service offered by DIC:-
Information about drugs
Poison management information
Patient education services
Drug related information to hospital stuff
Reporting and investigating ADR
Publication

Index Medicus
• Covers major reputable journals that publish
regulatory scientifically validated, reviewed
articles on treatment
• Quite sophisticated system
• Modulate to identify drug interactions or contraindication
• Prescriber can also store their own formulary in the
computer
Computerized drug information system

Information from Pharmaceutical
Industry
• Readily available through cannels of
communication:-verbal, written and computerized
• Multi-track approach
• Information is provided through media/Medical
representative
• Advertisement in journals and by direct mailing

DRUG SCHEDULES
• DEFINITION-Drug prohibition law is
prohibition-based law by which
governments prohibit, except under license,
the production, supply, and possession of
many, but not all, substances which are
recognized as drugs, and which corresponds
to international treaty commitments in the
Single Convention on Narcotic .

• depending upon the drug’s acceptable medical use
and the drug’s abuse drugs categorized into 5
schedules
Schedule-I
schedule-II
schedule-III
schedule-IV
schedule-V

Schedule-I
• Most dangerous drugs of all the drug schedules with high
potential of abuse
• Can't be prescribed
• May be obtained on permission for research
e.g.- Heroin, flunitrazepam, lysergic acid diethylamide
(LSD)
Schedule-II
• high potential of abuse

• High liability to cause physical & psychic dependence
E.g.-morphine, codeine, cocaine, pentobarbital
• Telephonic prescription of these drugs are not allowed
Schedule-III
• Some accepted medical use with strict restrictions
• Moderate physical and psychological dependence
• Prescription of such drugs can be refilled 5 times only
within a period of 6 months, new prescription is needed
after 6 month
• e.g.-ketamine ,buprenorphine ,thiopental

Schedule-IV
• drugs with a low potential for abuse and low risk
of dependence
• Can be prescribed up to five times within a
period of six month
• Prescription is needed after 6 months
• E.g.-phenobarbital, benzodiazepines,
propoxyphene,
zolpidem,

• minimum abuse potential and minimum
dependence liability
• Have accepted medical use
• Some of them to be sold on prescription
• Majority of drugs are included under this schedules
• E.g.- codeine, other Over the counter drugs,
antidiarrheal drugs
Schedule-V

CENTRAL DRUG STANDARD
CONTOL
ORGANIZATION(CDSCO)

regulated by
Medicines in India CDSCO - Central Drugs
Standard Control Organization
through DCGI - Drugs
Controller General of India at
Chair
In India –according to drugs and cosmetics act schedule for
the drugs are as under-
Schedule-A:- gives the specimens of prescribed forms
Schedule-B:- states fees for test/analysis by the central drugs
lab
Schedule-C,C1 :- deals with biology and other special
product
Schedule-D:- regarding import of drugs
Schedule-E1:- list of poisonous substances under
Ayurvedic,shiddha medicine

• Schedule F and F1-
It gives details of the standards of bacterial vaccines
made from any microorganisms pathogenic to man or
other animals and also the vaccines made from other
microorganisms which have any antigenic value.
Schedule FF- Gives details of the standards for
ophthalmic preparations
Schedule F(11)- Gives details of the standards for
surgical dressing and bandage clothes
Schedule F(111)- Gives details of the standards for
umbilical tapes.

• Schedule G:- drugs to be labeled with ‘caution’
• Schedule H :- all prescriptive drugs fall under this
schedule
 SCHEDULE J-
Gives the list of the ailments for which no drugs should
claim prevention or cure
• AIDS
• ANGINA
• APPENDICITIS
• ARTERIOSCLEROSIS
• BRONCHIAL ASTHMA
• CANCER
• CATARACT

• SCHEDULE-M
 Deals with good manufacturing practices(GMP) and
requirements of premises, plants and equipment.
SCHEDULE -M1
 Prescribes in detail requirements of factory premises for
the manufacture of homeopathic medicines.
SCHEDULE -M11
 Prescribes in detail requirements of factory premises for
the manufacture of cosmetics.
SCHEDULE -M111- Prescribes in detail requirements of
factory premises for the manufacture of medical devices

• SCHEDULE –N
• Deals with the minimum equipment of a
pharmacy and gives directions regarding
(a)entrance of a pharmacy
(b)premises
(c)furniture and apparatus
(d)general provisions
SCHEDULE-O
Deals with the provisions applicable to disinfectant
fluids.

SCHEDULE-P
• Deals with life period of drugs including combination
with other drugs. it gives period in months for which
the drug is expected to retain its potency under the
conditions of storage notified by licensing authority.
SCHEDULE -P1
• Deals with pack sizes of drugs.
SCHEDULE-Q
• Gives the list of dyes,colours and pigments permitted
to be used in cosmetics and soaps.
SCHEDULE –R
• Standards for medical contraceptives

SCHEDULE –R1
• Standards for medical devices.
SCHEDULE-S
• Standards for cosmetics.
SCHEDULE-T
• Requirements of factory premises and hygienic
conditions for Ayurvedic and Unani drugs.
SCHEDULE U and U1-
• Particulars to be shown in manufacturing records.
SCHEDULE -V
• Details of standards for patent and proprietary
medicines.

SCHEDULE-W
• Names of the drugs which shall be marketed
under generic names only.
SCHEDULE-X
• Names of the psychotropic drugs requiring
special licenses for manufacture and sale.
• SCHEDULE-Y
• Specific requirements and guidelines on
clinical trials, import and manufacture of new
drugs.

Alcohol and driving
 It is against the law for someone under 18 to pretend
to be 18 and drink alcohol.
 It is an offence to sell alcohol to someone under 18.
Punishment - a fine, imprisonment up to 6 months, or
both
 It is illegal to sell alcohol to someone who is
obviously drunk or showing disorderly behaviour
 It is illegal to behave in a disruptive way (‘disorderly
behaviour’) anywhere.

• Police can arrest anyone that they suspect may
have their ability to drive impaired through drink
or drugs, by using observations or roadside
breath tests.
• Punishment for driving under the influence can
involve your driving licence being removed for a
period of time.
• Road accidents are one of the biggest causes of
death and injury

OVER THE COUNTER(OTC)
DRUGS
Without the prescription of Registered Medical
Practitioner.
In India no recognition of these drugs.
Vitamins
Minerals
Cough
Analgesics

Introduction:-
Drug delivery is a process of administering a
pharmaceutical compound to achieve a
therapeutic effects in human.

Aim:-
To make aerosol from the drugs solution or solid
particles
Why therapy necessary:-
• Targeted delivery of medication to the lungs
• Rapid onset of action
• Smaller doses
• Less systemic and GI adverse effects
• Relatively comfortable
Aerosols:-
colloidal system consisting of very finely subdivided
liquid/solid particles suspended in a gas

Devices
• Meter dose inhaler
• Nebulizer
• Dry powder inhaler

Metered dose inhalers(MDI)
• It deliver measured dose of drug per puff through
a pressurized spray
• Suitable device for inhalation of drugs solution
• Also called pressurized meter dose Inhalers

• Canister-
Propellant:- HFC
(Hydro fluorocarbon)
“ozone friendly’’
+ drugs
• Small reservoir
• Metering reservoir
• After pressure valve drug sprays
• Aerosol

• Stepwise directions for the correct method of using
inhaler:-
1.step- Remove the dust cap from the mouth piece and shake
the inhaler vigorously
2.step-Hold the inhaler vertically. Breath out slowly and gently
until the lungs are comfortably empty, tilt the head back. Close
the lips tightly around the mouthpiece
3.step-start breathing slowly and press the metal canister
down firmly
4.Step-Continue breathing in slowly and steadily until the
lungs are full

• 5.steps-Remove the inhaler from the mouth while holding the
breath as long as possible
• 6.steps- wait for at least one minute before puffing the next
dose

• Spacer device:- infants and young children
often have difficulty in co-coordinating the use of
inhaler
• It’s a device which can be Attached to an inhaler
• If necessary, a face mask Can also be attached to
the spacer
Advantage:- reduce oropharyngeal aerosol droplets
deposition

• Stepwise directions for the correct method of
using Spacer device:-
1.step- push the two half of spacer together firmly
2.step-remove the mouthpiece cap of the inhaler. Shake the
inhaler vigorously
3.step- Fix the inhaler into the narrow end of the spacer device
4.Step-place the mouthpiece cap over the other end of the spacer
5.step- holding the inhaler, press down on the canister to release
a dose into the spacer

6.Steps- remove the mouthpiece cap.close lips firmly around
the mouthpiece to create a good seal.Inhele deeply through
mouth from spacer. Remove the spacer from the mouth and
hold the breath for as long as comfortable. Breathe out
slowly
7.Steps:- If a second dose is required, wait for atlest one
minute before repeating steps 2-6
Drugs:-
• β2 agonist
• Anti cholinergic
• cromoglycate
• Glucocorticoid

ADVANTAGES
• Portable and compact
• Short treatment time
• No drug preparation required
DISADVANTAGES:-
• Hand–breathing coordination is difficult for many
patients
• Proper inhalation pattern and breath-hold can be
difficult
• High oropharyngeal impaction unless a holding
chamber or spacer is used
• Failure to shake can alter drug dose
• Reaction to propellants or excipients have occurred
in some patients

Nebulizer
• Suitable device for inhalation of drugs solution
• Droplets which are sufficiently fine and uniform
in size reach the bronchioles
• Its possible to deliver much higher doses of drug
compare with MDI
• Useful in treating severe exacerbation of asthma
and COPD

using Spacer device:-
1step:- Assemble the nebulizer
2step:- Connect the hose to an air compressor

3 step:- Fill the medicine cap with
respiratory solution

4.step:-attach the hose and mouthpiece to the
medicine cap
5.step:- place mouthpiece in the mouth. Breathe through
mouth until all the medicine is used up(about 10-15 min)

• Wash the medicine cup and mouthpiece with
water, and air dry
ADVANTAGES:-
• Normal breathing patterns can be used
• Useful in very young, very old, debilitated, or
distressed patients
• An inspiratory pause (breath-hold) is not required for
efficacy.
• Drug concentrations can be modified

DISADVANTAGES:-
• Equipment required may be large and cumbersome
• Need for power source (electricity, battery, compressed
gas)
• Treatment times are lengthy for pneumatically-powered
nebulizers
• Types:-
1.Jet nebulizers
2. Ultra-sonic nebulizers

Dry powder inhaler(rotahaler)
• Suitable device for inhalation of solid/dry powder form of
drugs
•
• suitable for many of the patients who have difficulty with
metered dose inhalers including children
• Drug is use in the form of a capsule in this
device
• Doesn’t require co-ordination of
Inspiration with drug delivery

Consist of two chamber
• Mouthpiece
• Reservoir
Integrated mesh separate the two chamber

using rotahaler:-
1.step:- hold the rotahaler vertically and insert the rotacap
transparent end first into the square hole of the rotahaler
2.step:-Rotate(360) the base of the rotahaler in order to
separate the two halves of the rotacap
3.Step:- Breathe is as deeply as possible. Hold the breath for
10 sec. Breath out slowly. If powder remains repeat the
inhalation
# If breathing is correct, the soft ratting sound of the rotacap is
heard .this confirms the proper method of using rotahaler

Advantages:-
• Small and portable
• Built-in dose counter
• Propellant-free
• Breath-actuated
• Short preparation and administration time
DISADVANTAGES
• Dependence on patient’s inspiratory flow
• Patients less aware of delivered dose
• Relatively high oropharyngeal impaction can
occur
• Vulnerable to ambient humidity or exhaled
humidity into mouthpiece

AGE Recommended device
0-2 years. Nebulizer, Spacer with mask
2-5 years Spacer, Rotahaler
5-8 years. Rotahaler ,spacer
>8 years Meter dose Inhaler

First insulin pen was introduced by Novo Nordisk in 1987
The insulin container and the syringe are combined into a
single modular unit
Insulin delivery device
Insulin pen…

Two main types:-
1.reusable
2.prefilled
Reusable case:- the patient must load an insulin
cartridge prior to use
Prefilled pens:- are smaller in size and light in
weight.
Minimum pain due to finest and shortest needles
Both pens hold cartridges containing 1.5ml to 3ml of
U100/ml insulin.

Insulin preparation can be given:-
Regular insulin,
insulin lispro,
insulin aspart, ,
insulin glargine,
several mixtures of NPH with regular
DISADVANTAGES:-
• hypoglycemia-prolong cause brain damage
• Lipodystropy
• Patient education necessary regarding operation of the
device.
• Site:- abdomen,buttock,anterior thigh, dorsal arm

Delivers insulin with high speed and
pressure.
Penetrates the skin without a needle.
They allow a dose range of two to
50 units of insulin and can deliver insulin
in half-unit increments
INSULIN JET INJECTORS

Absorbed rapidly without the risk of subcutaneous
infections.
Considered for patients suffering from
needle phobia.
DISADVANTAGES:-
Cost is considered unfavorable.
Pressure maybe difficult to adjust.
Side effects seem to be significantly higher for small
children.

Variable release delivery system:-
Controlled release tablets:-
 They have been developed in order to eliminate the need for multiple
dosage regimens, particularly for those drugs which require
reasonably constant blood levels over a long period of time
 These formulations reduce the dosing frequency especially in the
management of chronic disease
Advantages:-
Drug delivery to the required site & required rate,reduce dosing
frequency ,reduced side effect

Microencapsulation:-
It is the process of applying relatively thin reproducible
coating to small particles of solid or droplet of liquids &
dispersion to produce microcapsules.
 The unique feature – small size of coated particle & their
subsequent use & adaptation to wide variety of dosage
forms.
 Because of smallness of the particle ,drug moieties can
be widely distributed throughout the gastro-intestinal
tract thus potentially improving drug absorption.
Example:- Doxycycline,Aspirine

-:Transdermal adhesive patches :-
Device in the form of adhesive patches
Deliver drugs into circulation by diffusion for percutaneous
absorption to achieve systemic effect in a constant &
predictable rate irrespective of site of application.
Thickness is 0.2-0.4 mm
Designed to last for 1-3 days
• Site:- chest , abdomen, lower back, buttock ,mastoid region
• e.g.- scopolamine – motion sickness
Nitroglycerine- angina
estrogen- HRT
fentanyl- analgesia

Carrier based delivery system:-
Liposomes:-
 these are artificial microscopic bilayer vesicles or sacs made of
phospholipids enclosing an aqueous compartment & have diameters.
 Liposome resemble cell membranes in structure & composition
 When phospholipids are dispersed gently in an aqueous medium they
swell hydrate & spontaneously form multi-lamellar concentric bilayer
vesicles with layers of aqueous media separating the lipid bilayers.
 Liposome can be used as carriers for drugs & macromolecule since
lipid soluble substance which can be trapped in the aqueous space.
 Liposomes show compatibility with both lipophilic & hydrophilic
drugs.
 E.g.-
Liposomal doxorubicin, liposomal amphotericin-B

Monoclonal Antibodies:-
 these are a class of highly specific Abs produced by the
clones of a single hybrid cell formed in the laboratory by
the fusion of B-lymphocytes with a tumor cell.
 The inherent specificity of Monoclonal antibodies for
antigens provides the rationale for their use in drug
targeting for therapeutic applications.
 Purpose is to destroy disease tissues while leaving
healthy tissues unharmed- reduce the chance of SE
E.g.- Asthma- Omalizumab
colorectal cancer- Bevacizumab
Breast cancer – Trastuzumab
RA,CLL- Rituximab

Oral Rehydration
Salt(ORS)
Powder

• Too frequent, often too precipitate passage of poorly
formed stools
• WHO defined:- 3 or more loose or watery stools in a 24
hrs. period
• Occurs due to passage of excess water & Electrolytes in
faces
Cause:-
– decrease electrolyte and water absorption
– Increase secretion by intestinal mucosa
– Increase luminal osmotic load
– Inflammation of mucosa and exudation into lumen

Types
1.acute
Diarrhoea-
infectious agents
• Bacterial
• Viral
• Parasitic
2.chronic
diarrhoea-
persist for more
than 2 weeks

• Inhibition of Na+K+ ATPase and structural damage to
mucosal cell by Rota virus causes diarrhoea by reducing
absorption
• Excess of bile acids also cause diarrhoea by activating
adenylyl cyclase
• Prostaglandins also stimulate secretory process
• Cholera toxin, Enterotoxigenic E. coli(ETEC) , Staph
aureus, Salmonella stimulate adenylyl cyclase- increasing
secretion
-:Pathophysiology:-

• ORS therapy is the core of management of acute
diarrhoea(mild-5-7% BW/moderate-7.5-10% BW)
• A mixture of salts and water
• Purpose:-
• To correct water electrolyte deficient
• To prevent dehydration
• Reduce mortality
• Advantages:-
Simplest, safest, least expensive life saving method
Introduction

Aim
• To prepare and dispense oral rehydration salt for 1000 ml solution
• Apparatus:-
Tiles
Spatula
Mortar & pestle
wax paper-preferable
White paper
Fractional weight box
scissors
rulers

• Glucose when given orally enhances the
intestinal absorption of salt and water
• Thus it can correct water and electrolyte &
water deficit
• ORS should be isotonic or hypotonic to plasma
Principles

Sodium chloride(NaCl)-3.5g
Potassium chloride(Kcl)1.5g
Trisodium citrate- 2.9 g
Anhydrous Glucose-20g
Water-1000 ml
Ingredients of ORS
Na+- 90mM
K+-20 mM
Cl- 80mM
Citrate- 10 mM
Anhydrous Glucose-111 mM
Osmolality- 311 mOsm/L
‘’Diarrhoea due to cholera’’

Sodium chloride(NaCl)-2.6
g
Potassium chloride(Kcl)-1.5
g
Anhydrous Glucose-13.5g
Water-1000 ml
New formula WHO-ORS
Na+- 75mM
K+-20 mM
Cl- 65 mM
Citrate- 10 mM
Anhydrous Glucose-75 mM
Osmolality- 245 mOsm/L
Based on stool composition of ETEC
diarrhoea

Reason for modification in ingredients:-
1.Na+ has decrease from (90 mM to 75mM)
cause :- produce periorbital edema due to
excess Na+
2.Glucose reduce from (110mM to 75mM)
Cause:-Increase in stool volume due to osmotic
activity of glucose in colon

Procedure to dispensed ORS
1. The above ingredients are measure and taken
on the tiles
3.Inner packing of butter paper measuring 3’’-5’’
2.Mixing is done with pestle

5.Labelling is done on the outer packet
4.Outer packing of white paper measuring 5’’-7’’
Administered:- 1 packet of ORS + 1L H20
patient is instructed to drink as much as he can after every
stool(2-3 L/day )

• Label for ORS :-
Name:- Age/ Sex:-
Address:- Date:-
Directions:- To be dissolved in freshly boiled and cooled 1
of water which should be used within 24 hrs.
To be taken one glass after every stool
(Do not add extra water)
Signature
SHKM GMC PHARMACY
POWDER

Prescription of ORS
Name-
Qualification-
Date-
Name- Age:-
sex- weight-
Address- Mobile no-
occupation -
Sodium chloride – 2.6 g
Potassium chloride- 1.5 g
Glucose- 13.5 g
Diarrhoea
Rx-
Mix and send 2 such packets
Dissolve 1 packet in 1000 ml of water and drink as a much as possible after every stool.

• Improved form of ORS with addition of certain
actively transported amino acids like alanine,
glycine
• Glucose is replace with boiled rice powder
• Advantages:-
enhanced absorption
decrease frequency of diarrhoea
less chance of osmotic diarrhoea in high dose also
# it has been found to reduce stool volume compared
to WHO-ORS in cholera

Non-diarrhoeal uses of ORS:-
1. Maintenance of hydration and nutrition after
surgery,
burn
trauma
dengue
2. Heat stroke
(Any cause of dehydration)

-:Questions:-
1.What is the composition of ORS ?
2. What is the concentration of constituents in mmols?
3.In which condition it is used ?
4.Why is not given in severe diarrhoea ?
Ans:- quick improvement of hydration is required which is
not possible with ORS. IV-fluids are given first

5. The composition of ORS prepared by you is based on
which diarrhoea?
ans:- It is based on the composition of stool of “Diarrhoea
due to cholera ”
6. What is new formula ‘’WHO-ORS’’ ?
7. what is the reason for this modification in WHO-ORS ?
8. What are the non-diarrhoeal uses of ORS ?
9.what are the functions of each ingredients ?
ans:-
Glucose – helps in absorption of Na+
Na+ & K+ -for maintaining electrolyte and fluid balance
citrate :- corrects acidosis and enhances the absorption of
water and electrolytes

• Liquid preparation(aqueous suspension or solution) meant
for local application to the skin or mucous membranes
• Applied without friction
E.g. Zinc calamine lotion ,Condy’s lotion
#Also include mouth washer, eye lotions ,gargles and
solutions for urethral or vaginal irrigations
• Except gargles all such lotions and external washer are to be
dispensed with the label ‘FOR EXTERNAL USE ONLY’

• Calamine lotion is a liquid preparation containing
calamine which is used to treat itching or mild
skin irritation
Composition:-
Ingredients for 50 ml
Calamine -7.5 gm
Zinc Oxide-2.5 gm
Bentonite -1.5 gm
Glycerine -2.5 ml
Aqua ad-50ml

• Calamine is a natural compound(ore)
• Earlier obtained by roasting a native Zinc carbonate
Properties:- Tasteless,odorless pink color powder
At present:- prepared by mixing (98% ZnO + 2% Fe203)
which give pink color to the solution
Calamine

• Acts here as an Adjuvant
• It also acts as antiseptic, antipruritic and Astringent with
local soothing.
• It reduces irritation caused by Fe2O3
 Mild metallic astringent + irritant
 It has only cosmetics value(gives pink colour which
matches with the colour of skin)

It is a native, colloidal hydrated aluminium silicate
Acts here as a suspending agent
It has protective effect and helps to make the solution
uniform
It is insoluble in water but it swells to about 12 times its
volume into a homogenous mass in water thus increasing
the viscosity(thixotropic effect)

Tri-hydroxy alcohol
Hygroscopic agent(absorbs moisture) keeping the
skin moist thus having soothing effect
Prevents drying of the lotion and the preparation
remains at the site of application for a much
longer time
It is also antiseptic and emollient
It acts as a demulcent

• To prepare and dispense
To prepare and dispense 50 ml of calamine lotion
Apparatus:-
Balance with frictional weights
Glass mortar and pestle
Dispensing bottle,
measuring cylinder,
cork,
butter paper,
scissors, ruler, and chemicals

1. The required quantities of calamine, zinc oxide and
bentonite were weighed separately and powder them
in mortar and pestle.
2. 2.5 ml glycerine and 10 ml water were added to it
and made into a paste
3. This was transferred into a measuring cylinder

4. Then the mortar and pestle were rinsed with a
little more of the vehicle and transferred into the
cylinder till the volume was made upto 50 ml
5.It was dispensed in a dispensing bottle, corked
6.Labeling was done as follows. The bottle was
then wrapped in brown paper and sealed

– In any irritating skin diseases
.e.g. dermatitis, eczema,
ringworm,
Psoriasis
– Impetigo
– Sunburn
– Itching -scabies, chicken pox
– Varicose ulcers

Name: XYZ
Age/sex :- 32/M Date-20/2/2014
Reg. no of Pt.-1001
Directions: - To be applied on the affected part
thrice a day with cotton swab without rubbing
MIMS-Pharmacy Signature & Reg.no of pharmacist
THE LOTION
SHAKE WELL THE BOTTLE BEFORE USE
FOR EXTERNAL USE ONLY
Label for calamine lotion :-

Prescription of calamine lotion
Name-
Qualification-
Date-
Name- Age:-
sex- weight-
Address- Mobile no-
occupation -
Calamine – 7.5 g
ZnO- 3 g
Bentonite- 1.5 g
Glycerine- 2.5 ml
Aqua Ad- 50 ml
Eczema
Rx-
Mix and make and send such 50 ml
Apply on the affected part thrice a day.

-:Questions:-
1. What is a lotion?
2. What is the difference between lotion and liniment?
ans:- lotion is applied without friction.
Whereas friction is required for application of liniment.
3.What is the composition of calamine lotion and give
their uses?
4. what are the uses of calamine lotion ?

• 5. What is lacto calamine ?
ans:- market preparation of calamine lotion which contains
(casein + phenol)
Casein- acts as a soothing agent
Phenol- acts as a preservative and antiseptic
6. What is the composition of calamine and give their
uses?
Ans- calamine = 98% ZnO+2% Fe203
ZnO acts as antiseptics, astringent and antipruritic
Fe203 . Cosmetic value (give pink color)

7. Why Zn0 added in calamine lotion although calamine
itself contains Zn0 ?
Ans- calamine also contains Fe203 which has an irritant
action.
To decrease the irritative action of calamine additional ZnO
is used as it dilutes the Fe203.
8.why is glycerine used ?
9. What is an astringent ?
Ans:- It is substance which precipitates proteins from the
cells of the superficial layer and thereby forms a protective
covering which prevents the action of irritants.
e.g.- vegetable astringent – Tannic acid
Mineral astringent- calamine

• 10. What is an emolient ?
ans:- it is an agent which softens the skin
11. What will happen if calamine lotion is
swallowed?
ans:-there will be vomiting because Zn irritates the
stomach and also stimulates the CTZ.

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