VARIOUS DOSAGE FORMS PF.pptx

PHARMACEUTICAL
FORMULATIONS
Presented by:
B . Sharon,
PharmD III Year.
NARAYANA PHARMACY COLLEGE
Chinthareddypalem, Nellore.
Various Forms of Pharmaceutical
Dosage Forms

PHARMACEUTICAL
FORMULATIONS
PHARMACEUTICAL DOSAGE
FORMS

PHARMACEUTICAL
DOSAGE FORMS
•Pharmaceutical dosage forms
is a drug delivery which is
formed by the technological
processing.
•It is also called Drug
Formulation.
•Dosage forms : Dosage forms
are the means by which drug
molecules are delivered to
sites of action within the body.

ACTIVE PHARMACEUTICAL
INGREDIENT
• A pharmaceutical drug also called
Medicine/Medication is a chemical
substance used to treat ,cure , prevent or
diagnose a disease or to promote wellbeing.
Traditionally , drugs were obtained through
extraction from medicinal plants but recently
also by organic synthesis.

TYPES OF DOSAGE FORMS
• Based on the physical appearance
• Based on the route of administration

SOLID DOSAGE FORMS
LIQUID DOSAGE FORMS
SEMI SOLID DOSAGE FORMS
GASEOUS DOSAGE FORMS
BASED
ON THE
PHYSICAL
FORM

SOLID DOSAGE FORMS
SHAPED UNSHAPED
TABLETS
CAPSULES
IMPLANTS
TRANSDERMAL
PATCHES
POWDERS
FOR
EXTERNAL/
INTERNAL
USE
SEMISOLID DOSAGE FORMS
SHAPED UNSHAPED
SUPPOSITORIES
PESSARIES
GELS
CREAMS
OINTMENTS
PASTES

LIQUID DOSAGE FORMS GASEOUS DOSAGE FORMS
MONOPHASIC BIPHASIC EXTERNAL USE
SOLUTIONS
SYRUPS
SPIRITS
TINCTURES
SUSPENSIONS
EMULSIONS
LOTIONS
COLLOIDIONS
MEDICINAL GASES
MEDICINAL OXYGEN,HYDROGEN
AEROSOLS
AERODISPERSIONS
ANTI ASTHMATIC SPRAYS

ENTERAL DOSAGE FORMS
ORAL
SUBLINGUAL
AND BUCCAL
RECTAL
PARENTERAL DOSAGE FORMS
INTRAVENOUS ,INTRAMUSCULAR, INTRA DERMAL
SUBCUTANEOUS, INTRA CLINICAL PRODUCTS.
TABLETS
CAPSULES
SUSPENSIONS
SYRUPS
EMULSIONS
INHALERS
CHEWING
TABLETS
MOUTH
WASHES
TOOTHPASTES
ORALLY
DISINTEGRATI
NG TABLETS
SUPPOSITORIES
RECTAL
OINTMENTS
ENEMAS
TOPICAL DOSAGE FORMS
DERMAL MUCOSA PERCUTANEOUS
OINTMENTS
CREAMS
LOTIONS
LIP BALMS
MEDICATTED
SHAMPOO
PATCHES
EAR DROPS
EYE DROPS
NASAL DROPS
AND SPRAYS
EYE
OINTMENTS
PESSARIES
TRANS DERMAL
PATCHES

SOLID DOSAGE
FORMS
• Solid dosage forms are unit dosage forms consisting of
doses which are taken by numbers .
• Tablets and capsules are most convenient dosage forms.
 EXAMPLES:
1. TABLETS
2. CAPSULES
3. PILLS
4. PASTILLES
5. LOZENGES
6. CACHETS OR POWDERS

TABLETS
• A tablet is a hard compressed medicated
preparation in round , oral , square shape.
• It is a solid dosage form containing unit dose of one
or more medicaments prepared by mold method or
compression method.
• According to Indian Pharmacopoeia
“pharmaceutical tablets are flat or biconvex discs
prepared by compressing a drug or a mixture of
drugs with or without suitable diluents”

TYPES OF
TABLETS
BASED ON ROUTE OF ADMINISTRATION

A. TABLETS INGESTED ORALLY - are to be swallowed except chewable tablets.
 COMPRESSED TABLETS –contain water soluble drugs formed by compression and contain no special coating.
• examples: Aspirin, Paracetamol tablets.
 MULTIPLE COMPRESSED TABLETS-are compressed tablets made by more than one compression cycle to mask bitter
taste.
 Types:1. Compression coated tablet/dry or press coated tablet – core is compressed by coating.
2.Layered tablets- are prepared by compressing additional tablet granulation on a previously compressed
g ranulation. Ex:
3.Sustained action tablets-are those which after oral administration release the drug at a desired time and
prolong the effect of medication . Ex: Diclofenac SR tablets
 ENTERIC COATED TABLETS- are coated with materials resistant to acidic pH of gastric fluid but disintegrate in alkaline
pH of intestine . Ex : Anti Helminthic drugs, Amebicides.
 SUGAR COATED TABLETS-contain sugar coating to mask bitter, unpleasant odor and taste of medicament . Ex:
 FILM COATED TABLETS-are compressed have a film coating of polymers . Ex:
 CHEWABLE TABLET-are required to be broken and chewed in between teeth before ingestion. Ex: Celin , antacid
tablets.
(A)TABLETS INGESTED ORALLY

(B) TABLETS USED IN ORAL CAVITY
1. BUCCAL CAVITIES- These tablets are to be placed in the side of the cheek (buccal pouch) where they dissolve or erode
slowly and are absorbed directly in the buccal cavity without passing into the alimentary canal.
Ex: Progesterone tablets
2. SUBLINGUAL TABLETS -These tablets are to be placed under the tongue where they dissolve or disintegrate quickly
and are absorbed directly without passing into GIT.
Ex :Nitroglycerin tablets.
3. LOZENGES-are designed to exert a local effect in the mouth or throat. These tablets are commonly used to treat
sore throats to control coughing in the common cold.
Ex: Vicks
4. DENTAL CONE- are compressed tablets meant for placement in the empty sockets after tooth extraction.
Ex: Parasorb cone

(c) TABLETS ADMINISTERED BY OTHER ROUTES
• IMPLANTATION TABLETS -are placed under the skin or inserted subcutaneously by means of minor
surgical operation and are slowly absorbed.
Ex: Implanon , Naltrexone.
• VAGINAL TABLETS-are meant to dissolve slowly in the vaginal cavity. The tablets are typically ovoidal
or pear shaped for the ease of insertion.
Ex : Cotrimoxazole tablets

(D) TABLETS USED TO PREPARE SOLUTIONS
• EFFERVESCENT TABLETS-tablets along with the active medicament contain ingredients like sodium bicarbonate, citric acid
and tartaric acid which react in the presence of water liberating carbon dioxide and producing effervescence leading to
disintegration of the tablet, thus hastens solution formation and increases the palatability.
Ex: Pregabalin
• DISPENSING TABLETS-These tablets provide a convenient quantity of potent drugs that can be incorporated readily into
powders and liquids, thus circumventing the necessity to weigh small quantities.
• Ex : Nimesulid tablet
• HYPODERMIC TABLETS- are soft, readily soluble tablets and originally were used for the preparation of solutions to be
injected. These tablets are dissolved in sterile water or water for injection and administered by parenteral route.
Ex: Codeine sulphate
• TABLET TRITURATES-are flat, circular discs, usually containing a potent substance mixed with lactose, lactose and
sucrose, dextrose, or any suitable diluent.
Ex: Calomel.

CAPSULES
• Capsules are solid dosage forms in which one or more medicinal and inert ingredients are enclosed in a small shell
or container usually made of gelatin.
• TYPES:
 HARD GELATTIN CAPSULES- Hard capsules are usually made up of a base containing plasticizer and water. The base
may also contain preservatives, colors, flavors and sugars.
Ex : Amoxicillin
 SOFT GELATIN CAPSULES-Soft gelatin capsules are made of gelatin to which glycerin or a polyhydric alcohol such as
sorbitol has been added.
• Soft gelatin capsules, which contain more moisture than hard capsules, may have a preservative, such
as methylparaben or propyl paraben, to retard microbial growth.
• Soft gelatin capsules may be oblong, oval, or round. They may be single colored or two-toned and may be
imprinted with identifying markings.
 Ex: vitamin D capsules

Lozenges
 LL
 Lozenges are solid preparation consisting of sugar and gum.
 It is used to medicate mouth and throat for slow administration of indigestion
and cough remedies(oral cavity).
 It is also called troche.
 TYPES: Molded lozenges-are made by help of lozenge board.
Ex: mixture of powder or solution of acacia ,sucrose, water
Compressed lozenges- prepared by compression.
Ex: Benzocaine lozenges
LOZENGES

Pastilles
• Pastilles are solid medicated preparations designed to dissolve
slowly in mouth.
• They are softer than lozenges and their bases are either
glycerol, gelatin, acacia and sugar.
Ex : Menthol cough
pastilles

PILLS
• Pills are small , rounded , solid
dosage forms containing
medicament and are
intended to be administered
orally.
• Pills are now rarely used.
• Ex : Pills of aloe
Pills of ferric
carbonate B.P.C

POWDERS
• Powders are solid dosage forms
containing mixture of finely divided drug
or chemicals intended for internal
/external use.
• The mixed powders may be stored in dry
form and mixture will be prepared by
pharmacist when required for dispensing
by suspending the powder in the
appropriate vehicle.

BULK POWDER FOR INTERNAL USE
 DIVIDED POWDERS
 SIMPLE POWDERS
Ex : Aspirin
 COMPOUND POWDERS
Ex: Compound rhubarb powder B.P.C.
 POWDERS ENCLOSED IN CACHETS
Ex: Isoniazid cachets
 TABLET TRITURATES
Ex: Calomel
 BULK POWDERS
 ANTACID
Ex : Magnesium trisilicate oral compd.
powder
 LAXATIVE
Ex: Macrogol compd. Oral powder
SPECIAL POWDERS
 EUTECTIC POWDERS
Ex: Sodium chloride and water
 EFFERVESCENT POWDERS
Ex: Eno fruit salt
 EFFLORESCENT POWDERS
Ex :Alum-Atropine sulphate-citric
acid
 EXPLOSIVE POWDER
Ex: sulfides-sulfur-tannic acid-
charcoal
POWDERS FOR EXTERNAL USE
 DUSTING POWDERS
E x : Clotrimazole dusting
powder
 MEDICATED
 SURGICAL
 INSUFFLATIONS
Ex: Sodium Cromoglycate
powder
 DOUCHE POWDER
Ex: certane powder
 DENTRIFICES
Ex: Colgate
TYPES OF POWDERS

Liquid preparations for internal
administration

Simple mixtures containing soluble substances
•Ex: Carminative mixture
Mixtures containing diffusible solids
• Ex: Magnesium sulphate –magnesium carbonate –peppermint water mixture.
SOLUTIONS
Mixtures containing in-diffusible solids
• Ex: Acetyl salicylic acid- oxyphenbutazone mixture
Mixtures containing precipitate forming liquids
• Ex : Potassium iodide-tincture lobelia ether –tincture stramonium-chloroform mixture
Mixtures containing slightly soluble liquids
• Ex: Paraldehyde mixture
Are clear liquid preparations for oral use containing one or more API dissolved in
a suitable vehicle. Ex : Gelusil .

SYRUPS
Medicated syrup
•Crocin syrup
Flavored syrup
•Cherry and raspberry
syrup
 are concentrated
aqueous solutions of
sugar usually sucrose to
which medicaments are
added in a suitable
proportion.
 Methods of preparation
 By simple solution method
Ex : Ginger syrup
 By a process of extraction
Ex : Tolu syrup
 By chemical interaction
Ex: compound syrup ferrous
phosphate I.P

• Aromatic elixir
• Ephedrine compound elixir
Medicated elixir
• Diphenhydramine HCl elixir
Flavored elixir
ELIXIRS
are pleasantly
flavored clear
liquid oral
preparations of
potent or
nauseous drug.

LINCTUS
Linctus are viscous liquid oral preparations that are usually
prescribed for relief of cough.
They contain medicaments which have demulcent, sedative or
expectorant action.
They should be taken in small doses, sipped and swallowed slowly
without diluting with water to have the maximum and prolonged
effect of medicaments.
Ex: Codeine linctus ,Coscopin linctus .

AROMATIC WATERS
• Aromatic waters are the
clear saturated solution of
volatile oil or volatile
substances in purified
water .
• They are also known as
medicated water.
Simple aromatic waters
• Simple aromatic water is a saturated solution
of volatile oil or volatile substances in purified
water.
• Ex : Chloroform water
Concentrated waters
TYPES OF AROMATIC WATERS
• Concentrated water is 40 times stronger than
the aromatic water.
Ex: Camphor water B.P.

Liquid preparations meant for external
administration

• Lotion, liniments, collodions.
Liquids to be applied to the skin
• Gargles , mouth washes, throat paints and sprays.
Liquids to be used in mouth
• Douches ,enemas , eye drops , ear drops , nasal drops,
inhalations , nasal sprays ,eye lotions.
Liquids used to be instilled into body
cavity

LOTIONS
• Lotions are the liquid preparations meant for external application without
friction and are applied on a suitable dressing and covered with a
waterproof dressing to reduce evaporation.
• They are applied with the help of some absorbent materials such as cotton
wool or gauze soaked in it.
• Lotions may be used for –1. local action . Ex: Salicylic acid lotion
2.antiseptic action .Ex: Calamine lotion.

LINIMENTS
• Liniments are liquid , semi-fluid or occasionally semi solid preparations intended for
application to skin with friction and rubbing.
• They were once called Embrocation .
• Most of the liniments acts as counter irritants.
• Liniments should not be applied to broken skin.
• Liniments are of 2 types based on the type o of base used
 Alcoholic Liniments- contain alcohol as base .
Ex : Camphor and soap liniment .
 Oily Liniments- contain oil as base.
Ex: Turpentine liniment.

COLLODIONS
• Collodions are clear or slightly opalescent (turbid) liquid
preparations meant for application to skin by means of a
soft brush or suitable applicator.
• Collodions contain pyroxylin(nitrocellulose) in a mixture of
ethyl ether and alcohol.
• Collodions are highly inflammable because volatile solvents
are used for its preparation.
• Collodions are water repellent.
Ex: Salicylic acid and lactic acid paint.

• Collodions are of 2 types
• Non -Medicated Collodions- contain only flexible collodion.
• Ex: Flexible collodion is a solution of colophony and castor oil in the mixture of pyroxylin
and volatile solvent.
• Medicated collodions – contain medicament to protect small cuts and scratches.
• Ex: Salicylic acid collodion

Liquids to be used in the mouth

Gargles
• Gargles are concentrated , clear , aqueous
solutions used to prevent or treat of throat
infections.
• They are usually available in concentrated form
with direction for dilution with warm water
before use.
 Ex: Potassium chlorate and phenol gargles,
Betadine gargle.

MOUTH WASHES
• Mouth washes are
concentrated ,clear,
aqueous solutions with a
pleasant taste and odor
used to make clean and
deodorize the buccal
cavity.
• They are medicated
liquids used for cleansing
the oral cavity and
treating the mucus
membrane of the mouth.
Mouth washes are of 5 types :-
 Natural mouth wash- are alcohol free
 Fluoride mouth wash- contain Na F.
 Cosmetic mouth wash- prevents bad breath.
 Antiseptic mouth wash- contains API which
stops the growth of bacteria.
 Total care mouth wash- contain anti-bacterial
agents which reduce the buildup of plaque
and prevent gum diseases.
 Ex: Listerine mouth wash , Povidone mouth
wash.

THROAT PAINTS
• Throat paints are the viscous solutions or dispersions of one or more API’s intended for
application to mucosa of the throat/ mouth.
• They are viscous due to high content of glycerin which being sticky adhere to the
affected site and prolong the action of medicament.
• Ex : Magenta paint , compound iodine paint.

Liquids to be instilled into
body cavities

DOUCHES
Douche is a medicated sterile solution meant
for rinsing a body cavity .
• The word douche is used for vaginal
solution. Hence, they are called irrigations.
 Ex: Tantum vaginal douche.
They are also used to irrigate eyes ,ear or nasal
cavities for cleaning or removing the foreign
particles or discharges from them.
They are generally dispensed in the form of a
powder or tablet or concentrated solutions with
direction to dilute it in a specific quantity of
warm water before use.
Douche is administered by gravitation flow by
using douche can.
Douches are used for following purposes:-
• Cleansing agents Ex: Isotonic sodium chloride solution
• Antiseptics Ex: Mercuric chloride
• Astringent Ex: Alum (1%)

• Enemas are aqueous or oily
solutions or suspensions that are
introduced into the rectum for
cleansing ,therapeutic or
diagnostic purposes.
• They are used to evacuate feces
in constipation or before an
operation.
• Ex : Paraldehyde enema
Exit enema
ENEMAS

EAR DROPS
• Ear drops are solutions
of drops that are
instilled into the ear
with a dropper
• They are generally
used for cleaning the
ear, softening the wax
and for treating the
mild infection.
 Ex: Phenol ear drops –
should always be
diluted with glycerin if
required.
• Dilution with water
renders phenol ear-
drops caustic.
2) Dexamethasone ear
ear drops

NASAL DROPS
Nasal drops are aqueous solutions of drops that are instilled into the nose
with a dropper.
They should be isotonic with 0.9% sodium chloride having neutral pH and
viscosity similar to nasal secretions by using 0.5% methyl cellulose.
Ex: Xylometazoline nasal
drops

NASAL SPRAYS
 Nasal sprays are used to
reduce nasal congestion
and to treat infections.
 The nasal spray should
be isotonic and
buffered at Ph 6.2
 Ex : Beclomethasone
 nasal sprays

INHALATIONS
• Inhalations are the liquid preparations containing volatile substances and are used
to relieve congestion and inflammation of the respiratory tract.
 Ex: Salbutamol inhaler, Ventolin inhaler

SUSPENSIONS
Suspensions are categorized
into 4 types based on route
of administration.
Oral suspensions Ex: Chloramphenicol palmitate
suspension
Parenteral
suspensions
Ex : Procaine penicillin G
suspension.
Ophthalmic
suspensions
Ex: fluorometholone
suspension U.S.P
Suspensions for external use
Ex : calamine lotion
• Suspensions are the
biphasic liquid forms of
medicament in which
finely divided solid drug
particles ranging from 0.5
to 5 micron are dispersed
in a semisolid or liquid
vehicle.
• Disperse phase- solid
particles
• Continuous phase- liquid
vehicle

EMULSIONS
• Emulsion is a heterogenous biphasic liquid
dosage form containing 2 immiscible liquids
which are made miscible by mixing an
emulsifying agent.
• Emulsions are prepared by dry gum method, wet
gum method ,bottle method, others-
homogenizers and blenders.
• Emulsions are of 2 types
 Oil in water type
 Water in oil type
Ex: Cremafin emulsion

Based on the
route of
administration
Emulsions for oral administration
Ex: Castor oil, Almond oil.
Emulsions for external use
Ex : Soap emulsions, creams.
Emulsions for parenteral use
Ex : vitamins
Emulsions for rectal use
Ex : enema

SUPPOSITORIES Rectal suppository
Vaginal suppository
Nasal suppository
• Suppositories are small solid
medicated forms of medicament
usually cone shaped inserted into
rectum (rectal suppositories), vagina(
vaginal suppositories or pessaries)
where it melts at body temperature.
• New trends of Suppositories
 Tablet suppositories
 Layered suppositories
 Capsule suppositories
 Coated suppositories
 Disposable moulds
 Ex : Dulcolax suppositories.
Urethral suppository
Ear cones

PESSARIES
Pessaries are meant for introduction into
vagina.
They are larger than rectal suppositories and
vary in weight from 4-8 grams or more.
Pessaries may be conical, wedge or rod
shaped.
Ex: Betadine pessaries

OINTMENTS
are semi solid
preparations meant
for external
application to the
skin or mucous
membrane.
Ex: Betadine
ointment
Based on the penetration
 Epidermic ointments
 Endodermic ointments
 Diadermic ointments
Based on the therapeutic use
 Antibiotic ointment
 Anti fungal ointment
 Anti inflammatory ointment
 Anti pruritic ointment
 Astringent ointment
 Anti eczematous ointment
 Keratolytic ointment
 Counter irritant ointment
 Ointments used for dandruff
 Ointments used for psoriasis
 Parasiticide ointment
 Protectant ointment

CREAMS Aqueous creams :
• Oil in water type emulsions
• Based on the type of
emulsifying agent used ,
creams are of 3 types-
Anionic wax creams
Ex: Calamine cream B.P.C
Cationic wax creams
Ex: Cetrimide cream B.P.
Non–ionic wax creams
Ex: Ceto macrogol cream
Oily creams
• Water in oil type emulsions
• Based on the type of
emulsifying agent used ,
creams are of 2 types-
Sterol creams- have wool fat.
Ex: Proflavine cream B.P.C
Soap creams- have calcium.
Ex: Zinc cream B.N.F
• Creams are viscous semi
solid emulsions which
are meant for external
use.
• Creams are of 2 types

PASTES
• Pastes are semisolid preparations intended for external application to skin.
• They differ from ointments by having a high proportion of finely powdered
medicaments such as Zn O , CaCO3, starch etc.,
• They are very thick and stiff and do not melt at ordinary temperature.
Ex : Zinc and salicylic acid paste.

JELLIES
• Jellies are transparent or translucent non-greasy, semi solid
preparations meant for external application to skin or
mucous membrane.
• They are prepared by either natural gums or synthetic
derivatives of natural substances.
Ex : Diclofenac sodium gel
There are3 types of
jellies-
 Medicated jellies
 Non medicated
jellies
 Miscellaneous
jellies- are meant
for patch testing
and electro
cardiography

POULTICES
• Poultices are soft ,viscous wet masses of solid substances applied to the skin for their
fomentation action in order to provide relief from pain or reduce inflammation or to act
as counter irritant.
• They are also called cataplasms.
Ex: Kaolin poultice B.P.C.

AEROSOLS
• Aerosols are pressured package systems which
help to dispense the drug in the form of fine
mist.
• Ex: hydrocarbons , CO2

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