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Reproductive system
1.
Copyright © 2006
Pearson Education, Inc., publishing as Benjamin Cummings Human Anatomy & Physiology SEVENTH EDITION Elaine N. Marieb Katja Hoehn PowerPoint® Lecture Slides prepared by Vince Austin, Bluegrass Technical and Community College CHAPTER 27The Reproductive System P A R T B
2.
Copyright © 2006
Pearson Education, Inc., publishing as Benjamin Cummings Brain-Testicular Axis Hormonal regulation of spermatogenesis and testicular androgen production involving the hypothalamus, anterior pituitary gland, and the testes
3.
Copyright © 2006
Pearson Education, Inc., publishing as Benjamin Cummings Brain-Testicular Axis Testicular regulation involves three sets of hormones: GnRH, which indirectly stimulates the testes through: Follicle stimulating hormone (FSH) Luteinizing hormone (LH) Gonadotropins, which directly stimulate the testes Testicular hormones, which exert negative feedback controls
4.
Copyright © 2006
Pearson Education, Inc., publishing as Benjamin Cummings Hormonal Regulation of Testicular Function The hypothalamus releases gonadotropin-releasing hormone (GnRH) GnRH stimulates the anterior pituitary to secrete FSH and LH FSH causes sustentacular cells (sertoli cells) to release androgen-binding protein (ABP) LH stimulates interstitial cells to release testosterone ABP binding of testosterone enhances spermatogenesis
5.
Copyright © 2006
Pearson Education, Inc., publishing as Benjamin Cummings Hormonal Regulation of Testicular Function Feedback inhibition on the hypothalamus and pituitary results from: Rising levels of testosterone Increased inhibin Figure 27.10
6.
Copyright © 2006
Pearson Education, Inc., publishing as Benjamin Cummings Mechanism and Effects of Testosterone Activity Testosterone is synthesized from cholesterol It must be transformed to exert its effects on some target cells Prostate – it is converted into dihydrotestosterone (DHT) before it can bind within the nucleus Neurons – it is converted into estrogen to bring about stimulatory effects Testosterone targets all accessory organs and its deficiency causes these organs to atrophy
7.
Copyright © 2006
Pearson Education, Inc., publishing as Benjamin Cummings Male Secondary Sex Characteristics Male hormones make their appearance at puberty and induce changes in nonreproductive organs, including Appearance of pubic, axillary, and facial hair Enhanced growth of the chest and deepening of the voice Skin thickens and becomes oily Bones grow and increase in density Skeletal muscles increase in size and mass
8.
Copyright © 2006
Pearson Education, Inc., publishing as Benjamin Cummings Male Secondary Sex Characteristics Testosterone is the basis of libido (increase sexual drive) in both males and females
9.
Copyright © 2006
Pearson Education, Inc., publishing as Benjamin Cummings Reproductive System Primary sex organs (gonads) – testes in males, ovaries in females Gonads produce sex cells called gametes and secrete sex hormones Accessory reproductive organs – ducts, glands, and external genitalia Sex hormones – androgens (males), and estrogens and progesterone (females)
10.
Copyright © 2006
Pearson Education, Inc., publishing as Benjamin Cummings Reproductive System Sex hormones play roles in: The development and function of the reproductive organs Sexual behavior and drives The growth and development of many other organs and tissues
11.
Copyright © 2006
Pearson Education, Inc., publishing as Benjamin Cummings Male Reproductive System The male gonads (testes) produce sperm and lie within the scrotum Sperm are delivered to the exterior through a system of ducts: epididymis, ductus deferens, ejaculatory duct, and the urethra Accessory sex glands: Empty their secretions into the ducts during ejaculation Include the seminal vesicles, prostate gland, and bulbourethral glands
12.
Copyright © 2006
Pearson Education, Inc., publishing as Benjamin Cummings Male Reproductive System Figure 27.1
13.
Copyright © 2006
Pearson Education, Inc., publishing as Benjamin Cummings The Scrotum Sac of skin and superficial fascia that hangs outside the abdominopelvic cavity at the root of the penis Contains paired testicles separated by a midline septum Its external positioning keeps the testes 3C lower than core body temperature (needed for sperm production)
14.
Copyright © 2006
Pearson Education, Inc., publishing as Benjamin Cummings The Testes Seminiferous tubules: Produce the sperm The sperm: Leave the testis via efferent ductules Enter the epididymis Surrounding the seminiferous tubules are interstitial cells that produce androgens
15.
Copyright © 2006
Pearson Education, Inc., publishing as Benjamin Cummings The Penis A copulatory organ designed to deliver sperm into the female reproductive tract Consists of an attached root and a free shaft that ends in the glans penis Prepuce, or foreskin – cuff of skin covering the distal end of the penis Circumcision – surgical removal of the foreskin after birth
16.
Copyright © 2006
Pearson Education, Inc., publishing as Benjamin Cummings The Penis Internal penis – the urethra and three cylindrical bodies of erectile tissue Erectile tissue – spongy network of connective tissue and smooth muscle riddled with vascular spaces
17.
Copyright © 2006
Pearson Education, Inc., publishing as Benjamin Cummings The Penis Erection – during sexual excitement, the erectile tissue fills with blood causing the penis to enlarge and become rigid Corpus spongiosum – surrounds the urethra and expands to form the glans and bulb of the penis
18.
Copyright © 2006
Pearson Education, Inc., publishing as Benjamin Cummings Epididymis Its head joins the efferent ductules and caps the superior aspect of the testis The duct of the epididymis has stereocilia that: Absorb testicular fluid Pass nutrients to the sperm Nonmotile sperm enter, pass through its tubes and become motile Upon ejaculation the epididymis contracts, expelling sperm into the ductus deferens
19.
Copyright © 2006
Pearson Education, Inc., publishing as Benjamin Cummings Urethra Conveys both urine and semen (at different times) Consists of three regions Prostatic – portion surrounded by the prostate Membranous – lies in the urogenital diaphragm Spongy, or penile – runs through the penis and opens to the outside at the external urethral orifice
20.
Copyright © 2006
Pearson Education, Inc., publishing as Benjamin Cummings Accessory Glands: Seminal Vesicles Lie on the posterior wall of the bladder and secrete 60% of the volume of semen Semen – viscous alkaline fluid containing fructose, ascorbic acid, coagulating enzyme (vesiculase), and prostaglandins Join the ductus deferens to form the ejaculatory duct Sperm and seminal fluid mix in the ejaculatory duct and enter the prostatic urethra during ejaculation
21.
Copyright © 2006
Pearson Education, Inc., publishing as Benjamin Cummings Accessory Glands: Prostate Gland Doughnut-shaped gland that encircles part of the urethra inferior to the bladder Its milky, slightly acid fluid, which contains citrate, enzymes, and prostate-specific antigen (PSA), accounts for one-third of the semen volume Plays a role in the activation of sperm Enters the prostatic urethra during ejaculation
22.
Copyright © 2006
Pearson Education, Inc., publishing as Benjamin Cummings Accessory Glands: Bulbourethral Glands (Cowper’s Glands) Pea-sized glands inferior to the prostate Produce thick, clear mucus prior to ejaculation that neutralizes traces of acidic urine in the urethra
23.
Copyright © 2006
Pearson Education, Inc., publishing as Benjamin Cummings Male Sexual Response: Erection Enlargement and stiffening of the penis from engorgement of erectile tissue with blood During sexual arousal, a PNS reflex promotes the release of nitric oxide Nitric oxide causes erectile tissue to fill with blood The corpus spongiosum functions in keeping the urethra open during ejaculation
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Pearson Education, Inc., publishing as Benjamin Cummings Male Sexual Response Erection is initiated by sexual stimuli including: Touch and mechanical stimulation of the penis Erotic sights, sounds, and smells Erection can be induced or inhibited solely by emotional or higher mental activity Impotence – inability to attain erection Ejaculation:The propulsion of semen from the male duct system
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Pearson Education, Inc., publishing as Benjamin Cummings Female Reproductive Anatomy Ovaries are the primary female reproductive organs Make female gametes (ova) Secrete female sex hormones (estrogen and progesterone) Accessory ducts include uterine tubes, uterus, and vagina Internal genitalia – ovaries and the internal ducts External genitalia – external sex organs
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Pearson Education, Inc., publishing as Benjamin Cummings Female Reproductive Anatomy Figure 27.11
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Pearson Education, Inc., publishing as Benjamin Cummings The Ovaries Paired organs on each side of the uterus held in place by several ligaments Ovarian – anchors the ovary medially to the uterus Suspensory – anchors the ovary laterally to the pelvic wall Mesovarium – suspends the ovary in between Broad ligament – contains the suspensory ligament and the mesovarium
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Pearson Education, Inc., publishing as Benjamin Cummings The Ovaries Figure 27.14a
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Pearson Education, Inc., publishing as Benjamin Cummings Ovaries Each follicle consists of an immature egg called an oocyte Cells around the oocyte are called: Follicle cells (one cell layer thick) Granulosa cells (when more than one layer is present)
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Pearson Education, Inc., publishing as Benjamin Cummings Ovaries Primordial follicle – one layer of squamouslike follicle cells surrounds the oocyte Primary follicle – two or more layers of cuboidal granulosa cells enclose the oocyte Secondary follicle – has a fluid-filled space between granulosa cells that coalesces (fuse) to form a central antrum
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Pearson Education, Inc., publishing as Benjamin Cummings Ovaries Graafian follicle – secondary follicle at its most mature stage that bulges from the surface of the ovary Ovulation – ejection of the oocyte from the ripening follicle Corpus luteum – ruptured follicle after ovulation
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Pearson Education, Inc., publishing as Benjamin Cummings Ovaries Figure 27.12
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Pearson Education, Inc., publishing as Benjamin Cummings Uterine Tubes (Fallopian Tubes) and Oviducts Receive the ovulated oocyte and provide a site for fertilization Empty into the superolateral region of the uterus via the isthmus Expand distally around the ovary forming the ampulla The ampulla ends in the funnel-shaped, ciliated infundibulum containing fingerlike projections called fimbriae
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Pearson Education, Inc., publishing as Benjamin Cummings Uterine Tubes The uterine tubes have no contact with the ovaries and the ovulated oocyte is cast into the peritoneal cavity Beating cilia on the fimbriae create currents to carry the oocyte into the uterine tube The oocyte is carried toward the uterus by peristalsis and ciliary action Nonciliated cells keep the oocyte and the sperm nourished and moist
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Pearson Education, Inc., publishing as Benjamin Cummings Uterus Hollow, thick-walled organ located in the pelvis anterior to the rectum and posterosuperior to the bladder Body – major portion of the uterus Fundus – rounded region superior to the entrance of the uterine tubes Isthmus – narrowed region between the body and cervix
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Pearson Education, Inc., publishing as Benjamin Cummings Uterus Cervix – narrow neck which projects into the vagina inferiorly Cervical canal – cavity of the cervix that communicates with: The vagina via the external os The uterine body via the internal os Cervical glands secrete mucus that covers the external os and blocks sperm entry except during midcycle
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Pearson Education, Inc., publishing as Benjamin Cummings Uterine Wall Composed of three layers Perimetrium – outermost serous layer; the visceral peritoneum Myometrium – middle layer; interlacing layers of smooth muscle Endometrium – mucosal lining of the uterine cavity
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Pearson Education, Inc., publishing as Benjamin Cummings Endometrium Has numerous uterine glands that change in length as the endometrial thickness changes Stratum functionalis: Undergoes cyclic changes in response to ovarian hormones Is shed during menstruation Stratum basalis: Forms a new functionalis after menstruation ends Does not respond to ovarian hormones
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Pearson Education, Inc., publishing as Benjamin Cummings Vagina Thin-walled tube lying between the bladder and the rectum, extending from the cervix to the exterior of the body The urethra is embedded in the anterior wall Provides a passageway for birth, menstrual flow, and is the organ of copulation
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Pearson Education, Inc., publishing as Benjamin Cummings Vagina Wall consists of three coats: fibroelastic adventitia, smooth muscle muscularis, and a stratified squamous mucosa Mucosa near the vaginal orifice forms an incomplete partition called the hymen Vaginal fornix – upper end of the vagina surrounding the cervix
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Pearson Education, Inc., publishing as Benjamin Cummings Hormonal Interactions During the Ovarian Cycle Day 1 – GnRH stimulates the release of FSH and LH FSH and LH stimulate follicle growth and maturation, and low-level estrogen release Rising estrogen levels: Inhibit the release of FSH and LH Prod the pituitary to synthesize and accumulate these gonadotropins
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Pearson Education, Inc., publishing as Benjamin Cummings Hormonal Interactions During the Ovarian Cycle Estrogen levels increase and high estrogen levels have a positive feedback effect on the pituitary, causing a sudden surge of LH
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Pearson Education, Inc., publishing as Benjamin Cummings Hormonal Interactions During the Ovarian Cycle The LH spike stimulates the primary oocyte to complete meiosis I, and the secondary oocyte continues on to metaphase II Day 14 – LH triggers ovulation LH transforms the ruptured follicle into a corpus luteum, which produces inhibin, progesterone, and estrogen
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Pearson Education, Inc., publishing as Benjamin Cummings Hormonal Interactions During the Ovarian Cycle These hormones shut off FSH and LH release and declining LH ends luteal activity Days 26-28 – decline of the ovarian hormones Ends the blockade of FSH and LH The cycle starts anew
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Pearson Education, Inc., publishing as Benjamin Cummings Feedback Mechanisms in Ovarian Function Figure 27.21
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Pearson Education, Inc., publishing as Benjamin Cummings Uterine (Menstrual) Cycle Series of cyclic changes that the uterine endometrium goes through each month in response to ovarian hormones in the blood Days 1-5: Menstrual phase – uterus sheds all but the deepest part of the endometrium Days 6-14: Proliferative (preovulatory) phase – endometrium rebuilds itself Days 15-28: Secretory (postovulatory) phase – endometrium prepares for implantation of the embryo
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Pearson Education, Inc., publishing as Benjamin Cummings Menses If fertilization does not occur, progesterone levels fall, depriving the endometrium of hormonal support Spiral arteries kink and go into spasms and endometrial cells begin to die The functional layer begins to digest itself Spiral arteries constrict one final time then suddenly relax and open wide The rush of blood fragments weakened capillary beds and the functional layer sloughs
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Pearson Education, Inc., publishing as Benjamin Cummings Gonadotropins, Hormones, and the Ovarian and Uterine Cycles Figure 27.22a, b
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Pearson Education, Inc., publishing as Benjamin Cummings Gonadotropins, Hormones, and the Ovarian and Uterine Cycles Figure 27.22c, d
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Pearson Education, Inc., publishing as Benjamin Cummings Extrauterine Effects of Estrogens and Progesterone Estrogen levels rise during puberty Promote oogenesis and follicle growth in the ovary Exert anabolic effects on the female reproductive tract Uterine tubes, uterus, and vagina grow larger and become functional Uterine tubes and uterus exhibit enhanced motility Vaginal mucosa thickens and external genitalia mature
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Pearson Education, Inc., publishing as Benjamin Cummings Estrogen-Induced Secondary Sex Characteristics Growth of the breasts Increased deposition of subcutaneous fat, especially in the hips and breasts Widening and lightening of the pelvis Growth of axillary and pubic hair
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