Prepared By Muhd Ariff Mahdzub Opthalmology Posting 4th year Mbbs Widad University College

1. Refrective
error
MYOPIA & HYPERMETROPIA

2. • EMMETROPIA
• It is the normal optical condition of the eye.
• The eye is considered to be emmetropic when
incident parallel rays of light from infinity
come to a focus on the retina (fovea centralis)
From: Basic opthalmology 4th edition, page 48

3. MYOPIA [Short Sight]

4. MYOPIA [Short Sight]
• It is that dioptric
condition of the eye
in which with the
accommodation at
rest, incident parallel
rays of light come to
a focus anterior to
the light sensitive
layer of retina.

5. symptom
• Indistinct distant vision is the most common
symptom. Usually the young children are
unable to see the blackboard clearly.
• Black spots are seen floating before the eyes.
• There is discomfort after near work.
• Flashes of light may be seen.

6. Signs
• May come with Prominent eyes, large pupil
and deep anterior chamber
• Apparant divergent squint may be present.
• Fundus examination (cont.)

7. Macula
• Foster Fuch’s flecks—These are dark pigmented circular
areas of intrachoroidal haemorrhages.
Peripheral Fundus
• Cystoid degeneration of or a serrata and tesselated
(tigroid) fundus may be present.
• Weiss reflex streak is seen due to detachment of vitreous
at the posterior pole.
• Holes and tears in the retina may be present peripherally
From: Basic
opthalmology 4th
edition, page 49

8. TYPE OF MYOPIA [Short Sight]
Congenital [developmental] myopia
• • It is present at birth.
• • It is stationary usually.
• • It may be unilateral or bilateral.
• • Bilateral myopia may be associated with convergent squint.
Simple myopia
• • It is the most common type of myopia.
• • There are no degenerative changes in the fundus.
• • It does not progress after adolescence when a
• degree of –5 or –6 D is attained.
Pathological myopia
• • It is a type of degenerative and progressive myopia.
• • It begins at the age of 5-10 years and increases steadily

9. Treatment
• Spectacles—Myopia is treated by prescribing
suitable correcting spherical concave lenses
for constant use

10. Cont.
care of eyes- Proper position, correct distance
from the book (about 25 cm) while reading.
Operative
• i. Radial keratotomy/ Excimer laser/LASIK

11. HYPERMETROPIA [Far Sight]

12. • HYPERMETROPIA [Far
Sight]
• It is that dioptric
condition of the eye in
which with the
accommodation at rest
the incident parallel rays
of light come to a focus
posterior to the light
sensitive layer of the
retina.

13. Symptoms
These are noticed specially in the evenings after
close work.
• There is blurring of vision for near work.
• There may be frontal headache and eye strain.
• Burning and dryness in the eyes are usually
present.
From: Basic opthalmology 4th edition, page 51

14. Signs
• Presented with small eye as a whole.
• Accommodative convergent squint
may be present.
• Fundus examination:
I. It may show no abnormality.
II. A bright reflex, i.e. watered silk
appearance may be seen.
III. Pseudopapillitis, i.e. hyperaemic
disc with blurred margin may be
present which is similar to papillitis
From: Basic opthalmology 4th edition, page 51