power point presentation

1. HYPERMETROPIA
DR.PRAFULLA PATIL
S.C.H.M.C.JALGAON

2. • Long sightedness, also known as hypermetropia or hyperopia is a
common vision disorder.
•

4. • Parallel rays come to focus BEHIND the retina when
accommodation is at rest.
• The common name for this refractive error is FAR-SIGHTEDNESS.
• Patient cannot see near object.
• https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=a_cTP1eLJIc

5. Clinical types:-
• 1.Congenital hypermetropia:-
- rare type
- associated with other congenital anomolies of the eyeball.
- like microphthalmos(abnormally small eye one or both).

6. 2) Simple or developemental hypermetropia:-
- commonest type
- with growth the eyeball grows in size and the hypermetropia is
gradually diminished.But if the growth of the eyeball is
retarded,the hypermetropia persists.
3) Acquired hypermetropia:-
- found in aphakic condition(absence of the lens of the eyeball)
following extraction of the lens.

7. Aetiological Types:-
1) Axial type :- when the antero posterior length of the eyeball is
shorter than normal.

8. 2) Curvature type:- when the curvature of the cornea or the lens is
flatter than normal.

9. 3) Index type:- when the refractive index of the media is less than
normal.

10. Effect of accomodation on hypermetropia:-
• Accommodation is the adjustment of the optics of the eye to keep
an object in focus on the retina as its distance from the eye varies.
• Depending on the action of accomodation ,several types of
hypermetropia have been described as follows:-
1) Total Hypermetropia:-
The hypermetropia which is elicited after complete
paralysis of accommodation,as after application of atropine.
2) latent hypermetropia:-
it is more common in young children thn in elderly person
,as the tone of the ciliary muscle is much more in the young than in
adults.

11. 3) Manifest hypermetropia:-
This hypermetropia again made of two components:-
A) Facultative :- It is that part of hypermetropia which can be
corrected by an effort of accommodation.
B) Absolute hypermetropia:- It is that part of hypermetropia
which cannot be overcome by active exertion of accommodation.

12. Symptoms :-
-difficulty in doing close work and the letters become blurred after
sometime during reading
- headache is unusual due to constant strain on accommodation.

13. Treatment:-
• By prescription of correct convex spherical lens determined by
retinoscopy.

14. Homoeopathic Treaatment:-
• Argentums nitricum is useful in restoring power to weakened ciliary
muscles. Aching and tired feeling in the eyes, better by pressing or closing
them. Eye strain develops due to sewing and working in a warm room.
• Calcarea carbonica is easy fatigue of the eyes and dimness of vision, as if
looking through a mist, by constant reading and writing. Lachrymation
early in the morning and the patient is sensitive to light. Far sighted.
• In carbo animalis, objects seem to be far off and there is dimness if vision
when reading, better rubbing the eyes. Useful un senile cataract. Sensation
as if something lay above the eyes. Therefore finds it difficult to look up.
The patient is very weak and constitutionally very debilitated.
• China officinalis eyes are painful while reading and writing. Pressure in
the eyes. As if from drowsiness. Distortion of eyeballs. Anaemia of the
retina causing night blindness. Often, there is ciliary neuralgia.

15. PRESBYOPIA
• DEFINITION:-
It is not a error of refraction ,but an anomoly of
accomodation due to age.

17. • Mechanism :-
condition usually becomes manifest at the age of
40 years,when the least distance of distinct vision recedes 25 cm
from the eye ,due to loss of plasticity of the lens as a result of aging
process. The neauromuscular mechanism of accommodation is not
at fault.but accommodation the lens fails to have the desired
convexity.

20. • Symptoms :-
a) Blurring of visionwhile reading books.
b) Appearance of symptoms depends on
occupation,i.e.,those doing close work feel the symptoms earlier.
c) Appearance of symptoms also depends on existing
error of refraction.

21. TRAETMENT:-
• Presbyopia is treated by prescribing convex spherical lens.