Describe the symptoms of meningitis, discuss the different causes an.pdf

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Describe the symptoms of meningitis, discuss the different causes and the different treatment approaches Solution Meninges of the outer membrane of the brain. When the meninges are infected meningitis is caused. Symptoms: High fever stiff and sore neck serious headache and children may complain irritability fussviness. In children the symptoms include fever with cold hands and feet vomiting difficulty waking up rashes etc. Sensitivity to light no appetite . confusion or difficulty concentrating long term complications like definite mental impairment paralysis and sometimes seizures may follow. Causes it is said to be virus that is the most common cause for meningitis but sometimes bacterial infections and very rarely fungal infections also cause meningitis. The bacteria that can cause acute bacterial meningitis are Streptococcus pneumoniae: mostly this is caused in infants and children and adults it causes pneumonia or sinus infections neisseria meningitidis : this bacteria causes upper respiratory tract infection and also cause meningococcal meningitis this is affected mainly in teenagers and young adults. haemophilus influenzae: haemophaemophilus influenzae type b causes bacterial meningitis in children Listeria monocytogenes: it causes meningitis in newborn older people pregnant ladies with weak immune systems Viral meningitis is caused by herpes simplex virus HIV mumps. Fungal meningitis is very uncommon and it is contagious cryptococcal meningitis is the common disease.it is life threatening if not treated. Treatment :antibiotics like penicilln or antiviral medication or immediately prescribed when meningitis is diagnosed sometimes corticosteroids are also Administeredr to the reduce swelling and inflammation sedatives may be needed for restlessness additional medications may be used to treat fever headaches the need for hospitalization of the patient depends on the severlity of the symptoms..

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Headache, Dizziness, Syncope and Palpitations 1. What are the primary causes of meningitis? What are the common manifestations associated with meningitis? How does meningitis alter normal physiological function and cause each of the manifestations that you listed above? 2. What are the primary causes of encephalitis? What are the common manifestations associated with encephalitis? How does encephalitis alter normal physiological function and cause each of the manifestations that you listed above? 3. List the two primary causes of increased intracranial pressure. Explain at least two mechanisms by which the increased intracranial pressure alters neural tissue function. Solution Ans 1: Causes of meningitis: Meningitis is typically caused by an infection with microorganisms. Viral infections are the most common cause of meningitis, followed by bacterial infections and, rarely, fungal infections. Bacterial meningitis is generally a serious infection. It is caused by three types of bacteria: Haemophilus influenzae type b, Neisseria meningitidis, and Streptococcus pneumoniae bacteria. Bacteria that enter the bloodstream and travel to the brain and spinal cord cause acute bacterial meningitis. But it can also occur when bacteria directly invade the meninges. This may be caused by an ear or sinus infection, a skull fracture, or, rarely, after some surgeries. Several strains of bacteria can cause acute bacterial meningitis, most commonly: Viral meningitis: Viral meningitis is usually mild and often clears on its own. Most cases in the United States are caused by a group of viruses known as enteroviruses, which are most common in late summer and early fall. Viruses such as herpes simplex virus, HIV, mumps, West Nile virus and others also can cause viral meningitis. Chronic meningitis: Slow-growing organisms (such as fungi and Mycobacterium tuberculosis) that invade the membranes and fluid surrounding your brain cause chronic meningitis. Chronic meningitis develops over two weeks or more. The symptoms of chronic meningitis — headaches, fever, vomiting and mental cloudiness — are similar to those of acute meningitis. Fungal meningitis: Fungal meningitis is relatively uncommon and causes chronic meningitis. It may mimic acute bacterial meningitis. Fungal meningitis isn\'t contagious from person to person. Cryptococcal meningitis is a common fungal form of the disease that affects people with immune deficiencies, such as AIDS. It\'s life-threatening if not treated with an antifungal medication. Other meningitis causes: Meningitis can also result from noninfectious causes, such as chemical reactions, drug allergies, some types of cancer and inflammatory diseases such as sarcoidosis. Common manifestations associated with meningitis are as follows: Bacterial meningitis symptoms may develop within hours or days. Viral meningitis symptoms may also develop quickly or over several days. These are common signs and symptoms of both types. Not all symptoms may appea.

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Meningitis is an inflammation (swelling) of the protective membranes covering the brain and spinal cord. A bacterial or viral infection of the fluid surrounding the brain and spinal cord usually causes the swelling. However, injuries, cancer, certain drugs, and other types of infections also can cause meningitis. It is important to know the specific cause of meningitis because the treatment differs depending on the cause.

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Discuss the different forms of viral meningitis; include the cause, symptoms, and treatments Solution Viral meningitis is the most common type of meningitis, an inflammation of the tissue that covers the brain and spinal cord. Babies younger than 1-month-old and people with weakened immune systems are more likely to have severe illness. The most common cause viral meningitis is by non-polio enteroviruses. This group of viruses include coxsackievirus A, coxsackievirus B and echoviruses. Other viruses which cause meningitis include mumps virus, herpes virus, measles virus and influenza virus. The symptoms include fever, headache, sensitivity to light, nausea, vomiting and lack of appetite in adults. In children they have symptoms like poor eating, sleepiness and lethargy. There is no specific treatment for viral meningitis but most people completely recover within 7 to 10 days. People infected with certain viruses like herpesvirus and influenza will usually need treatment such as antiviral medicine..

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Describe how to use sanction such that a process can send a payload with the signal that can be retrieved by the receiving process. Solution The kernel maintains two bit-vectors for every process • Every type of signal has a specific bit in this bit-vector • pending bit-vector records what signals have yet to be delivered to the process • Note: if multiple instances of a given signal occur before a process receives the signal, it will see only one instance of the signal • Signals indicate one or more events of given type have occurred • blocked bit-vector records what signals are currently not allowed to be delivered to the process • Can have a signal that is both blocked and pending • When the signal is unblocked, it will be delivered to the process • When a signal is delivered to a process, that type of signal is automatically blocked for the process • Prevents a given signal handler from interrupting itself • One kind of signal can interrupt another kind of signa A process isn’t always running when a signal is sent to it • e.g. kill() syscall is invoked by another process • e.g. a child process dies, causing SIGCHLD to be sent to parent, but a higher priority process currently preempts the parent • Kernels make a distinction between generating a signal and delivering the signal Already mentioned pending / blocked signal bit-vectors • At a coarse-grain level of detail, records which signals need to be delivered, and which signals are currently blocked from delivery • Each process also has a linked list of pending signals • siginfo_t struct records relevant details of the pending signal • Each process also has an array of “signal action” structs • Specifies how to handle each kind of signal • e.g. “default action,” “ignore,” or a user-space handler • (Flags also record other options for handling signals When a signal is sent to a process: • The kernel invokes a specific function to update the process’ signal structures, perform scheduling tasks, etc. • e.g. Linux 2.6 has specific_send_sig_info() kernel function • If the process already has a pending signal of that type, the new signal is ignored • For real-time signals, this test is skipped • Every occurrence of a real-time signal is delivered • If the process is ignoring the signal, nothing is done • No structures are updated • No scheduling tasks oc.

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based on this evidence? Syconoid sponges were derived from leuconoid ancestors. Leuconoid sponges were derived from asconoid ancestors. Syconoid sponges were derived from syconoid ancestors. Asconoid sponges were derived from syconoid ancestors. Leuconoid sponges were derived from syconoid ancestors. The distinction between phagotrophs (or holozoic feeders) and osmotrophs (or saprozoi a difference between producing your own food versus using the chemical bonds in food molecules made diffusion of food across the membrane versus engulfing food in a vacuole ingesting visible particles or organisms versus ingesting dissolved substances, some from dead organisms eating living and eating dead oranic material. direct transport versus indirect transport of food molecules The most likely mechanism for removing excess water by contractile vacuoles is a proton pump that also pulls water into the vacuole. an ampulla that forms suction. simple osmosis of water across the cell membrane. reverse osmosis. differential fluid pressure. The large posterior attachment organ of the adult monogenean is a/an opisthaptor. Cirrus rhabdite. pilidium. hydatid Nematocysts are first found in sponges, most highly developed in cnidarians, but still found as remnants in some higher groups. formed and used only by Cnidaria although a few other organisms may \"steal\" them. widespread among the animal kingdom but first developed by Cnidarians. actually free-living symbionts that are most usually taken up by cnidarians, as are many None of the choices is correct The function of the siphonoglyph is to maintain balance or orientation. reproduction to form water currents into the gastrovascular cavity. to aid in swimming. to sting the prey. Solution 9.The correct answer is:C) ingesting visible particles or organisms versus ingesting dissolved substances some from dead organisms. Reason:Phagotrophs ingest food particles by engulfing them while osmotrophs ingest food matter that is soluble. 10.The correct answer is: A) A proton pump that also pulls water into the vacuole. Reason:Presence of proton pump in contractile vacuole brings a difference of ions inside the vacuole as a result of which water is pulled into it via osmosis. 11.The correct answer is: A) opisthaptor Reason:Opisthaptor is the posterior attachment strcuture of the monogenean adult. 12.The correct answer is:B) formed and used only in Cnidaria although a few other organisms may steal them. Reason:Nematocysts are found only in Cnidaria but there are marine gastropods known as Nudibranchs that feed nematocysts of hydrozoids and store them in their dorsal body wall.These stolen nematocysts are known as kleptocnidae. 13.The function of the siphonoglyph is: C) to form water currents into the gastrovascular cavity. Reason: Siphonoglyph transfers water currents to the pharynx and are present at either one or both ends of the mouth of sea anemones..

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At noon Joyce drove to the lake at 30 miles per hour, but she made the long walk back home at 4 miles per hour. How long did she walk if she was gone for 17 hours? How far did she walk? Solution You know that d=v*t, where d is the distance and v is the speed and t is the time, the proble give you two speeds and the total time. Lets call t1 the time that it take her to go from his house to the lake, and lets call t2 the time that it take her to go from the lake to his house. The distance from his house to the lake is constant, I mean that the distance does not change. Now lets call v1 the speed of 30mph and v2 the speed of 4mph. The time t is equalt to t=d/v distance divede by speed. Now I hope that you understand the following equation: d/v1+d/v2=t The sum of the time that take her to go to the lake from his house and the time that take her to go from the lake to his house it is the total time. Now we only have to use the given data. v1=30mph v2=4mph t=17hours d/30+d/4=17 Now we only have to solve this equation to know the total distance that she travelled. 2d+15d=1020 17d=1020 d=60 miles she travelled, and therefore the distance from his house to the lake is 30 miles..

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What are 2 ways that Alexander Hamilton’s ideas influenced the United States?? normal essay of 4 paragraph. Solution Alexander Hamilton (1757-1804) is with us every day, in our wallets, on the $10 bill. But he is with us in another sense, for more than any other Founder, he foresaw the America we live in now. He shaped the financial, political, and legal systems of the young United States. His ideas on racial equality and economic diversity were so far ahead of their time that it took America decades to catch up with them. There is no inevitability in history; ideals alone -- even the ideals of the Founding Fathers -- do not guarantee success. Hamilton made the early republic work, and set the agenda for its future. We live in the world he made; here is what he did, and how he did it. Hamilton spent much of his life in military uniform. From 1776 to 1781, in the Revolutionary War, he fought in seven major battles, as a captain of artillery, a colonel on George Washington\'s staff, and a commander of light infantry. In 1798-99, when war with France loomed, he re-entered the military as a senior officer. The American Revolution When Hamilton arrived in New York, the thirteen colonies had been protesting British taxes and commercial regulations for years. New York City was a hotbed of contending political factions, pitting Patriots against pro-British Loyalists. While still a student at King\'s College (now Columbia), Hamilton took up the Patriots\' cause, writing his first political article in 1774 (he signed himself \"A Friend to America\"). Washington\'s Aide-de-Camp In March 1777 Hamilton was promoted to colonel and appointed to George Washington\'s staff. He performed essential tasks, saw firsthand the dire consequences of Congress\'s inability to pay for adequate supplies or troops, and forged, with his Commander in Chief, the most important political bond of his life. But though Hamilton\'s work on Washington\'s staff was stimulating and important, it was also confining. He longed to return to the battlefield to win still more glory. He did so in 1781, and fought bravely at the war\'s climactic Battle of Yorktown. In 1783 the Revolution ended in victory -- and a load of debt for the newly independent nation. Foreign Policy In the 1790s, the French Revolution ignited a new series of world wars. George Washington and Hamilton desperately wanted to keep the unprepared nation out of the conflict, as Washington wrote (with Hamilton\'s help) in his Farewell Address: \"Why... entangle our peace and prosperity in the toils of European ambition?\" But when war against Revolutionary France appeared inevitable, the two veterans joined forces once again to build an effective army. Lawmaker Hamilton attended the Constitutional Convention in 1787, and helped persuade a skeptical public to ratify the Constitution by launching the Federalist Papers, a series of newspaper pieces. The first Federalist asked for laws based on \"reflection and choice,\" not .

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Which key numbers help you asses your performance in an organization Which key numbers help you asses your performance in an organization Solution Performance Ratios Calculation What It Measures Cash flow to revenue CFO / Net revenue Cash generated per dollar of revenue Cash return on assets CFO / Average total assets Cash generated from all resources Cash return on equity CFO / Average shareholders’ equity Cash generated from owner resources Cash to income CFO / Operating income Cash-generating ability of operations Cash flow per share (CFO –Preferred dividends) / Number of common shares outstanding Operating cash flow on a per-share basis Profitability Ratios: Time Series Analysis (within company) OR Cross-Sectional Analysis (Between Companies) Return on Sales Return on Investment: Performance measure used to evaluate the efficiency of investment. It is one of most commonly used approaches for evaluating the financial consequences of business investments, decisions, or actions Balance Sheet Ratios: Liquidity: Ability to meet short term obligations Solvency:Ability to meet Long term obligations Performance Ratios Calculation What It Measures Cash flow to revenue CFO / Net revenue Cash generated per dollar of revenue Cash return on assets CFO / Average total assets Cash generated from all resources Cash return on equity CFO / Average shareholders’ equity Cash generated from owner resources Cash to income CFO / Operating income Cash-generating ability of operations Cash flow per share (CFO –Preferred dividends) / Number of common shares outstanding Operating cash flow on a per-share basis.

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The color of the small lymphocytes cytoplasm is a very () lilac a.pdf

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Social behavior in termites does not include the reproductive isolation of a worker caste as this caste can mature to winged reproductives. List 4 reasons why termites still considerd \"social\". (Notes: these traits would Not be found in solitary insects). Solution Insects can be either solitary or social. Among the solitary insects are the housefly, which lives and hunts by itself. It has no social structure, except for breeding. Social insects live within an very organized structure, and works and lives in constant co-operation with other insects. Social insects are best exemplified by all termites (Isoptera) and ants (Formicidae) and by various bees and wasps (Hymenoptera). Species of insect qualifying as truly social, or eusocial, exhibit three traits. The first, and most important, is a reproductive division of labor. Some individuals (the queens and kings) are fertile and reproduce, whereas others (workers, or neuters) are sterile or semisterile. The workers either do not reproduce, or reproduce to a far lesser extent. The second trait is that the workers perform tasks of benefit to the colony, and in particular, cooperativelyrear the young. The third trait is that the society has some permanence and, specifically, that more than one adult generation coexists in the colony. Social insects show reproductive isolation. They usually live in colonies. They are usually differentiated in structure, function, and behaviour into castes, the major ones being the reproductives (e.g., the queen) and the steriles (workers and soldiers). Besides carrying out the basic function of reproduction, the members of the reproductive caste generally select the site for a new colony. The workers care for the eggs and larvae, collect food for other members of the colony, and construct and repair the nest, while the soldiers defend the colony against predators. The typical social insect colony is a family. In ants, bees, and wasps, the workers are all females. Males die after mating with queens and so take no part in social life. The colony therefore consists of a queen, her adult worker daughters, and the brood (eggs, larvae, and pupae) produced by the queen. The job of the workers is to rear the brood to produce new workers, new queens, and males. The new queens and males are collectively referred to as reproductives, or sexuals. The workers carry out their job by foraging for food, building or defending a nest, and feeding and tending the brood. Termite colonies have the same basic structure, except that workers are of both sexes and the queen is accompanied by a reproductive male, a king.. So, termites are called social insects..

Social behavior in termites does not include the reproductive isolat.pdf

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Sam, a 27-year-old African-American male, was admitted to the hospital because of an uncontrollable fever. He was transferred from a long-term care facility. He has a history of a gunshot wound to his left chest. Following a cardiac arrest after the accident he developed hypoxic encephalopathy. He has a tracheostomy and gastrostomy tube. He has a history of methicillin-resistant Staphylococcus aureus (MRSA) in his sputum. Subjective Data: Family says that they visit him regularly and very devoted to him. Objective Data: Physical Examination • Thin, cachectic African American man in moderate respiratory distress • Unresponsive to voice, touch, or painful stimuli • Vital signs: temperature 104° F (40° C), heart rate 120, respiratory rate 30, O2 saturation 90% • Chest auscultation revealed crackles and scattered rhonchi in the left upper lobe Diagnostic Studies • White blood cell (WBC) count 18,000/µl (18 x 109 /L) • Sputum specimen: thick, green colored, foul smelling; cultures pending • Stool culture positive for Clostridium difficile • Chest x-ray: infiltrate in left upper lobe; no pleural effusions noted Questions: 1) What risk factors for Pneumonia did Sam have? What is the possible cause of the Pneumonia? 2) What clinical manifestations of pneumonia did Sam exhibit? Explain their pathophysiologic bases? 3)What types of infectious disease precautions should be taken related to Sam’s hospitalization? 4) What antibiotic medication is likely to be prescribed? 5) What interventions would you initiate as part of his plan of care? 6) What clinical finding would alert you that the patient is developing ARDS? 7) Based on the assessment data presented, write one or more appropriate nursing diagnoses. Solution 1. Pneumonia is an inflammatory disease that affects the alveoli sacs present in the lung. It is caused by a bacterial or a viral infection, along with certain non infectious conditions such as heart failure and diseases of the lungs. The risk factors that increase the likelihood of pneumonia in Sam are his heart condition, recent trauma, infections through long term care facility and probably a weakened immune system. The possible cause is the MRSA infection which has become the leading cause of pneumonia. 2. a. Fever- Any infection is associated with fever since the body tries to ward of the infection by increasing the body temperature. b. Increased respiratory rate (30 breaths per minute) is another symptom. The normal range of the respiratory rate is 12-13 breath per minute. The reason for this is the inflammation of the alveoli due to which the exchange of gases doesn’t take place and the pO2 (partial pressure of oxygen) decreases where the partial pressure of CO2 increases leaving an increased respiratory rate to meet the body’s oxygen demand. c. Another symptom is the O2 saturation level. O2 saturation level in Sam is 90% which is way below the normal 95%. This is again due to the decreased O2 levels in the body. This might be also due t.

Sam, a 27-year-old African-American male, was admitted to the hospit.pdf

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question 4) Which of following elements are nonmetals? Na O Ar S only And IV III, and IV only An atom having an atomic number of 12 needs how many erected 6 9 Solution Answer:C. II, III and IV Explanation: The nonmetal elements are the elements with relatively low boiling points, that are poor conductors of heat and electricity, and that do not readily give up their electrons. The 17 nonmetal elements are: hydrogen, helium, carbon, nitrogen, oxygen, fluorine, neon, phosphorus, sulfur, chlorine, argon, selenium, bromine, krypton, iodine, xenon, and radon..

question 4) Which of following elements are nonmetals Na O Ar S .pdf

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