Religion, Religion And Proliferation Of War

Religion, Religion And Proliferation Of War
War, while being the vilest thing that humans can create, has been a part of our human heritage as
much as religion. Scholars, historians, and philosophers have pondered upon why mankind is so
prone to warfare. While not all humans choose to participate in war or in religion, both have affected
each and every individual on this planet somehow. Religion has played a significant role in warfare
by either being a motivating factor, moral builder, or even an arbitrator of peace. For as long as the
human race exists, the practice of religion and proliferation of war will continue to remain. The
Crusades are the most famous and overplayed example how religion motivated conflict between two
opposing forces; one being Christians; the other Muslims. While historians, scholars, and
theologians disagree who exactly was the aggressor that started these conflicts, regardless,
everybody can agree that religion had a major role in its development. During the reign of Alexios I
Komnenos, the diminishing Byzintinian Empire was under constant threat of the Muslim Seljuk
Turks. During this time, the Emperor asked for the assistance of riding Asia Minor of this new
hazard and save Christian dominance in the region.
"On November 27, 1095, in Clermont, France, Pope Urban II called for a crusade to help the
Byzantines and to free the city of Jerusalem. The official start date was set as August 15, 1096.
Those armies that left before that time are considered part of the People 's Crusade. Three
... Get more on HelpWriting.net ...

Decolonization Of Afric A Long And Tedious Battle Between...
The process of decolonization in Africa was a long and tedious battle between the imperial powers
and the Africans. After World War II ended there were an independence movements around the
world, especially in Africa. Africans were determined and motivated to gain back their
independence after being under European rule for years. During this period of decolonization in
Africa there was an emergence of nationalism among the African people. This time is history is
considered the second wave of African Nationalism. The African people had the desire to win back
their independence and had the self–determination to governor themselves. African leaders such as,
Jomo Kenyatta, Kwame Nkrumah, and Julius Nyerer gained tremendous support and a following in
the fight for freedom. Decolonization for some countries came relatively peacefully, such as Nigeria
and Ghana. Unfortunately for another countries it was a bloody battle for them to achieve their
independence, such as Algeria, Mozambique, Angola, Kenya, and South Africa. The ideology of
Africa being an independent continent was a wide spread desire for the people of Africa. They were
willing to go to any length to achieve freedom and change. The African people felt they had nothing
else to loose, since everything was already taken from them when the imperial powers colonized
their countries.
In 1941, the Atlantic Charter was written by Roosevelt and Churchill, which affirmed that all nations
have the right of self–determination.

The Effects Of Territorial Control During The Rhodesian...
Territorial control during the Rhodesian Bush War and the violence that takes place in each zone did
not change dramatically during the war. The rebel movements had freedom of maneuver and
effective control inside Mozambique and Zambia, but the Rhodesians would launch cross–border
raids to strike camps when the opportunity presented itself. The tribal frontier areas were where the
majority of the fighting and violence against local populations took place, with neither party in the
conflict ever gaining effective control. The cities and the core areas of the country remained under
the control of government forces, with periodic attacks perpetrated by insurgent forces. Inside
Mozambique and Zambia, ZANLA and ZIPRA maintained effective control against Rhodesian
forces with the assistance of the national militaries of each country. While this was not exactly
territorial control, as ultimately the government of each country maintained control, the ability of
insurgents to operate effectively inside the country means that it was effective control. In Zambia,
the government permitted insurgent forces to operate and recruit as long as they didn't take any
actions against Zambian citizens. This allowed them to establish camps for training and arming
fighters to prepare them for raids into Rhodesia. The level of Zambian support for the insurgents
was such that when Ian Smith put in place an economic embargo against Zambia–whose economy
was dependent upon trade through Rhodesia–they

Adolescents And War : How Youth Deal With Political Violence
Introduction:
In the course of this investigation, I will be reviewing two key chapters from 'Adolescents and War:
How Youth deal with Political Violence'.
Political violence, the focus of this study – is difficult to define – primarily because it such a broad
term which incorporates different levels of ideology surrounding the nature of violence, its causes,
structures and objectives.
Barber takes an interesting and unique stance in his literature, as he touches upon the rarely (but
advancing) topic of youth and more specifically adolescents; in relation to political violence.
Centralising on the role that they play, but crucially and interestingly; the effects it has upon them.
His text also helps us to think differently about PV(political violence) and war, in a unique manner.
Main Thesis
The manner in which he approaches the topic of adolescents in relation to war and political violence
is particularly pleasing, he is largely concerned with long term effects and therefore bases his studies
over long periods of time to gain an accurate understanding.
Thus, he adapts a particularly qualitative stance using interviews as an example; but balances this
well with quantitative data which cooperates the results from the qualitative investigations.
It is captivating the way in which Barber opens the text in Chapter 1 with a bold statement –
"Thousands of youth confronts the ravages of war and political violence" (Barber 2009:3) which
immediately engages our attention. He goes

The Front For The Liberation Of Mozambique
1. FRELIMO stood for the Front for the Liberation of Mozambique. FRELIMO began as an
independence movement for the liberation of Mozambique from Portugal. After independence, the
movement turned into a single party political ruler of Mozambique. A civil war broke out until a
new constitution was ratified in 1990.
2. African National Council was the political party that ruled South Africa after post–apartheid.
Bishop Abel Muzorewa created it in 1971. The goal of the political party was to net let majority of
Africans rule and wanted an end to sanctions to the constitution. In order for this to happen, majority
of Rhodesian people needed to approve of it before it was ratified and that did not happen.
3. ZANU stood for Zimbabwe African National Union. The leader of this union was reverend
Ndabaningi Sithole. Zanu helped with end Ian Smith;s unilateral declaration of independence in
1971.
4. Ian Smith made a unilateral declaration of independence fro Rhodesia in November 1965. He did
it to give power to the black Africans. Rhodesia was in a particular predicament where it was
surrounded by conflict. Ian set free all political prisoners and repealed ban on ZANU.
5. Namibia was the very last colony in Africa. Namibia was largely desert, but contained vast
amount of mineral resources. Poverty was still rampant. Independence was declared in 1990 with
the creation of a constitution that included a bill of rights all inclusive into the new found
democratic government.
6. Mangosuthu

Don't Let's Go to the Dogs Tonight Discussion Questions
IB English III 6 September 2012 Summer Assignment 1. Fuller compares the smell of Africa to
"black tea, cut tobacco, fresh fire, old sweat, young grass." She describes, "an explosion of day birds
[. . .] a crashing of wings" and "the sound of heat. The grasshoppers and crickets sing and whine.
Drying grass crackles. Dogs pant." How effective is the author in drawing the reader into her world
with the senses of sound, smell, and taste? Can you find other examples of her ability to evoke a
physical and emotional landscape that pulses with life? What else makes her writing style unique?
Alexandra Fuller describes everything in great detail allowing the reader to feel as if the reader is
with her while she goes through Africa. One example ... Show more content on Helpwriting.net ...
"Not in front of the servants. Never, ever pull down your shorts in front of an African again," Nicola
says.Nicola was not the only white African to express hatred or dislike towards black Africans.
Almost all white Africans in Rhodesia considered black Africans to be of a lower class. An example
would be the schooling systems. On page 9 Fuller describes how "A" schools have the best teachers
and facilities, but only white children can attend. Children of Indian descent or mixed races can only
attend "B" schools, and black children can only attend "C" schools. Also many families, as well as
the Fullers, had black cooks, maids, nannies, etc. White Africans never considered blacks as their
equals and many mistreated blacks, but events throughout the novel establish that blacks did not like
whites either. Fuller writes on pages 9–10 about how black children often tease her about having the
wrong color skin. Another example would be the stares full of hatred towards the Fullers while
passing through the TTL from the blacks on page 59. "We drive through the Tribal Trust Lands to
get to town, past Africans whose hatred reflects like sun in a mirror into our faces, impossible to
ignore. Young African men slouch aggressively against the walls of the taverns," writes Fuller.
Racial tensions and cultural differences are very

Facts About Mozambique Research Paper
Mozambique Mozambique, formerly known as Portuguese East African was a well–developed
society in 1498, with their own ways of trade and monetary systems, until Vasco da Gama came
along. In 1500 he sailed, for the second time, to Mozambique with the intention to take over. In
order to obtain leadership, Islamic–African civilizations are destroyed and attacked if unwilling to
surrender. In 1752, Mozambique officially became property of the Portuguese and gives rise to the
slave trade of Africa. As many as one million settlers of Mozambique are sent away as slaves during
the 1800's. In 1869 slave trade is abolished, but the inhumane treatment of black civilians still
continues on. With the decline of the Gaza empire, Portugal now has complete

Impact Of The Black Consciousness Movement
What was the impact of the Black |Consciousness Movement on the Student Movements in the
1970s in Apartheid South Africa?
Introduction
The aim of this research essay is to determine the following; whether or not the Black
Consciousness Movement's ideology, headed by Steve Biko, once a black university student and a
member of SASO, were prevalent in the Student Soweto Uprising of 1976 in response to the forcing
of Afrikaans as a teaching language in black schools by the Bantu Education Board. Had the Black
Consciousness Movement help the Student Movements in determining their stance and actions
against the apartheid government and did the banned African National Congress' Freedom Charter
manifesto of non–racialism thrive in the student movement, ... Show more content on
Helpwriting.net ...
Biko not only inspired workers in Durban to boycotts and strikes in 1973, but also helped spark off
the student Soweto Uprising in 1976. In the 1970s, The South African Student Organisation (SASO)
was gathering support from campus to campus, outside of the province of Natal into the Transvaal.
SASO became increasingly radical in its theology and openly hostile towards apartheid and white
supremacists. SASO was then spreading to primary and high schools. In 1972, the Black People's
Convention (BPC) was formed and was used to promote the Black Consciousness philosophy,
complementing SASO as its student wing. This shows how the Black Consciousness philosophy and
Steve Biko were influencing the student movements' decision–making. Many student leaders,
however, were already influenced by the ANC, much like Biko's approach to non–racialism. This
helped spread the ideals of non–racialism within black townships, as the philosophy of "one man,
one vote and the redistribution of wealth and land." (Socialism) cried out among students in the
townships and universities. Three days before the Soweto uprising, at a meeting of the South African
Students' Movement (SASM) convened at Naledi High School, the Soweto Students Representative
Council was formed, composing of SASM delegates. This shows that the BCM impacted the
Student Movement's thinking on political ideology, and its actions against the Apartheid regime, as
decision to protest was agreed upon under BCM leadership. SASO was banned in October 1977 and
left students without a national body, but protests continued around South Africa and in 1978 the
Faculty of Science at the University of Zululand held a protest against appalling conditions for black

Mozambique Essay
Mozambique– a beautiful stretch of land off the Southeast coast of Africa. It is specifically located
at latitude 40'27'S to 26'52'S, and longitude from 30'31E to 40'51'E. It's east coast shores are some of
the most tranquilizing while the west coast is bordered by South Africa, Zimbabwe, Malawi, and
Tanzania coming from south to north. Mozambique is famous for the Zambesi River and its
contribution to the power supply of central Africa. Today the capital of Mozambique is Maputo. The
whole country is a largely tropical area that is susceptible to both drought and flooding.
Mozambique is so vast that it must be broken up into three regions; the North the Zambesi river
basin, and the south. The Zambesi River ... Show more content on Helpwriting.net ...
In 1498 Vasco Da Gama was the first Portuguese man to land on the shores of Mozambique and by
1507, the {Portuguese had occupied Ilha de Mocambique. Three short years later they had control of
every major port from Sofala to Mogadishu. Their main intention was to open up a new passage to
the Indies , so to break the Muslim monopoly of the spice trade, and gain access to the African gold
fields. The Portuguese were successful in most of their expansion attempts, with a little trouble
surfacing because of the competition of the Muslims in the interior. In the end they were able to
extend their sphere of influence across the Indian Ocean and beyond. With all of their success, it is
surprising to see the sharp decline of Portuguese interest in Mozambique as early as 1700. However,
it wasn't the future interest, but the actions of the Prazeros that was the concern.
The Prazeros were leaseholders of the semifeudal system of land tenure that pertained in Portugal.
In return for the grant, the Prazeros were expected to provide for the defense of the land, to clear
roads and provide carriers for government expeditions. The Prazeros recruited Prazos, who were like
Portuguese allies, but were really Africans who wanted support during harsh times. The Portuguese
government intended to use the Prazos to extend it's influence into the interior of Mozambique
without having to expend

United Nations and World
NEO–COLONIALISM
Neocolonialism describes how, after World War II, colonial powers started using economics i.e.
lending and interest rates, to control former colonies and cultivate new areas, thereby creating
political, economic and social dependencies.
Neocolonialism describes certain economic operations at the international level which have alleged
similarities to the traditional colonialism of the 16th to the 20th centuries. The contention is that
governments have aimed to control other nations through indirect means; that in lieu of direct
military–political control, neocolonialist powers employ economic, financial, and trade policies to
dominate less powerful countries. Those who subscribe to the concept maintain this amounts to a ...
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Those who subscribe to the concept maintain this amounts to a de facto control over targeted nations
Previous colonizing states, and other powerful economic states, contain a continuing presence in the
economies, especially where it concerns raw materials, of former colonies. After a hastened
decolonization process of the Belgian Congo, Belgium continued to control, through The Société
Générale de Belgique, roughly 70% of the Congolese economy following the decolonization
process. The most contested part was in the province of Katanga where the Union Minière du Haut
Katanga, part of the Société, had control over the mineral and resource rich province. After a failed
attempt to nationalize the mining industry in the 1960s, it was reopened to foreign investment.
Critics of neocolonialism portray the choice to grant or to refuse granting loans (particularly those
financing otherwise unpayable Third World debt), especially by international financial institutions
such as the International Monetary Fund, and the World Bank, as a decisive form of control. They
argue that in order to qualify for these loans (as well as other forms of economic aid), weaker
nations are forced to take steps (structural adjustments) favourable to the financial interests of the
IMF/WB, but detrimental to their own economies and often safety, increasing rather than alleviating
their poverty.
Some critics emphasize that neocolonialism allows certain

United Nations and World
NEO–COLONIALISM Neocolonialism describes how, after World War II, colonial powers started
using economics i.e. lending and interest rates, to control former colonies and cultivate new areas,
thereby creating political, economic and social dependencies. Neocolonialism describes certain
economic operations at the international level which have alleged similarities to the traditional
colonialism of the 16th to the 20th centuries. The contention is that governments have aimed to
control other nations through indirect means; that in lieu of direct military–political control,
neocolonialist powers employ economic, financial, and trade policies to dominate less powerful
countries. Those who subscribe to the concept maintain this amounts to a de ... Show more content
on Helpwriting.net ...
Upon gaining independence, some national leaders and opposition groups argued that their countries
were being subjected to a new form of colonialism, waged by the former colonial powers and other
developed nations. In Africa, the French played a prominent role in charges of conducting a
neocolonialist policy, and that French troops in Africa were (and it is argued, still are) often involved
in coups resulting in a regime acting in the interests of France but against its country's own interests.
Denunciations of neocolonialism also became popular with some national independence movements
while they were still waging anti–colonial armed struggle. During the 1970s, in the Portuguese
colonies of Mozambique and Angola, for example, the rhetoric espoused by the Marxist movements
FRELIMO and MPLA (respectively), which were to eventually assume power upon those nations'
independence, rejected both old colonialism and neocolonialism. NEOCOLONIALIST
ALLEGATIONS AGAINST THE IMF Those who argue that neocolonialism historically supplanted
or supplemented colonialism, point to the fact that Africa today pays more money every year (in
loan interest payments) to the IMF/WB than it receives in loans from them, thereby often

The Main Roles And Causes Of The Rhodesian Bush War
Memo 7 The Rhodesian Bush War lasted approximately 15 years, from July 1964 to December
1979. It is one of the longer civil wars of the 20th century, especially when the years of political
unrest leading up to open conflict are taken into account. Its length was due to a variety of factors
that fit within the existing theories of civil war length. While the war was an anti–colonial civil war,
which are often brief, it was fought predominately as a peripheral insurgency, with insurgent forces
maintaining safe–havens outside the country. External subsidies also played a significant role in
prolonging the war, with both the Chinese and the Russians providing material and training in
support of the rebel groups. The conflict was fought over an indivisible good, which forced both
sides to fight towards a binary outcome. These factors not only contributed to the length of the war,
but were also largely responsible for its escalation from political protests and localized violence to a
full civil war. The insurgents fighting the central government in Rhodesia had safe havens in the
neighboring countries of Zambia and Mozambique, which caused the war to take on the form of a
peripheral insurgency. ZAPU and ZANU both relocated to Lusaka, the capital of Zambia, after they
were banned by the Rhodesian government. Once their opposition to the government turned violent,
they maintained their Zambian bases and used it as a staging ground for launching operations into
Rhodesia. Without

Why Was Eduardo Mondlane Assassinated?
IB History Internal Assessment
Title: Why was Eduardo Mondlane assassinated in February 1969?
Name: Shamil M. Aly
Candidate Number: 002357
Word Count: 1844
Date: 27th January 2012
Exam Session: May 2013
A. Plan of Investigation
This investigation will analyze the different causes of the murder of Eduardo Mondlane in 1969.
The investigation analyzes different possible reasons for this political murder. The concentrated
struggle in Frelimo between 1964 and 1969 and the role of the PIDE will also be analyzed. This
investigation will be supported by documented history from various books and articles. The books
used are Eduardo Mondlane: Panaf Great Lives Series. Mozambique: From Colonialism to
Revolution, 1900–1982 by Allen ... Show more content on Helpwriting.net ...
"The present Mozambique Liberation Front (FRELIMO) arose out of the merger of the three major
political parties of Mozambique, which, in June 1962, decided to join into one movement"
(Mondlane 148). Eduardo Mondlane was part of FRELIMO and he helped fight against the overseas
Portuguese in order to gain Mozambique its independence. During this process Mondlane's family
was endangered various times in attempt to murder Eduardo Mondlane himself despite all the effort
he had put in for his country's well being. He worked with American Protestants and found children
in Africa, especially in Dar es Salam, to go overseas and receive a better education since the
education in Africa wasn't of high standards. Education plays a very big role in people's lives and as
you can see Eduardo Mondlane helped change the lives of various families in a positive way.
Word Count: 621
C. Evaluation of Sources
The first source that was used for this Internal Assessment was called Eduardo Mondlane and which
was part of the Panaf Great Lives Series and it was first published in 1972 after the death of

Eduardo Mondlane. The purpose of this book is to show the readers how FRELIMO came to power
and ended Portuguese rule. The book also talks about all the different struggles that the people went
through including Eduardo Mondlane when trying to gain Mozambique its independence. This book
is quite valuable for the

Alcinda Honwana Sparknotes
Alcinda Honwana has spent much of her life studying the phenomena of the use of children in
warfare, leading to the publication of this ethnography as part of a larger Ethnography of Political
Violence. As a native of Mozambique, she has seen firsthand the effects of this atrocity on the
children involved; and as a result, has sought to end child solidarism, and heal its wounds. Adhering
to the belief that information leads to action, she has sought to give solidity to the outcry against this
practice by providing valuable information on this subject to her readers.
Her introductory chapter begins by focusing on the natural dichotomy between child and adult, and
their forced convergence when child soldiers are forged. She calls it a paradoxical combination, to
intermingle the role of child and of soldier, for they seem to be mutually exclusive, and come at the
price of the child's innocence. The overarching argument is then addressed, as Honwana proceeds to
decry this 'appalling' practice step by step through four main points which she addresses throughout
the book.
The first chapter focuses primarily on the manifestations of conflict in Angola and Mozambique,
and the use of children in these conflicts. The role of children in the civil war between the
Mozambican National Resistance (or RENAMO), in opposition to The Mozambique ... Show more
content on Helpwriting.net ...
The chapter argues that this practice destroys the role of women in society, and denigrates them.
Honwanna notes that in many areas, women far outnumber men, due to male deaths in warfare,
especially on Josina Machal Island. Honwanna narrates the stories of several women she has
encountered who, as girls, endured slavery, rape and sexual violence, degradation and military
service, often for years at the hands of military and militia

The Struggle For Mozambique By Nidoo Mondlane
Eduardo Mondlane, a nationalist leader and the founding president of the Mozambican Liberation
Front, wrote a text called "The struggle for Mozambique". He explains what the situation in colonial
Mozambique was at the time and the tribulations that the country faced under Portugal's rule. He
brings to light certain cases, the episodes of the nationalist struggle in Mozambique and its
aftermath. This essay will analyse the text of Mondlane and give an account of his reasoning's.
According to Mondlane relations between Portugal and Mozambique began in the late 1400's with
the main interest of opening a safer route to India for means of trade. This was not the case for long.
They discovered how rich the country was in natural resources and realised ... Show more content
on Helpwriting.net ...
Mondlane states that the main beneficiary of the plan of the dam did not benefit Mozambique but
South Africa and Portugal's cut from the project was clearly political rather than economic. This
topic relatively goes together with the exploitation of labour through the Portuguese. Huffman states
that the forced labour on private farms and government works, a vast amount of Mozambicans were
sent to Rhodesia and South Africa to work in the mines and in conclusion it lead to the deaths of
43000 Mozambicans between 1902 and 1914, "but the colonial authorities were concerned only
with the wages being remitted to Mozambique since they were the primary source of the colony's
foreign earnings. "The metropole took everything and left nothing", Huffman states. A racial notion
can also be seen through the implementation of forced labour and there are differences in figures
regarding race and the Europeans were paid more even though both did the same work and had the
same level of skill. Penvenne states that "[e]conomic crises tended to hasten the pace of racist
employment categorization" , which supports the above mentioned statement. Another statement by
Penvenne supports above mentioned: "Power, privilege and pay were closely linked to divisions
within the labour

Religion, Religion And Proliferation Of War

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