Opportunity Cost Of Education Analysis

Opportunity Cost Of Education Analysis
In this writer's opinion, opportunity cost is the cost of an action that is given up by choosing a
different path. With choosing Bethel's on–line program, costs that have been given up include time
spent with family and time spent on hobbies. A new approach to everyday activities had to be
devised in order to accommodate all tasks necessary to continually accomplish everything within
this writer's expectations. Rather than leaving work, going home, enjoying a nice walk in the yard,
and preparing dinner, longer hours are spent at work in order to utilize the computer and the
company's internet so that necessary homework is completed. It seems easier to stay later hours at
work rather than going home and trying to discipline actions in order
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Homelessness: Cost Analysis Of Permanent Supportive Housing
Cost–effectiveness analysis The cost–effectiveness analysis is a method used to examine in contrast
the costs and results of two or more interventions with the same objective. The cost–effectiveness
analysis is beneficial for correlating responses when dealing with or discussing similar health issues
in a natural unit such as deaths, sickness, prevention of burns, and the monetary costs of these
interventions. World Health Organization
Cost Analysis The cost analysis is used for side effects, illnesses, and interventions/programs. The
cost analysis includes the monetary analysis of communicable diseases, outbreaks, cancers, and
interventions/programs. Cost of Homelessness: Cost Analysis of Permanent Supportive Housing
Cost–Utility Analysis

cost volume profit analysis
Question 2
Cost Volume Profit Analysis
1.0 Introduction
According to Jon Scheumann "a successful organizations need a culture that is attuned to cost
management and pay attention to cost structure"
From that statement manager must pay attention and carefully thinking when do decision making to
the cost. For example when manager want to target the profit. They must take every cost that related
in production such as variable cost and fix costs.
Cost Volume profit analysis is used in decisions making in a company. The reasons why used cost
volume profit analysis as a method to make decisions making because it helps manager to estimate
future cost, revenue, expenses and profit that helps them to monitor the level of activity in ... Show
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So when the firm done correctly to identify fixed and variable cost, it can do CVP analysis correctly
and manager can used the correct CVP analysis to make decision making.
2. In graph Cost are in straight line
Assume that fixed cost no change in any of range. Variable Cost is proportional and parallel to the
line revenue. So in the reality cost of behaviour not remain constant. It mean when we do CVP
analysis we must assume a straight line (constants) so when do a calculation it easy to calculate the
cost and make analysis. For example if we see in graph the cost is curve line it hard to calculate the
cost if the cost is out of range from the graph. So that why we must assume in straight line so it easy
to calculate and identify the cost even it out of range in graph.
3. Price is fixed for every volume was purchase/selling ( selling price/direct material)
When buy a lot of item, item we buy was offering/make a discount. These make a problem to
determine contribution margin ratio. Example normally when we buy/sell a lot of item we can
receive/give discount. Event we know that it hard to calculate when price always changes base on
the quantity item of we buy/sell. So in order to make easy calculation we must make assumption
fixed price every volume was purchase and selling and ignore the cost that give effect the change in
price and volume.
4. Variable cost is fix per unit not calculated based on volume produce
So when it calculated per unit it hard to

Life-Cycle Cost Analysis
Life–cycle cost analysis (LCCA) is a method for assessing the total cost of facility ownership. It
takes into account all costs of acquiring, owning, and disposing of a building or building system.
LCCA is especially useful when project alternatives that fulfill the same performance requirements,
but differ with respect to initial costs and operating costs, have to be compared in order to select the
one that maximizes net savings. For example, LCCA will help determine whether the incorporation
of a high–performance HVAC or glazing system, which may increase initial cost but result in
dramatically reduced operating and maintenance costs, is cost–effective or not. LCCA is not useful
for budget allocation.
Lowest life–cycle cost (LCC) is the ... Show more content on Helpwriting.net ...
LCCA can be repeated throughout the design process if more detailed cost information becomes
available. Initially, construction costs are estimated by reference to historical data from similar
facilities. Alternately, they can be determined from government or private–sector cost estimating
guides and databases. The Tri–Services Parametric Estimating System (TPES) contained in the
National Institute of Building Sciences (NIBS) Construction Criteria Base (CCB) developed models
of different facility types by determining the critical cost parameters (i.e., number of floors, area and
volume, perimeter length) and relating these values through algebraic formulas to predict costs of a
wide range of building systems, subsystems, and assemblies. The TPES models can be adapted to
facilities beyond those included in the base modeling system by using SuccessEstimator, a software
package available from U.S. Cost.
Detailed cost estimates are prepared at the submittal stages of design (typically at 30%, 60%, and
90%) based on quantity take–off calculations. These estimates rely on cost databases such as the
Commercial Unit Price Book (C–UPB) or the R. S. Means Building Construction Cost Database.
Testing organizations such as ASTM International and trade organizations have reference data for
materials and products they test or represent.
Energy and Water Costs
Operational expenses for energy, water, and

Cost Behavior Analysis
Types of Costs by Behavior
Cost behavior refers to the way different types of production costs change when there is a change in
level of production.
There are three main types of costs according to their behavior:
Fixed Costs:
Fixed costs are those which do not change with the level of activity within the relevant range. These
costs will incur even if no units are produced. For example rent expense, straight–line depreciation
expense, etc.
Fixed cost per unit decreases with increase in production. Following example explains this fact:
Total Fixed Cost | $30,000 | $30,000 | $30,000 | ÷ Units Produced | 5,000 | 10,000 | 15,000 | Fixed
Cost per Unit | $6.00 | $3.00 | $2.00 |
Variable Costs:
Variable costs change in direct ... Show more content on Helpwriting.net ...
at highest level of activity; and x1 are the number of units/labor hours etc. at lowest level of activity
In other words, variable cost per unit is equal to the slope of the cost volume line (i.e. change in total
cost ÷ change in number of units produced).
Total Fixed Cost
Total fixed cost (a) is calculated using the following formula: Total Fixed Cost = y2 − bx2 = y1 −
bx1 |
High–Low Method Example
Company α wants to construct a cost volume relation between its factory overhead cost and number
of units produced. Use the high–low method to analyze its factory overhead (FOH) costs and build a
cost volume formula. The volume and the corresponding total cost information of the factory for
past eight months are given below:
Month | Units | FOH | 1 | 1,520 | $36,375 | 2 | 1,250 | 38,000 | 3 | 1,750 | 41,750 | 4 | 1,600 | 42,360 |
5 | 2,350 | 55,080 | 6 | 2,100 | 48,100 | 7 | 3,000 | 59,000 | 8 | 2,750 | 56,800 |
Solution:
We have, x2 = 3,000 y2 = $59,000 x1 = 1,250 y1 = $38,000
Variable Cost per Unit = ( $59,000 − $38,000 ) ÷ ( 3,000 − 1,250 ) = $12 per unit
Total Fixed Cost = $59,000 − ( $12 × 3,000 ) = $38,000 − ( $12 × 1,250 ) = $23,000
Cost Volume Formula: y = $23,000 + 12x

Scatter Graph Method
Scatter graph method is a graphical technique of separating fixed and

Cost and Price Analysis
Cost and Price Analysis
Instructor: Name:
Class: Finance 230 Date:
Period: Results:
1) Why is it important for the government to exercise good fiscal judgment when spending funds?
Government employees are held responsible for use of good judgment so those excessive prices are
not paid.
2) List and describe four types of market based pricing. Be sure to provide at least one (1) example
of each type.
Competitive Offers – response to solicitation encouraging competing offers
Established Catalog Price – Published by the seller in a regularly maintained catalog or price list
Established Market Price – substantiated from sources independent of the seller: and are current
sales prices established in the normal course of ... Show more content on Helpwriting.net ...
in the case of a change or modification made to a prime contract referred to in subparagraph the
price adjustment is expected to exceed $500,000; in the case of a change or modification, to a prime
contract that was entered , the price adjustment is expected to exceed $500,000; and in the case of a
change or modification not covered by clause (i) or (ii), the price adjustment is expected to exceed
$100,000.
10) If the government were to determine that significant overpricing occurred because of defective
cost or pricing data, what options may the contracting officer explore prior to award? What may the
contracting officer consider after award?
The Truth in Negoatation Act – an examination of defective pricing in government contracting
11) Explain the level of importance associated with the detailed analysis of direct labor costs when
determining a fixed–price contract.
Price analysis shall be used when cost or pricing data are not required in determining the
reasonableness of the prime contract price. Some firm–fixed–price contracts may entail substantially
less cost risk than that of direct costs, such as material and labor, and associated

Cost analysis
Cost analysis
Cost concepts
1. Opportunity cost:
Opportunity cost refers to the maximum return that could be obtained from an alternative use of
resources, but is unavoidable or foregone by employing the resources in their present use.
Opportunity Cost is also termed as Implicit Cost.
Economic Profit = Earnings or Revenue of Firm – Economic Costs.
For example:
Mr. Subodh has two job opportunities in hand. First job opportunity can help him to earn Rs. 20, 000
per month and the second opportunity can get him Rs. 17, 000 per month. Under normal
circumstances Mr. Subodh will opt for the job opportunity which can help him to earn Rs. 20, 000
per month. In the process Subodh rejects the other job opportunity which can help him to ... Show
That is, it is the cost of producing one more unit of a good.
MC = Change in TC / Change in Q
Where, MC is marginal cost, TC is total cost and Q is quantity
Cost function
Cost function refers to the mathematical relationship between cost of production and the various
determinants of costs.
C=f (O, S, T, P)
Where, C is cost of output,
O is size of output,
S is size of plant,
T is Time under consideration,
P is prices of factors of production
F is function
Determinants of costs
The various factors that influence the cost are as follows:
1. Size of output:
Cost is affected by the size of output. Whenever the level of output changes the total cost also
changes. Average and marginal costs usually falls initially but rises afterwards.
2. Size of plant:

Cost is inversely related with the size of the plant. As the size of the plant increases, costs decline
and as the size of the plant decreases, cost rise. Fixed costs of bigger plant are higher than that of the
smaller plant.
3. Prices of input:
Higher the prices of inputs, higher will be the costs of production. Even for the manufacturer getting
the raw materials at low cost will help the firm to decide the product price.
4. Period under consideration:
During short period, costs tend to rise sharply as compared

Ford Pinto Cost Benefit Analysis
Dennis Gioia had taken part in making a decision based off of a cost benefit analysis regarding
whether Ford should conduct a recall for the Ford Pinto or should they do nothing. In this situation,
Ford's cultural values play a big role on how they approached this issue. The organization beliefs of
everyone was to make sure Ford was losing the minimal amount of money regardless if people are
in danger or not. The cost benefit analysis indicated that they did not think people's safety was as
important as retaining money within the company. The rationalization tactics that was used was
social weighting. In Gioia's article, he mentioned that they compared the Pinto to other cars of that
class and decided that the Pinto was not in a bad enough

Bridgeton Industries Cost Analysis
[pic]
Course: 45–701
Submitted to:
Prof. Zhaoyang Gu
Submitted by:
Neha Arya
Marc Brands
Anil Konjalwar
Alok Satyawadi
Competitive Environment
The ACF plant has experienced serious cutbacks throughout the 80s due to competitive pressure
caused primarily by the entrance of foreign competition in a market formerly dominated by US auto
manufacturers and the oil shock of the 70s. The expensive gasoline has started a trend in the auto
industry for fuel efficiency resulting in ever increasing emission standards.
With the resulting loss of domestic market share, ACF is facing intense competition from not only
other suppliers but other Bridgeton plants as well. The task of remaining cost competitive is
daunting as outsourcing ... Show more content on Helpwriting.net ...
1500, 1000, 5000, 14000 – cost of personnel that will be fired if action taken is avoided
Note: A look at Exhibit 2 showed a fall in all overhead accounts after the outsourcing in 1989. We
can take this to mean that in reality no costs are completely avoidable or unavoidable.
To Outsource or not to Outsource
We are not in favor of outsourcing manifolds because of the following reasons: 1. The outsourcing
of Muffler/Exhaust and Oil Pans, increased the OVH rate from 434% to 577% even though the total
overhead amount fell. This new rate when applied to Manifolds made it cost inefficient despite some
remarkable improvements in its production. This was because the fixed costs associated with the
production of Muffler/Exhaust and Oil Pans were transferred to the remaining product lines. 2. It is
quite likely that if Manifolds are outsourced then the costs associated with their production will be
added on to the remaining two lines. Their cost classification will suffer and they could be next in
line for a possible outsourcing. The plant may eventually shut down and so may the company in
time. 3. Though the data is absent we feel that the allocation base should be machine hours instead
of direct labor. This base should give a more accurate picture given the extensive mechanization of

the plant and may provide some respite to the Manifolds operation in term of overhead cost
allocation. 4. We have attempted a quantitive analysis of the effect of

Cost Benefit Analysis (CBA)
A cost–benefit analysis (CBA) is a systematic analysis of health care resource expenditures related
to potential benefit, strengths, and weakness in a setting where decisions need to be made based on
limited resources (Waxman, 2013). Cost–effectiveness analysis (CEA) is a great application to use
for the implementation of this evidence based practice (EBP) change project because it will set the
foundation to be able to assess the benefits as it relates to decreasing cost and improving patient
outcomes. According to Waxman (2013) CEA is a comparison of the cost and value of intervention
to create improved health and longevity. This is imperative because healthcare research often uses
CEA to analyze the cost of healthcare interventions in terms of lives saved, illnesses prevented or
years of life gained (Mullie, Schwartzman, Zwerling & N'Diaye, 2017). ... Show more content on
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This EBP change project is important because the clinical site currently lacking efforts focusing on
health promotion initiatives for the pre–diabetic and type 2 diabetic patients. At the EBP change
project site an estimated 40% of the patient population are diagnosed with either prediabetes or type
2 diabetes. Out of the 40%, an estimated 25% is diagnosed with prediabetes and is at risk for
developing type 2 diabetes. Another reason as to why this project is important to the project
manager is that majority of the patient population has a knowledge deficit regarding health
promotion behaviors in preventing type 2

Cost Benefit Analysis ( Cba )
1. Introduction
In the recent years, Cost benefit Analysis (CBA) has been connected to different ranges of strategies
and tasks. Indeed, with research of CBA was conducted into two wide areas of work. One area
which undertaken to defined the technical–economic reasons for supporting CBA and then again
there are studies which completes empirical evaluations over the performance of test of CBA.
For every business and IT that has developed projects, they have to make good decision on whether
the projects will have costs and benefits and to determine it is important to supplement such as cost
effectiveness analysis with CBA tool to help with strategy deciding. Pearce et al (2006), CBA is a
tools that business analysts use to figure out if ... Show more content on Helpwriting.net ...
According to Bhatt et al, (2010 in Dehning 2002, Davis & Stratopoulos, 2003) mentions that
analysts in the IT field contend that a model may not be specifically pertinent to IT expenses which
can be mean that the reappearance from IT costs is difficult to measure which makes it more hard to
figure it out ROI or comparable models for IT expenses.
2. Cost Benefit Analysis
Cost benefit analysis has been around for many years while serving a great purpose to any business
or IT due its wide range of innovative strategies. According to Levin and McEwan (2001, p.14) Cost
benefit analysis is a tool that evaluates to the assessment of choices as indicated by their costs and
benefits when each is measured in economic terms. However Prest and Turvey defined cost benefit
analysis as a "practical way of assessing the desirability of projects, where it is important to take a
long view (in sense of looking at repercussions in the further, as well as the nearer, future) and a
wide view (in the sense of allowing for side–effects of many kinds of many persons, industries,
regions, etc.) i.e it implies the enumerations and evaluation of all the relevant costs and benefits".
The aim of CBA is to put a monetary values on the benefit anticipated from the project and
difference the costs which are relied upon to

Cost-Benefit Analysis of Arbitration
Cost–benefit analysis of arbitration
Introduction
Arbitration is legal technique used to resolve any disputes outside of the courts. Arbitration allows
for speedy and cheap resolution of any disputes, the parties involved in a dispute agree to appoint a
third person (arbitrator) who will hear their testimonies, and look into the evidence they provide.
The arbitrator's decision cannot be challenged in a law court as it is considered final and the parties
involved have to accept the decision (Brams & Merrill, 1986). There are only very limited
circumstances where the decision of an arbitrator can be challenged, and this is mostly if there can
be proof from one of the parties showing that the arbitrator was biased in their decision or ruling.
The chosen arbitrator will be an experienced person in the area of the dispute.
Arbitration Costs
The costs involved in normal arbitration are minimal and the amount of time the arbitrator takes in
order to reach a decision is short as compared to normal litigation cases. The costs are minimal as
there is no need for judges and juries to be involved. Some arbitration decisions may drag on for
longer just as the normal litigation cases, and this would increase the costs incurred in preparation
for the arbitration. The arbitrator's fees vary depending on the amounts involved in the suite and also
the country where the arbitration will take place. Considering that the deals the firm is signing are
for $1 million then the fees will be

Cost Benefit Analysis : The Ford Pinto Case
CHEN 4090 Senior Seminar
The Ford Pinto Case
Naif Alotaibi
Mohammed Alkhoraimi
April 18, 2016
Cost Benefit Analysis The Cost benefit analysis is a financial model where companies or
government establishments implement on their decision making. The model simply evaluates costs
and benefits of a certain decision which enables the organization to choose the "right" option.
(O'Farrell, R.,n.d.) The beauty of the CBA model lies in its simplicity, the chosen option is easily
justifiable, when the costs are higher than the benefits then there is no compelling reason to make
that decision. (O'Farrell, R. ,n.d.) In addition to its simplicity, the model is applicable to various
types of decisions, it enable ... Show more content on Helpwriting.net ...
High percentages of error in the estimation process should have signaled red lights about the model
validity, but surprisingly it did not to the people in charge. Monetizing intangible situations will
eventually yield uncertainties and estimation errors since there is no clear money value that is
equivalent to these situations. Unitizing the unit of measurement is vital to the CBA model to work
properly, but its uncanny to force a certain unit on something that has no unit of measurement
especially when it should. These weaknesses affiliated with the model enabled Ford to use it
unethically along with different companies dealing with different situations. The CBA itself did not
force Ford to act unethically, their greed and their sole priority to avoid extra cost even if it meant
the loss of a human life drove them to an unethical decision. Ford faced a simple problem, do they
fix the Pinto or do they kill innocent people. Sadly, they preferred the money saving option, which
was to ignore the defect and to pay compensates to effected families and loved ones. The company
defended their decision using the CBA model as if they were legally exonerated from any penalties
due to their actions. Fortunately, the jury did not see it as if their decision was justifiable even if the
method to evaluate the decision

Cost Benefit Analysis of Apprenticeship Program
Cost Benefit Analysis of Apprenticeship Program
A. Specific project being Proposed One major issue with our educational system is that it takes an
all or nothing approach after a student completes the standard 12 years of education. A student foes
to college or they join the workforce without any actual job skills. This system worked in the past
because of the abundance of industrial or manufacturing jobs that paid a decent wage and offered
long term job security. These jobs are disappearing as we transform from an industrial economy into
a more technological and services oriented one. The gap between skilled and unskilled workers is
widened and the middle class shrinking. I propose a job–training/ apprentice program. Under this
program business would get a tax credit that would cover 50% of the wages for the individuals
hired. The tax credit would be applied over a specific duration of the apprenticeship ranging
anywhere from 1–5 years depending on their level of production. I plan to look at the cost of other
similar programs that exist in several states and try to calculate a national average. To calculates
benefits the report will assess the total social costs and benefits of the apprentice program. The will
include the perspective of all stakeholders involved, specifically the role of the apprentice, sponsors
and employers, government agencies and society. each stakeholder: apprentices, employers,
sponsors, government agencies, and society as a whole. All costs and

A Social Cost Benefit Analysis
WALNUTS AUSTRALIA PROJECT
A social Cost–Benefit analysis investigating the implement of a walnut plantation in Tasmania,
Australia
Semester 2 – 2013
ECON3220
BENEFIT–COST ANALYSIS FOR BUSINESS
Table of contents
Executive summary 3
I. Introduction 4
II. Methodology 5 a) Benefit–Cost Analysis (BCA) 5 b) Decision criteria 5 c) Key variables 6 d)
Assumptions 6
III. Analysis 7 1. Results summary 7 a) Project Analysis 7 b) Private Analysis 8 c) Efficiency
Analysis 8 d) Referent Group Analysis 8 2. Sensitivity and Risk Analysis 9 a) Discount rates 9 b)
Riparian buffer zone 10 c) Opportunity costs of land & labour 11 d) Walnut price 12 3. Joint
Analysis 13
Conclusions and Recommendations 14
EXECUTIVE SUMMARY
In ... Show more content on Helpwriting.net ...
The last sections concern about the uncertainties in multiple inputs. The project ends up to be
undeniably risky where in optimistic cases, the project is favourable to both the social and private
stakeholders; but in pessimistic cases, the detriment could become terribly worse. The ultimate
choice then depends on the attitude towards risk of the decision maker but generally, further
investigations on different aspects of the project should be implemented in order to make an
accurate decision.
I. INTRODUCTION
The report advises on the possibility of the project related to gains and losses from which many
parties may suffer such as the Australian government, Tasmanian government and labour, WAL, etc.
Those benefits and costs are particularly different among stakeholders.
Generally, the company wants to take advantage of an ideal climate and the currently developing
walnut industry to build up a plantation zone for walnut trees in eastern Tasmania which lasts for 20
years. This WAL's new project is expected to achieve its full capacity after four years operating and

to earn extra revenue from timber at the end of its life.
WAL supports the project as it can cover partly the total amount of Australia's import walnuts which
is as large as 4,000 tonnes of kernels per year. The Australian government prefers to take this into
account along with revenues from tax and subsidies spending in order to allow a subsidised

Cost Benefits Analysis
Introduction
Cost–Benefit Analysis is a process followed to analyze business decisions. The benefits of a given
business–related decision are summed and then the costs of taking that action are subtracted. In
other words, before approving a new plan or taking on a new project, the organization's managers
will conduct a cost–benefit analysis to evaluate all of the potential costs and revenues that may be
generated if the project is completed. The results of the analysis will determine whether the project
is feasible, or if another project should be pursued. ("Cost–Benefit Analysis.")
Background
The idea of this economic accounting originated with the French engineer, Jules Dupuit. Later on,
the British economist, Alfred Marshall, came up with some of the formal concepts that made the
foundations of CBA. However, the practical development of CBA was a result of the Federal
Navigation Act of 1936. (Watkins)
Definition
The cost–benefit analysis was developed to build a business case for the use of technology solutions
by comparing the net benefit, investment amount, cost effectiveness and return on investment. The
analysis considers not only the costs of security controls and expected loss from security hacks, but
also takes care of the profits expected from new opportunities. (Kommineni)
When making a decision regarding an information security countermeasure, decision makers need to
come up with the total cost of ownership of the countermeasure. In other words, the cost

Cost Volume Profit Analysis, Cost, Volume, And Profit
Introduction Economic models which measure changes in costs and revenues as the volume of
activity increase can be complex. However, for the purpose of managerial decision making it is
possible to simplify these models in a way that makes them easy to use and therefore more readily
useful to the average manager. In this case, cost volume profit analysis is simple, with its
assumption of output as the only revenue and cost driver, and linear revenue and cost relationships.
it provides minimum values in more complex decision–making cases. Cost volume profit analysis
examines the relationships between changes in activity and changes in total sales revenue, cost and
profit. It may provide very useful information particularly for a business ... Show more content on
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Moreover, break–even point is useful, simply why firm are making profit. Once the break–even
units or break–even revenue is achieved, then the process is openly acceptable. Finally, assumptions,
such as sales units are the only cause for cost and revenue changes, linear graph line can be shown
when revenue and costs are used, and then single product or service would be analyzed. The
strength of CVP lies in the way that it removes many of the complications of the real world in order
to provide a sharp focus on the financial impact of decisions. This makes the CVP both simple to
apply and easy to understand. In the year of 2001, Yunker, J. (2001) have declared that CVP analysis
can not only be used in certain practical decision situations but also provide a conceptual bridge
between the accounting and finance literature on CVP analysis under uncertainly and the economic
literature on decision–making under uncertainty. This shows that CVP is both simple and simplistic.
What's more, Ojugo, C. (2009) said that knowing the relationship among cost, volume and profit, or
CVP is the most powerful tool and easiest way to make a better decision. It shows the volume of
sales required to break even and generate profit, the proper price of the menu is related to the cost of
sales. Additionally, Eldneburg & Wolcott (2004, p.89) argued that Cost–Volume–Profit analysis
provides information such

Paccu Cost Analysis Framework
The cost analysis framework is a useful method of engaging policy developers during the
development process of policy interventions. In this case, following the identification of the room
for improvement in PACU, several policy interventions could be adopted to improve the quality of
patient care delivered in the unit. Cost analysis is a suitable tool for such situations. It helps policy
makers to compare the benefits of different potential projects which could be integrated into the
system, to their costs, thus enhancing their choice of the most efficacious option. Specifically, the
cost analysis will enable the policy makers to identify the possible approaches which could be used
to achieve the stated objectives of the project, which, based

Direct Cost Analysis
The proper measurement of direct labor costs is essential when manufacturing a product. The
management and accounting departments of a company need to know the actual costs of
manufacturing a good so that effective business decisions can be made.
Measuring Costs Accurately There are a few reasons why the measurement of a direct cost can go
wrong. The first major reason is not taking all applicable costs into account. This includes missing
fuel for vehicles. If fuel costs are not included, it could make the product seem cheaper than it
actually is. Another reason why costs may be measured in accurately is not spreading the cost of an
expense to all of the products it touches. If fuel is use to manufacture a good and the fuel is used on
multiple products and the cost behind that fuel is only applied to one product, then the costs
measured for the goods would not be accurate (Investopedia, 2012). Another major reason direct
costs would not be accurate is that direct labor costs are not applied at all or to the right products.
Employees that provide direct labor to a product need to assist in keeping accurate records of
whether they worked on the manufacturing of a product and how much time they spent. This is
typically done through coding time on time cards to indicate when they worked on a product and for
how long. If this is not done accurately, the overall labor costs of an item would be in accurate and
this would lead to the

Cost Of College Student Analysis
The average cost of attending college at a public university is 12,796 US dollars, and a private
university is 30,367 US dollars (Green Haven Press 2009). It has always been expensive to study in
America. But why is it so? Why don't we have free colleges for the poor to attend? Some people
may qualify for higher education yet not be able to enroll in classes due to shortage in their budget.
This is really inappropriate. The government should work on providing the adequate amount of aid a
student would need to attend college, or make higher education free as a better incentive.
Poor students in America may suffer for their education. As it is way too expensive. This leads to
making the students more prone to drop out, or even have to work full ... Show more content on
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As to find a perfect scholarship, a student should be a phenomenal student, with a very high GPA.
But for a regular federal Pell Grant it is usually very low, and only covers a little portion of the
tuition cost. The "maximum Pell Grant once covered the entire cost of obtaining a two–year degree
and 77 percent of the cost at a public university in 1980, it now covers only 62 percent of the cost of
a two–year degree and 36 percent towards a public four–year degree" (Huffington post). Obtaining a
college degree now costs 1,120 percent more than what it costed three decades ago, it increased
about five times. Data from the Department of Education shows that students receiving Pell Grants
are more than twice as likely to take out student loans as students not receiving Pell Grants. Which
implies that the poor students who take student loans, are more prone to take loans, because the
grand is not even close to be enough. A previous worker for Pell Grant Institute, Abby Miller, says
the Pell Grant's purchasing power has suffered a "pretty dramatic drop, especially when with the
amount of loans that Pell recipients are taking out." Miller says student debt over the last 10 years
for Pell recipients has increased by 90 percent, while their starting salaries upon graduating have
only increased by 9 percent. (Huffington

Cost-Benefit Analysis: A Utilitarian Approach
a. Cost–benefit analysis is defined in the business arena as a tool that helps organizations make
critical decisions by adding up all the benefits of making a decision and then subtracting out the
costs associated with those decisions. Utilitarianism consists of an ethical theory founded on the
principle idea that the best moral action is the one that maximizes happiness for the greatest amount
of people. The utilitarian ethical theory, therefore utilizes cost–benefit in its analysis; however,
several limitations exist when using this approach. The first morally suspect issue when using a
cost–benefit analysis is deciding what the good or benefit is and what is considered the cost. Cost–
benefit analysis usually dictates that the comparison ... Show more content on Helpwriting.net ...
However, the Supreme Court has opined that this is not a constitutionally protected right so as not to
undermine the authority of the FDA in its mission of protecting public health for the many. The right
to be able to receive unapproved drugs for patients in dire situations may seem like a safety concern
for anyone not involved in such a situation in which a loved could possibly be saved due to a novel
medication not currently approved for use. However, moral theory in relation to this claimed right,
is certainly a legitimate one, as it looks to emphasize the specific rights of the individual and
discounts the safety aspect for the many. In this case, the individual in need of such a medication
that could possibly save or prolong their live could surely believe that they have every right to try to
protect their life by any means necessary. However, the limitation of this situation rests in the ability
to preserve the integrity of the clinical trial data. Design of such clinical trials is a careful and
painstaking endeavor that must be strictly adhered to in order to expedite the drug approval process.
Someone in a dire situation surely has ever right to believe they have an entitlement to receive a
medication that may save or prolong their life but understand that they could be denied access to the
medication on the grounds that it could negatively impact the clinical trial data and cause delays in
getting the medication approved and in the hands of other people in desperate

Cost Effectiveness Analysis
Cost–effectiveness analysis (CEA) is the most used technique for evaluating health interventions. In
this type of analysis, the basic question is asked, "How much health benefit do we get for our
money? The purpose of the CEA is to help decision makers allocate health care resources efficiently.
In a CEA, the analyst expresses health benefits in unit of health outcome (e.g., life saved) and the
costs in dollars. They calculate a cost–effectiveness ratio: the ratio of dollars expended to health
outcome obtained. The analyst compares one intervention with another, so they calculate cost–
effectiveness as the difference in cost between two interventions, divided by the difference in health
benefit obtained. For example, in a study that assessed the cost–effectiveness of testing cholesterol
levels in children, compared with not testing, the cost–effectiveness ratio would be: (Costs with
testing – Costs without ... Show more content on Helpwriting.net ...
A characteristic feature of CBA is that it expressed in dollar terms, all the benefits and costs
associated with an initiative so that they can be directly compared. Policies and programs, whose
benefits outweigh their costs, generate net benefits. Compared with CEA, CBA allows you to
compare initiatives that have different purposes such as an improvement in program participants'
reading scores because the outcomes have been monetized. Costs and benefits are measured over a
long–term horizon, and future dollars are discounted to reflect the time value of money, that is, the
concept of money is worth more in the present than in the future. The result of a cost–benefit
analysis is presented as a benefit –cost ratio that indicates the benefit received for every dollar
invested, providing a bottom–line summary of the net benefit to society (Cost–Benefit Knowledge
Bank for Criminal Justice,

Cost Benefit Analysis and Risk Assessment Essay
Introduction:
With regards to environmental policy, it is important for governments to consider concepts such as
risk, economic efficiency and cost–benefit. A common concern voiced by proponents of regulatory
reform in recent decades has been that the costs associated with certain regulations outweigh the
benefits that the regulations are intended to provide (Tengs &Graham, 1996). Another, and
somewhat related, view is that, more intelligent regulatory policies could achieve the same social
goals (e.g., cleaner environment, safer workplaces) at less cost, or could achieve more ambitious
goals at the same cost (Tengs &Graham, 1996). For the reasons above, Federal Agencies, have
invested in using tools such as the cost benefit analysis and ... Show more content on
Helpwriting.net ...
For the latter, we must calculate net, marginal as well as total benefits (pg, 209, Vig & Kraft, 2013).
Economic efficiency requires that we find the policy that will give us the greatest net benefits–––the
biggest difference between total benefits and total costs (pg.208, Vig & Kraft, 2013). In this case the
total benefits are considered as the total benefits of reducing pollution (pg.208, Vig & Kraft, 2013).
Perhaps, several concerns that Congress may have when using the cost–benefit analysis are:
"assuring greater consistency in techniques, defining the respective roles of cost–benefit and other
related evaluation frameworks; and significantly increasing funds to do these analyses in a timely
way (Moore, 1995)". Moreover, "critics of benefit–cost analysis object to placing a dollar value on
environmental goods, suggesting that these "priceless" resources are devalued when traded in
monetary terms (pg, 209, Vig & Kraft, 2013)". Although no economic argument can suggest
whether explicit or implicit consideration of benefits and costs is ethically preferable, the cost
benefit analysis is used as one of many inputs to the consideration of policy choices (pg, 209, Vig &
Kraft, 2013). In fact, it is

Analysis of Direct Costs
Analysis of Direct Costs
Direct material cost is the price laid down on items that are used in the fabrication of a product or
that are used as service providers. The price caters for the transportation of the items from the
manufacturer to the consumer, in–transit cover and the cost of any unforeseen events which may
include damages that might occur, substandard work, and overruns. In the direct material cost, the
buyer is always supplied with a copy of the contract form which is to be signed after he/she has
gone through and is contented with the laid down rules. The same buyer sends a local purchase
order to the manufacturer on the goods or items that he/she requires. In relation to other direct costs,
the charges are endorsed on specific costs objective(s) such as include special tooling and test
equipment, computer services, long distance costs, and telephone costs. Therefore, the buyer is
expected to know whether the seller can be accountable in case of any eventuality and the system
estimate ("Lesson 5 Analysis of Direct Labor", n.d.). One of the challenges that are experienced in
the analysis of direct material costs and other direct cost is overestimation and especially on
renovation projects. It has become a challenge in the sense that contractors submit their quotations
without putting into consideration necessary some factors. These factors include visiting the site
where the project is in order to know the exact materials that are required for the

Chapter 4 Cost Analysis
Chapter 2
Cost Terms, Concepts, and Classifications
Learning Objectives
LO1. Identify and give examples of each of the three basic manufacturing cost categories. LO2.
Distinguish between product costs and period costs and give examples of each. LO3. Prepare an
income statement including calculation of the cost of goods sold. LO4. Prepare a schedule of cost of
goods manufactured. LO5. Understand the differences between variable costs and fixed costs. LO6.
Understand the differences between direct and indirect costs. LO7. Define and give examples of cost
classifications used in making decisions: differential costs, opportunity costs, and sunk costs. LO8.
... Show more content on Helpwriting.net ...
2. Non–manufacturing costs. A manufacturing company incurs many other costs in addition to
manufacturing costs. For financial reporting purposes most of these other costs are typically
classified as selling (marketing) costs and administrative costs. Marketing and administrative costs
are incurred in both manufacturing and merchandising firms.
a. Marketing Costs. These costs include the costs of making sales, taking customer orders, and
delivering the product to customers. These costs are also referred to as order–getting and order–
filling costs.
b. Administrative Costs. These costs include all executive, organizational, and clerical costs that are
not classified as production or marketing costs.
3. Period vs. product costs. Costs can also be classified as period or product costs.
a. Period Costs. Period costs are expensed in the time period in which they are incurred. All selling
and administrative costs are typically considered to be period costs. You should be careful to point
out that the usual rules of accrual accounting apply. For example, administrative salary costs are
"incurred" when they are earned and not necessarily when they are paid to employees.
b. Product Costs. Product costs are added to units of product (i.e., "inventoried") as they are incurred
and are not treated as expenses until the units are sold. This can result in a delay of one or more
periods between the time in which the cost is incurred and

Cost Analysis On The Company
Cost Analysis
On our first meeting with our sponsor, we were asked to do a cost analysis to determine what is the
lowest price that the company can charge for each style and when would they break even. Since the
company had taken reserves on almost all the shoe styles for Dr. Comfort, we had to determine the
net inventory after the reserves. To accomplish this task, we created an excel worksheet that lists all
the items that have been assigned a percentage of reserves (Please refer to the worksheet in
Appendix).
After determining the amount of reserves for each shoe style, we calculated net inventory. We added
additional costs such as the average freight for each country and calculated a new cost per style after
including all other costs ... Show more content on Helpwriting.net ...
Each unit sold after the breakeven quantity would be a profit for the company since all costs would
have been covered. To accomplish this task, we used an average cost approach since that is the
method used to value Dr. Comfort products.
Interviews
Throughout the course of this project, we met many people who were either directly involved with
Dr. Comfort shoes or had years of experience on international markets. Our task was to come up
with questions to ask them at each meeting to help us reach our goal.
John Martin, VP of International Markets at DJO Global LLC
The first person we met was John Martin. He is the Vice President of international marketing at
DJO. He is not directly involved with any Dr. Comfort products. However, he does have a lot of
knowledge about international markets since he is in charge of marketing other medical devices
manufactured by DJO in foreign countries. When we met with him, we showed him a list of
potential countries that had suitable markets for medical devices based on a list of criteria we
developed. He helped us narrow down the list to Australia, Japan, North Korea, Brazil and Russia.
Since we initially considered medical channels in all countries, we asked Mr. Martin which
countries he would recommend that we focus on. Mr. Martin's knowledge about regulatory
restrictions and registration processes helped us exclude China from the list. China has a very long
registration process for medical devices that could take up

Cost Minimization Analysis Paper
"Cost–minimization analysis is mostly applied in the health sector and is a method used to measure
and compare the costs of different medical interventions" Springer. Cost minimization analysis is the
simplest type of cost analysis. The central focus is that one medical intervention is the same as
another, at lower cost. That is the outcomes must be the same. If an institution wishes to substitute
and anesthesia drug which cost $100 less than another there are several question that need to be
answered prior to changing vendors or manufacturers. The first is quality of the medication. The
Food and Drug Administration requires the drug to have the same active ingredients but the the
inactive ingredients may not necessary be the same. The issue is the drug may be the absorbed
different due to its inactive ingredients.. Some patient may not similarly absorb the medication
which may require that greater quantities may be needed to achieve the anesthetic effect that is
desired. As the purchaser of the less costly medication, I would ask the manufacturer to supply data,
in controlled studies to support that the drug is not only therapeutic from the required active ... Show
Will it cost more to prepare the medication and administer the lower cost medication? If the more
costly medication was for example in a single use vial this may require no more than transferring the
medication form the pharmacy to the operating room, where the anesthesia staff can administer the
medication. If however the the medication is purchased in a multi–use vial it may require the
pharmacy to prepare the medication and then be distributed to the operating room or other areas of
the hospital. The man hours associated with this could be significant and more costly than using a
single dose vial. So therefore the direct and indirect cost of preparation need to be

Student Loan Cost Analysis
My Loan Costs for College: I have calculated the total costs of my student loans, including interest,
for a 30–year payment. That is currently the best option because I have not yet received any news
from the various scholarships that I applied to. For Howard University, I might take around $97,040
for a four–year loan and pay back $180,344 over 30 years. For Hawaii Pacific University, I could
take about $107,028 for a six–year loan and pay back $198,906 over 30 years. For Humboldt State, I
might take $110,892 for a six–year loan and pay $206,087 over 30 years (Student). Howard
University is still the best option for loans. These costs will likely go down when I receive
scholarships. My goal is receive scholarships to pay for most or all of college.
Monthly Payment: Taking interest into consideration for a loan repayment of 30 years, my monthly
repayments for Howard University, Hawaii Pacific, and Humboldt State would be between $500 and
$600 a month. Howard's monthly repayment would be $500.96, Hawaii's monthly repayment would
be $552.52, and Humboldt's monthly repayment would be $572.46. Obviously, these amounts are
completely ridiculous. Howard's estimated monthly repayment is the cheapest at $500.92, but that is
still way too expensive to be paying every month for 30 years. ... Show more content on
Helpwriting.net ...
After calculating my monthly budget for when I start my career, I can see that life will be hard and I
will be poor. If I cut down my spending for housing, food, auto, insurance, entertainment/recreation,
savings, medical/dental expenses, investments and miscellaneous stuff by about 2–3% each, I can
still have some money to spare. I can bring down my monthly expense from $2,479.17 to $2,335.54.
That means that I will have an extra $143.63 to save for emergencies. Even so, I will still have be
very frugal with my spending and use my resources wisely. I will have to buy everything cheap in
order to

Cost Benefit Analysis (Cbas)
Accomplished superior work consistently through systematic execution of broad responsibilities as
Early Cost Team Lead. Orchestrated highest volume of Cost–Benefit Analyses (CBAs) for
assessment efficiently within Acquisition Costing Directorate through equitable distribution based
on current workload assignments of team members. Engineered overall management of 154 CBA
analytical reviews in Army Requirements Oversight Council (AROC) Decision Forum estimated
over $147.32B in life cycle costs with 27 HQDA(1*) and 34 AROC(3*) presented for DASA–CE
validation endorsement based on sound measurable results.
Mentored team members, other junior analysts, and ARCIC capability requirements developers
while cultivating adaptability, versatility, and

Cost Analysis
Table of content Introduction: Financing decisions and investment decisions are considered to be
two of the most vital decisions that corporations have to take. Cost analysis is one of the factors that
should be taken into consideration while evaluating financial and investment decisions. This paper
reviews the concept of cost analysis, how it is used in decision making, and how firms usually
involve cost analysis in evaluating different projects. Furthermore, the paper discusses some of the
main concepts that are derived from cost analysis such as cost allocation, cost–effectiveness
analysis, and cost–benefit analysis. In addition, some of the advantages and disadvantages of cost
analysis will be discussed. Moreover, the concept of ... Show more content on Helpwriting.net ...
These three methods are usually used simultaneously in order for corporations to evaluate different
decisions or projects. Some of these methods might seem simple and easy to use; however, they
should never be ignored or taken slightly as they can be of great benefit in determining the right
decisions. Cost Allocation: Cost allocation is the simplest among the three concepts that were
mentioned earlier. Sewell and Marczak stated that cost allocation refers to "setting up budgeting and
accounting systems in a way that allows program managers to determine a unit cost or cost per unit
of service." Furthermore, Sewell and Marczak illustrated that in many corporations, cost allocation
is used to provide "some of the basic information needed to conduct more ambitious cost analyses
such as cost–benefit analysis or cost–effectiveness analysis." Therefore, it can be concluded that cost
allocation is a prerequisite to both cost–benefit analysis and cost–effectiveness analysis. Example:
The following table shows the monthly cost allocation for 3 different projects It is important to note
that firms usually allocate their costs based on previous experience and estimation. However, firms
should expect costs to change, which can be due to financial crises, inflation, or other factors, and
try to adapt their cost allocation systems

Cost Benefit Analysis Of Spotsylvania County Public Schools
Cost Benefit Analysis In recent years, the homeschooled population in Spotsylvania County Public
Schools (SCPS) has continued to grow. Due to state regulations, the governing body of the division,
the Spotsylvania County School Board (SCSB) developed a policy to address the procedures and
protocols necessary to guide homeschooling options in the division: Policy LBD (2015) (See
Appendix A). According to L. Binion, Guidance Director for SCPS, currently the division has 1,036
registered and 31 pending homeschooled students in grades K–12 (personal communication,
November 13, 2015). Further, although the division has generally averaged 3–4 additional requests
weekly, requests have skyrocketed to 1–2 per day for the past several weeks. The spike is likely
connected to two recent negative events associated with the division–a thwarted mass shooting plan,
and a case of severe hazing at a high school, (L. Binion, personal communication, November 19,
2015). There are financial ramifications for the school division each time a student is opt–ed out of
the public school system. State funding is determined by Average Daily Membership (ADM), which
equates to $5,418 per student for Fiscal Year 2015 (VEA, 2014). Thus, the current cost of registered
homeschooled students in SCPS is a staggering $5,613,048. Consequently, examining ways in
which the division can address the needs of the homeschooled population while recapturing lost
funds is imperative. SCPS is currently investigating

Cost Benefit Analysis
Explain the principles behind cost benefit analysis. Is the use of cost benefit analysis essential in the
appraisal of public spending? Discuss this in the light of a transport capital expenditure project with
which you are familiar.
Cost–benefit analysis is often used by governments to evaluate the desirability of a given
intervention. It is an analysis of the cost effectiveness of different alternatives in order to see
whether the benefits outweigh the costs. The aim is to gauge the efficiency of the intervention
relative to the present circumstances. The costs and benefits of the impacts of an intervention are
evaluated in terms of the public's willingness to pay for them (benefits) or willingness to pay to
avoid them (costs). Inputs ... Show more content on Helpwriting.net ...
* Distributional consequences: Costs and benefits mean different things to different income groups –
benefits to the poor are usually worth more (or are they?). Those receiving benefits and those
burdened with the costs of a project may not be the same. Are the losers to be compensated? To
many economists, the equity issue is as important as the efficiency argument. * Social welfare is not
the same as individual welfare – What we want individually may not be what we want collectively.
Do we attach a different value to those who feel "passionately" about something (for example the
building of new housing on Greenfield sites) contrasted with those who are more ambivalent? *
Valuing the environment: How are we to place a value on public goods such as the environment
where there is no market established for the valuation of "property rights" over environmental
resources? How does one value "nuisance" and "aesthetic values"? * Valuing human life: Some
measurements of benefits require the valuation of human life – many people are intrinsically
opposed to any attempt to do this. This objection can be partly overcome if we focus instead on the
probability of a project "reducing the risk of death" – and there are insurance markets in existence
which tell us something about how much people value their health and life when they take out
insurance policies. * Attitudes to risk – e.g. a cost benefit analysis of the effects of genetically

A Cost Accounting System Analysis
A cost accounting system is a framework used by firms to estimate the cost of their products for
profitability analysis, inventory valuation and cost control. Its goal is to advise the management on
the most appropriate course of action based on the cost efficiency and capability. Cost accounting
provides the detailed cost information that management needs to control current operations and plan
for the future.
Costing is essential for every organization, as every manufacturing and other department has to be
assigned accurate budget for proper operation (Hansen, Mowen and Guan, 2006). The costing
system provides information that is useful to managers for minimizing wastage and allocating
resources to different departments.
The traditional ... Show more content on Helpwriting.net ...
Most organizations in the business arena today are quite complex, large and have many departments.
It cannot be the basis of the costing system in these organizations as it can only be efficient when
there are low indirect costs compared to direct costs.
On the other hand, Activity–based costing (ABC) attempts to accurately trace indirect costs to
products by allocating indirect costs to activities and then to products based on their usage of the
activities. In order to counter the flaws of the Traditional Costing System, most organizations have
adopted the ABC method. ABC is an effective way to allocate the indirect costs and it leads to more
accuracy because it relies upon a greater number of activity and resource cost drivers rather than
only focusing on volume based cost drivers. Also in contrast to the traditional costing system, ABC
is optimal when indirect costs are higher as it utilizes several indirect cost pools and divides the
production function into many activity areas. The activity based approach provides a precise
breakdown of indirect costs and eliminates the allocation of irrelevant costs to a product therefore
providing a more exact reflection of product and customer profitability. Thus, unlike traditional
costing, ABC gives equal importance to other factors such as business competition, accuracy,
customer satisfaction, product development etc. It's emphasis on product efficiency helps the
company establish a

The Cost-Volume-Profit Analysis
The cost–volume–profit analysis (CVP) is used to help companies determine breakeven points and
pricing for their products. It is a "method of cost accounting 在ased on determining the breakeven
point of cost and volume of goods" and is "useful for managers making short–term economic
decisions" (Investopedia, 2013).
The mechanism of CVP begins with the revenue, so the price point and the volume of units sold
(CliffNotes, 2013). A good way to understand the CVP analysis is using a simple income statement
example (Choo & Tan, 2011) The example that will be used here is a one–product small company
Acme, which makes ball bearings. The cost of producing one ball bearing is six cents. The objective
for Acme in using CVP analysis is to determine how many ball bearings it must sell at its normal
price in order to breakeven. Suppose its fixed costs are $100,000. If the normal price for a ball
bearing is twenty cents that is the variable cost. The contribution is the revenue variable cost, so in
this case 14 cents. The breakeven point is 100,000 / 0.14 = 714,286 ball bearings.
There are a few different ways that the company can gain competitive advantage using the CVP
method and the information that it generates about the business. The first thing the company can
learn is with respect to pricing. The company needs to sell 714,286 ball bearings, so it will only
produce ball bearings if it thinks that it can sell that many. If the company does not believe that it
can sell enough

The Cost Of A Cost Analysis
A cost analysis can be conducted in order by companies in order to estimate their cost when making
decisions (Douglas, 2012). Managers can various methods to analyze costs for decision making
purposes these are total variable cost, average variable cost, marginal costs (Douglas, 2012). In
addition the company can use profit maximization and marginal revenue to help make decisions
(Douglas, 2012). This paper will analyze two different scenarios and use various methods to help
them make the decisions at hand. The first scenario will analyze a pizza company. William, owner,
is trying to increase outputs while minimizing their costs. It has been determined that four ovens
cost the company $1,000. In addition, he has supplied the following ... Show more content on
Helpwriting.net ...
This makes the most efficient number of employees to be at six because this is the highest return
between employee numbers zero and eight. If William was to pay each employee $500 per week, he
could determine his variable cost by taking their pay per week by the number of employees. Once
this is computed he can add it to the fixed cost to determine his total cost. The marginal cost can be
computed by taking the incremental total cost divided by the incremental output (Douglas, 2014).
Employees Variable Cost ($) Fixed Cost ($) Total Cost ($) Incremental Cost ($) Pizza Produced
Incremental Output Marginal Cost ($)
0 0 1,000 1,000 0
1 500 1,000 1,500 500 75 75 6.67
2 1,000 1,000 2,000 500 180 105 4.76
3 1,500 1,000 2,500 500 360 180 2.78
4 2,000 1,000 3,000 500 600 240 2.08
5 2,500 1,000 3,500 500 900 300 1.67
6 3,000 1,000 4,000 500 1140 240 2.08
7 3,500 1,000 4,500 500 1260 120 4.17
8 4,000 1,000 5,000 500 1360 100 5.00 This shows that to minimize their marginal cost they should
have five employees because this marginal cost is $1.67 and when you hit six employees their
marginal cost increase with each added employee. Marginal productivity declines as companies hire
more employees after a certain level. This is based on the law of diminishing returns which is if a
company continues to add variable inputs to its fixed inputs in the production process,

Airline Cost Analysis Paper
Topic 1: A Simulation Approach to Airline Cost Benefit Analysis
Introduction:
The current increase in fuel price gives impact on airlines all over the world. This lead to
bankruptcies, reduction in flight amount, service and operation among airlines globally. Fuel and
crew are the two major component in airlines and drives the operating cost.
Problem statement:
Just a one percent increase in jet fuel prices, translates to $530 million for the US airline industry.
Due to up in jet fuel an airlines initiated a study with Aeronautical University to handle a feasibility
study purposed at utilizing Towbarless Towing Vehicles to lift aircraft to and from the terminal to
airline's maintenance hangar facility.
Objective:
To Considering the high purchasing cost of the supertugs .
To evaluate economic justifications for purchasing supertugs.
To Calculate the payback period of the investment
To Calculate how many of these ... Show more content on Helpwriting.net ...
The cheapest and effective way of reduce customer waiting time is by managing restaurant table
capacity. This includes management of when the seats are assigned and how the server handles the
station as well.
Problem statement:
Long waiting time restaurants is the major course of customer dissatisfaction. By rearranging the
setting of restaurant tables, restaurant staffs can reduce customer waiting times and provide prompt
service. To address these research questions, a simulation model was developed that incorporated
"uncertain demand" and the "spatial priority" of table assignments.
Objective:
To examined whether restaurant table assignment policies help to improve system performance by
specifically focusing on how to assign an incoming party a table location.

To find ways to combine tables to reduce customer waiting time.
Method:
MATLAB simulation were used to create restaurant simulation

College Cost Analysis
Do you know how much college costs? "In the academic year 2005–2006 to go to a 4 year public
school it was 5,492 per year. Now in the academic year 2015–2016 the cost has risen to 9,410 per
year" (Dickler). The price has nearly doubled. College never used to cost that much but then it
started to become more popular and the cost of it has started to go up. This trend is going to
continue. The cost of college is rising and it is becoming more popular.
As the cost of college continues to rise it was not always like that. "In the 1870s the cost of college
was $150. Today that equals $2,685.64" (Writers). College started to become more popular when
people were able to make more money per hour if you attended college. "The first college opened in
1636 that was Harvard University. The acceptance rate was 6%" (Niche). Many students were not
able to get into college. More colleges began to open and so more students were accepted. Then,
everyone started to go to college so people felt expected to go. "In 2008, tuition fees increased 439%
since 1982, while income has only gone up 147%" (Writers). People are then not able to afford it
since income is not increasing as fast as college. "In an article written by Jessica Dickler it is
reported that 57% of graduates said that they regret taking out as many loans as they did, and 36%
said ... Show more content on Helpwriting.net ...
In an article written by Danielle Gabriel she says "Net prices continue to grow because sticker price
increases have surpassed the grant aid that students receive." This does compare to the survey results
because a majority of the students surveyed said that the cost of the college will rise. While
researching it was found that a majority of high school graduates were going to college. That was
the same result in the survey. The outcome of the survey and the research were very similar. These
results support that the cost of college is rising and it is becoming more

The Cost Benefit Analysis Of Capital Metro Project
The Analysis of the Process and Reporting of the Cost–Benefit Analysis of the Capital Metro Project
– a 12 km Light Rail Route from Gungahlin to the City
Introduction
In 2004, the Australian Capital Territory (ACT) government published the Canberra Plan as a
guidance for the growth and development of Canberra from 2004 and beyond. The Canberra Plan:
Towards Our Second Century, launched in 2008, aimed to achieved prosperity by providing a better
health, education, and municipal services as well as ensuring the continuing well–being, safety and
equity of the community. The Canberra Plan also launched in respond to new challenges that might
hamper the growth and development of Canberra. The new challenges include climate change, water
security, housing affordability and skill shortages. The plan comprises of seven strategic themes that
reflect the ACT government's priorities, which are quality health care; a fair and safe community;
excellent education quality teaching and skills development; a strong, dynamic economy; a vibrant
city and great neighbourhoods; a sustainable future; and high–quality services.
The Capital Metro project is one of the ACT government's project aims to achieve Canberra's
sustainable development as states out in the Canberra Plan. The project is the design and
construction of a light rail transport from Gungahlin to the City. The route is 12 km and equipped
with stops, depot, road, and signaling. The project also covers preparatory, other works

Cost Benefit Analysis Essay
COST‐BENEFIT ANALYSIS OF AN RFID ASSET TRACKING SYSTEM
INTRODUCTION
This paper outlines the cost‐benefit analysis of using Ultra High Frequency (UHF) Radio Frequency
Identification (RFID) technology in an asset‐tracking application. To facilitate the analysis, RFID
will be compared against the incumbent technology, bar‐coding. An experiment comparing these
two technologies was conducted, and the findings from this experiment are further analysed.
Security
Search for missing items
Annual Stock take
Deploy, repair, relocate, refresh and return Figure 1: Hierarchy of Needs for Asset Tracking
Number of Assets 10,000 20,000 50,000 100,000 Number of Reads ... Show more content on
Helpwriting.net ...
With a time saving of 90.82%, RFID proves its time and cost savings while performing asset
inventories.
BUSINESS ANALYSIS
In order to clarify what savings RFID can provide for an organisation currently utilizing outdated,
inefficient logistics technologies, these time savings should be used, along with some general
assumptions, to project indicative cost savings. To facilitate analysis of the labour cost savings
associated to implementing RFID processes to an asset tracking context, the life cycle of a typical
asset is considered. The different types of assets and their individual characteristics are ignored to
simplify the analysis. In order for this document to provide useful figures for a wider range of
customers, a basic logistics department with varying asset levels and traffic will be analysed. Some
general assumptions are listed:  Average warehouse worker works a 38 hour week and earns a
$60,000AU salary.  Number of assets to be tracked: o 10,000 o 20,000 o 50,000 o 100,000  Each
tagged asset follows an assumed asset life cycle. Numbers of reads associated to each task: o Asset
Life – 3 years o Initial Deployment of Asset:  Manufacturer applies RFID tag to asset  Received
to Warehouse Stock  2 reads – 1 read into warehouse door, 1 read onto correct shelf/area 
Distribution to a Particular Building/Floor  2 reads – 1 read out of warehouse

Opportunity Cost Of Education Analysis

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