Cuba Under Raul Castro’s Reforms February 22, 2013By .docx

Cuba Under Raul Castro’s Reforms
February 22, 2013
By Isaac Risco
HAVANA TIMES —
Characterized by economic
reforms and political
stagnation, over his seven
years in power, Raul Castro
has promoted a series of
changes in Cuba aimed at
bringing the island out of
chronic economic crisis
without relinquishing its
one-party socialist model,
in place since 1959,
reported DPA news on

Friday.
Hailed by analysts and the island’s population for his
“pragmatism,” the younger
Castro ended many of the reforms restrictions in place for
decades. These have
been gradually reducing the state monopoly enshrined as
economic policy since
the 60s.
The elimination of various “absurd prohibitions” — as a senior
Cuban leader
described them in 2008 — marked the first year of his
administration. However,
some of the still outstanding measures announced by Raul
Castro include wage
increases and the elimination of the dual currency (the island
has two official
currencies: the Cuban peso, with which public sector wages are
paid; and the
convertible peso, or “hard currency,” based on the value of the
US dollar and with
an exchange rate of 1:24 against the regular Cuban peso).
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Page 1 of 4Cuba Under Raul Castro’s Reforms – Havana
Times.org
1/9/2018https://www.havanatimes.org/?p=88201
The following are some of the key measures and reforms
introduced by Raul

Castro since 2008. The younger brother of Fidel Castro is
expected to be reelected
in the coming days by the Cuban parliament to another 5-year
term in office.
Sales of computers, DVDs and other home appliances: One of
the first measures
in the first months of his administration was the authorization
of the sale of home
appliances such as microwaves, computers, DVD players and
electric scooters.
Despite the measure not being announced in the official press,
many Cubans
flooded stores on April 1, 2008 to buy goods previously
available only on the black
market.
Luxury hotels: On March 31, 2008 hotel managers were
surprised at the lifting of
the ban that for more than a decade had prevented Cubans from
staying in luxury
facilities. Since then, it has been common to see Cubans who
can afford to stay in
tourist hotels at the Varadero beach resort.
Cellphones: The government authorized the sale of mobile
phone service starting

April 14, 2008. Since then, the public has been able to buy
prepaid mobile phone
cards. Access to Internet service, however, remains off limits to
the vast majority
of Cubans.
“Self-employment”: In October 2010 the government expanded
authorizations
for opening small businesses (in 178 different types of work) in
the private sector.
Since then, the number of people working in what’s called the
“self-employment”
sector has reached by almost 400,000, according to official
figures from December
2012. This measure led to an explosion of private businesses in
Havana, especially
in the food service sector.
Transfers of land in usufruct: In July 2008, the mass transfer in
usufruct of idle
land to individuals was ordered. This reform, aimed at
stimulating agricultural
production on the island, has been expanded in recent years by
other measures
such as the recent granting of building permits on land being

farmed in usufruct.
The buying and selling of houses and cars: In October 2011, the
Raul Castro
government announced the liberalization of the auto sales
market, allowing
Cubans to buy and sell used cars (restrictions remain in place
for new cars). A
month later, he also liberalized the sale of real estate. Free
market sales of real
estate have also caused the flourishing of informal realtor
activities.
Bank loans: Cuban state-run banks begin making loans to
individuals starting in
December 2011. Measures to encourage private initiative have
also been applied
to farmers who work land in usufruct and people performing
construction work
on their homes. On February 21, the government extended credit
facilities to
permit the use of personal collateral (such as jewelry) to obtain
loans.
Immigration reform: One of the measures most desired by
Cubans was
announced by President Raul Castro in October 2012. He called

for the
elimination of exit permit requirements (the “carte blanche”)
and letters of
invitation for Cubans to be able to travel – restrictions that had
been in place for
decades. After the measures were implemented on January 14,
even the well-
known dissident blogger Yoani Sanchez was able to leave the
island. In the new
Times.org
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law, the government can still require some restrictions on
highly-trained

professionals, professional-level athletes, and for reasons of
“national
security” (interpreted by some as being particularly applicable
to people in the
opposition).
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• Reply •
Roger Lamb • 5 years ago
I think we support, and actually cheer for every reform. The
Cuban people have
suffered for far too long. As restrictions have eased, we should
be encouraging
travel to Cuba from the U.S. Maybe we could actually show
some leadership and
make headway in divesting them from the Russian/Chinese
influences.

• Reply •
ROBERT VOLLENDORFF • 5 years ago
SOUNDS LIKE GREAT IMPROVEMENTS.MOST LIKELY
MORE WELL BE
COMING
• Reply •
Landon • 10 months ago> ROBERT VOLLENDORFF
Is your keyboard stuck in all caps?
• Reply •
austin • 10 months ago> Landon
No you idiot he can do what he wants to
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Valdes Janis Hernandez Juan
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Morin Aguado
Havana Weather
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Copyright © 2015. F.A. Davis Company
Nursing Practice and the Law
Chapter 3
*
ObjectivesIdentify three major sources of law.Explain the
differences among various types of laws.Differentiate between
negligence and malpractice.Explain the difference between an
intentional tort and an unintentional tort.
*
Objectives (cont’d)
Explain how Standards of Care are used in determining
negligence and malpractice.Describe how nurse practice acts
guide nursing practice.Explain the purpose of licensure.Explain
the difference between internal standards and external
standards.

*
Objectives (cont’d)Discuss Advance Directives and how they
pertain to patients’ rights.Discuss the legal implications of the
Health Insurance Portability and Accountability Act (HIPAA).
*
Meaning of LawLaw refers to any system of regulations that
govern the conduct of individuals within a community and/or
society in response to the need for regularity, consistency, and
justice.Law is the rules that prescribe and control social conduct
in a formal and legally binding manner.
*

Types of LawsStatutory lawCommon lawAdministrative law
*
Statutory LawCreated by various legislative
bodiesCongressState legislaturesExamples of federal
statutesPatient Self-Determination Act of 1990The Americans
with Disabilities Act
*
Statutory Law (cont’d)Examples of state statutesNurse Practice
ActsGood Samaritan Law
*

Common LawComes from the traditional unwritten law of
England.Based on custom and usage.Develops within the court
system as judicial decisions are made.One decision creates the
precedence for another.
*
Administrative LawProcedures created by administrative
agenciesCity councilsCounty boardsState
governmentEstablished through the authority given to
government agencies by a legislative bodyBoards of Nursing
*
Sources of Law
*

The ConstitutionFoundation of American lawThe Bill of
RightsLimits the power of the government and protects citizens’
freedomsConstitutional law evolves as issues emerge.
*
StatutesLocalities, state legislatures, and the U.S. Congress
create statutes.OrdinancesLocal statutesExample: noise
ordinanceNurses can influence the development of statutory
laws.
*
Administrative LawCreated by administrative agencies that
develop specific rules and regulations that direct the
implementation of statutory law.Rules must be consistent with
statutory laws.Specific statutory laws give state Boards of
Nursing the authority to issue and revoke licenses.

*
AgenciesDepartment of Health and Human ServicesDepartment
of LaborDepartment of Education
*
Types of Laws
*
Criminal LawFelonyMisdemeanorJuvenile

*
Civil LawTortQuasi-intentional tortNegligenceMalpractice
*
Other Laws Relevant to Nursing Practice
*
Good Samaritan LawsCreated to encourage physicians and
nurses to respond to emergenciesProtects licensed health-care
providers from civil liability as long as they “behave in the
same manner as an ordinary, reasonable, and prudent
professional in the same or similar circumstances.”

*
ConfidentialityPatients have the right to
confidentiality.Information should only be shared with others
who have a “need to know.”Need permission to share
informationHIPAA
*
Social NetworkingUse of technology has caused an increase in
violations of confidentiality.Breach of confidentiality without
intentNeed to be aware of institutional policies on social
networkingImmediate terminationCancellation of
contracts/affiliation agreements with outside agencies
*

Slander and LibelQuasi-intentional tortsSlander refers to the
spoken word.Libel refers to the written word.Can refer to
patients, coworkers, or other individuals
*
False ImprisonmentConfining an individual against his or her
willRestrainingDetainingRemoving a patient’s clothesKeeping a
patient who has been medically discharged for an unreasonable
amount of time
*
Assault and BatteryAssault is the threat to do harm.Battery is
touching without consent.The significance of an assault is
embedded in the threat.Often, the terms are used
together.Informed consent

*
Standards of Practice
*
PurposeGuidelines to ensure quality of careCriteria to determine
if quality care has been deliveredMay be specialty
directedAACN standards of careAWHONN standards of care
*
Internal StandardsDeveloped within institutionsUsually
explained within specific policiesIncluded in Policy and
Procedure ManualsBased on current literature and
researchNursing responsibility to meet the institution’s
standards

*
Use of Standards in Nursing Negligence and MalpracticeOne of
the elements used to determine liabilityUse of professional
standardsInstitutional policyStandards of the Specialty
organization if warrantedExpert opinions
*
Patient’s Bill of RightsCreated by the American Hospital
Association in 1973 and amended in 1992In 2003, replaced by
the Patient Care PartnershipThe patient rights were derived
from the ethical principle of autonomy.
*

Informed Consent Informed consent is a legal document in all
50 states.Requires physicians to divulge the benefits, risks and
alternatives to treatment, nontreatment, and/or
procedures.Allows individuals to be involved in choices about
their health care.
*
Informed Consent (cont’d)Permits health-care providers to
“touch.”Physicians are responsible for “obtaining” the informed
consent.Nurses are involved in the process whenWitnessing a
signatureClarifying questionsIf a nurse assesses that a patient
lacks a full understanding of the risks/benefits, the nurse should
notify the physician.
*
Criteria for Informed ConsentA mentally competent adult as
voluntarily given the consent.The client understands exactly
what he or she is consenting to.The consent includes the risks

involved in the procedure, alternative treatments, and risk of
refusal.The consent is written.
*
Implied ConsentOccurs when consent is assumedEmergency
situationsChild is involved and the health-care institution is
unable to reach parents and/or legal guardians
*
Staying Out of Court
*

PreventionPractice caring behaviors.Demonstrate an interest in
patients and their families.Assist patients and families in
making choices by providing information.Maintain
accountability.Adhere to Standards of Practice.
*
DocumentationNeeds to be legally credibleAvoid charting by
exception.Clear, concise, and accurateOnly sign off on
medications once administered.Document assessments after
completion.
*
Keys to Credible
DocumentationContemporaneousAccurateTruthfulAppropriate
*

Common Actions Leading to Malpractice SuitsFailure to assess
properlyFailure to report changes in a patient’s condition to the
appropriate personnelFailure to document in a patient’s
recordAltering or falsifying a patient’s recordFailure to obtain
an informed consentFailure to report a coworker’s negligence or
poor practiceViolation of internal or external standards of
practice
*
What to Do if Named in a SuitContact the legal department of
your institution.Answer the complaint. Obtain legal
guidance/representation.Only sign documents after review by
legal counsel or malpractice insurance company.Maintain a file
of all information connected to the case.BE HONEST.
*

Professional Liability InsuranceNurses need to consider
obtaining insurance.Policies protect nurses against personal
financial loss.If a nurse is found guilty of malpractice the
employing agency has the right to sue the nurse to reclaim
damages.
*
End-of-Life Decisions and the LawDo Not Resuscitate Orders
(DNRs)Advance DirectivesPatient Self-Determination
ActLiving WillHealth-Care Surrogate
*
Patient Self-Determination ActAllows individuals to make
decisions regarding treatment in advance of a time when they
may be unable to make these decisions.Federal law directs that
health-care institutions that receive federal funding inform
patients of their right to create advance directives.

*
Provisions of the ActProvide information to every
patient.Document.All patients must be asked if they have a
Living Will.Ask about a health-care surrogate (Durable Power
of Attorney). Must be placed in the patient’s record.Educate.Be
respectful of patients’ rights.Have cultural humility.
*
Nursing ImplicationsThe Patient Self-Determination Act does
not specify who should discuss treatment decisions or advance
directives with patients.Nurses are patient advocates.Nurses
need to have knowledge about documents pertaining to the
Act.Review institutional policies.
*

Issues Affecting PracticeLegal implications of mandatory
overtimeAffects patient safetyPosition statements from nursing
organizationsNurse Practice
ActsLicensureQualificationsEndorsementMultistateDisciplinary
action
*
NCLEX-RNPreparationReview coursesNCSBN online NCLEX-
RN study programTest planTest plan blueprint changed in April
2013Changes in the blueprint are based on findings from
practice.Level of difficulty increasedAlternative question
formats
*
Preparing for NCLEX-RNBe positive.Use relaxation
techniques.Advance planning.Pack an “NCLEX bag.” Perform a
“dry run” at the same time you would leave to get to the test
site to familiarize yourself with the area, parking, etc.Call the

Center and see if you may bring water or snacks.Eat well and
get a good night’s sleep the night before the test.
*
On the Day of the TestEat before you leave.Leave early and
give yourself sufficient time to arrive at your destination.Bring
a jacket or sweater.
*
ConclusionNurses need to understand the legal issues regarding
practice.It is important to know and understand the Nurse
Practice Acts in your state.Patients expect nurses to provide
safe, competent, and quality care.
*

Manager
Chapter 2
*
ManagementGetting work done through othersDoing what is
needed to assist employees to work well
*
Management Theories
*
Scientific ManagementEfficiency-focusedIncreasing

productivity is the goalWorkflow and time to complete tasks is
measured and evaluated.
*
Human Relations-Based Management Theory XWork is
something to be avoided.People want to do as little work as
possible.Use: Control Supervision Punishment
*
Human Relations-Based Management Theory YThe work itself
can be rewarding.People really want to do their job
well.Support usingGuidance Development Reward
*
Servant LeadershipPeople have value as people.Commit to
improving treatment at work.Employee first

*
Qualities of an Effective ManagerLeadershipClinical
expertiseBusiness sense
*
Management
DecisionalInterpersonalInformational
*
Behavior of an Effective Manager
InterpersonalNetworking Conflict negotiation and
resolutionEmployee developmentCoachingRewards and
punishments
*

Behavior of an Effective Manager (cont’d)Decisional
activitiesEmployee evaluationResource allocationHiring and
firingPlanning for the futureJob analysis and design
*
Behavior of an Effective Manager (cont’d)Informational
activitiesSpokesperson Monitoring Reporting
*
ConclusionNursing management is a complex, responsible
position.Ineffective managers may
harmEmployeesClientsOrganizations
*
Capitalism Versus Socialism: The Cuban Quandary
Course Discussion Expectations
Read the Discussion Participation Scoring Guide to learn how
your instructor will evaluate your discussion participation
throughout this course.

Important note: using proper APA-formatted citations and
references.
Activity Instruction
Consider the struggle between social equality and the free
market in Cuba. In your opinion, which force will win? Why do
you think this?
Draw on your unit readings, the video Capitalism Versus
Socialism: The Cuban Quandary, and your own research on the
topic to support your position. Be sure you follow APA
guidelines for citations and references.
Resources
Discussion Participation Scoring Guide.
Capitalism Versus Socialism: The Cuban Quandary (see link
below) | Transcript.
Link for : https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=Wn79HNpbkDY
CAPITALISM VERSUS SOCIALISM: THE CUBAN
QUANDARY
Speaker
After World War II ended in 1945, America's top enemy for 50
years was an economic system that
seemed unstoppable. Communism, the extreme form of
socialism, its chief champion Russia, head of the
Union of Soviet Socialist Republics.
Male
One country of nine million square miles, that is our own
country, three times over or all of North

America in a million square miles to boot.
Speaker
The USSR threatened to export its system worldwide and had
nuclear weapons to back up the threat. The
US risked Russian attack in the name of freedom, democracy
instead of dictatorship. The economic
freedom of a free market filled with choices instead of a
command economy where government does the
choosing. The idea of socialism or communism though, can be
quite appealing. An economy based on
sharing, collective effort for the common good. In the 1930's,
this economic system actually seemed an
alternative to the risky free market capitalism of Europe and the
US then suffering a great depression
with unemployment of 25%. By contrast, Russian workers was
said to be fully employed, happy, equal.
Why even orchestras said the propaganda films had no
conductor, no boss.
Male
There is no leader. You will notice that the eye of the musician
is all his own, his music.
Speaker

But the image was a charade since bureaucrats, not the market
set prices and production quotas, supply
and demand never met. Since everyone got paid the same, there
was scant incentive to make good
products. Command non-market economies eventually collapsed
in Russia and elsewhere. And yet a few
countries still swear by socialism, among the most extreme,
Cuba, just 90 miles from Florida. No longer
supported by Russia, Cuba is now struggling with the tensions
between free market capitalism and
government controlled socialism.
For the economic tourist, Cuba and especially its main city
Havana is a surprise. Yes, there are plenty of
the expected third word vignettes, the make work jobs, the make
shift travel arrangements, a public
transportation system bursting at the scenes. When the Soviet
Union collapsed and its subsidies
vanished, people were nearly starving here. But in recent years,
a major makeover has been in progress.
Cuba decided to sell its culture, its climate, and its beaches to
foreigners. And so tourist poured in all over
the country from all over the world. Hotels now abound,
especially in Havana and new ones are going up,
built by everyone from the Spanish, to the Chinese. The US

forbids doing business with Cuba, but Cuban
joint ventures with the Japanese and Koreans have brought in
household gear you might see at any
American shopping mall. And supermarkets offer on almost all
Cuban clientele, everything from Brazilian
diet gelo to Jack Daniels and Jonny Walker red. This year's
sales at the super Mercado?
Page 1 of 4Transcript - Capitalism Versus Socialism: The
Cuban Quandary
1/9/2018http://media.capella.edu/CourseMedia/mba6008/ts_MB
A6008/Capital_trans/ts.html
Male
Up to this moment, they are $ 6,324,000.00. The average bill
per customer is $17.36.
Speaker
That is right. Here you pay not in Cuban Pesos, but in US
dollars encouraged after the Russians pulled
out. Tourism and foreign investment helped dollars now reached
it is estimated more than half the
Cuban population. In short, it seems like capitalism is taking
root. On the other hand, many Cubans still
think capitalists are pigs. Business is dirty, and that all

production should be sold to and through the
state, as these real pigs will be as soon as they fatten up.
Male
The state gives me everything I need, the grain, the breeding
stock. So my commitment is to them.
Sometimes the private guy show up, but I do not trust their
scale. With the state, I always have
confidence.
Speaker
The government still issues family a monthly ration book for
enough food to survive. Dictator Fidel Castro
has banned billboard advertising in favor political propaganda
featuring revolutionary martyr Che
Guevara and slogans like, "This is the socialist revolution right
under the nose of the US." And when we
try to interview a-would be immigrant, the police stopped us,
took our documents, and wanted to take us
downtown. We sneak these shots from our van. The government
did let us interview prominent
dissidents. At least those who were not in jail like Elizardo
Sanchez. But they said Cuba is as un-free as
ever.

Elizardo Sanchez
What we have here is closer to the Soviet Totalitarian system
and absolute state monopoly that controls
virtually everything down to the barber shops.
Speaker
In Cuba then, an economics reporter can feel totally confused.
At some moments, you think Castro has
saved that the command economy and right under Uncle Sam's
nose. At other times, it seems clear the
free market is burrowing irresistibly from within.
The elite Lenin High School we figured might be one place to
sort things out. Since this is Cuba's training
ground for the next generation. A group of English speakers was
waiting for us.
Female
My schoolmates, I tell you, you are welcome and I hope you get
satisfied with our school, with our
students, with us. Thank you.
Male
Well thank you.
Speaker

We have got the red carpet treatment and it kept getting redder.
Female
We do not want capitalist, we have... we want socialist.
Cuban Quandary
Female
We are the same people. We have the same clothes, the same
things. It is not that the other country, that
you are better than me because you had a new Adidas and I do
not.
Speaker
The kids at Lenin High seemed determined to sustain socialist
equality even if it means no Adidas. And as
for the market changes, Cuba's made...
Female
We do not want those changes. We have to put them there
because we need them. When we do not, if
we do not need them anymore, we will fade it.

Male
Fade it?
Speaker
They will fade it. That is phase out the free market experiment
that Cuba has had to conduct. Now maybe
these market changes are temporary and schools like these will
restore Cuba's purest past. Or maybe
instead, Cuba's many private markets are already beyond the
point where anyone can fade them. Food
production is exported for instance because of free market
incentives that let farmers sell privately some
of what they produce. So incentives work.
Male
Clearly yes, it is obvious. That is the way it works everywhere.
Speaker
Incentives not only mean more food, more available without
long waiting lines. They also mean better
food at the private markets.
Male
It is better quality. This is what people are looking for. There is
less fat, there is less bone you

understand?
Speaker
You even see Socialism versus Capitalism at the old ball game.
Omar Linares is a slugging superstar who
has had million dollar offers from US teams but turned them all
down. Why?
Omar Linares
I prefer to stay in Cuba because this is my country. Everything I
have accomplished, I owe to the
revolution.
Speaker
On the field, the Socialist party line. In the stands, however
entrepreneurship runs rampant.
Male
$5.00, Omar Linares no, this does not say Linares. It says a
different name.
Male
It is the way he signs, he does it real fast.
Cuban Quandary

Male
He signs with another name?
Male
I do not know, maybe he was in a hurry.
Speaker
The question is, can social equality hold out as the market
marches in? A question so much in the air, it is
the punch line of Cuba's top joke. Judging by how often we
heard it, the Hotel Nacional gag. A girl dumps
her boyfriend the joke goes, because he pretended to be a hot
shot at Havana's richest tourist hotel. He
swore he was a doorman at the Nacional, the girlfriend fumes.
In fact, you know what he does? He was
just another damn Cuban neurosurgeon. In other words, there
are Cubans paid by the state, Cubans paid
by the market and less and less do their wages meet. It was no
joke to economist in Cuban exile, Antonio
Morales-Pita.
Antonio Morales-Pita
For me to become a professor, I had to study. Twenty years, I

have to work very hard. I have to sacrifice
part of my youth, part of my marriage in order to become
qualified. And then these are the person, has
finished eighth grade or ninth grade in grade school. How is it
possible that you are going to make ten
times more than I make? I mean does it make any sense.
Male
Because you are undervalued.
You are undervalued.
Male
And eventually, they are not going to be very many bright
people become professor.
Of course not, of course not, of course not.
Speaker
In Cuba, the struggle between market freedom and non-market
rules rides on. You see it in sugar mills in
the country side, parking lots in the city, and the streets of
downtown Havana. The question is, can
socialism hold out here in the face of a global market economy?

REFERENCES McGraw-Hill Education: Capitalism Versus
Socialism: The Cuban Quandary
L i c e n s e d u n d e r a C r e a t i v e C o m m o n s A t t r i
b u t i o n 3 . 0 L i c e n s e .
Cuban Quandary
Due Date: Weekly.
Percentage of Course Grade: 30%.
Discussion Participation Grading Rubric
Criteria Non-performance Basic Proficient Distinguished
Applies relevant course
concepts, theories, or
materials correctly.
Does not explain relevant
course concepts, theories, or
materials.

Explains relevant course
concepts, theories, or materials.
Applies relevant course
concepts, theories, or
materials correctly.
Analyzes course concepts, theories,
or materials correctly, using
examples or supporting evidence.
Collaborates with fellow
learners, relating the
discussion to relevant course
concepts.
Does not collaborate with
fellow learners.
learners without relating
discussion to the relevant
course concepts.

learners, relating the
discussion to relevant course
concepts.
Collaborates with fellow learners,
relating the discussion to relevant
course concepts and extending the
dialogue.
Applies relevant professional,
personal, or other real-world
experiences.
Does not contribute
professional, personal, or
other real-world
experiences.
Contributes professional,
experiences, but lacks

relevance.
experiences.
experiences to extend the dialogue.
Supports position with
applicable knowledge.
Does not establish relevant
position.
Establishes relevant position. Supports position with
applicable knowledge.
Validates position with applicable
knowledge.
Participation Guidelines
Actively participate in discussions. To do this you should create
a substantive post for each of the
discussion topics. Each post should demonstrate your

achievement of the participation criteria. In
addition, you should also respond to the posts of at least two of
your fellow learners for each discussion
question-unless the discussion instructions state otherwise.
These responses to other learners should also
be substantive posts that contribute to the conversation by
asking questions, respectfully debating
positions, and presenting supporting information relevant to the
topic. Also, respond to any follow-up
questions the instructor directs to you in the discussion area.
To allow other learners time to respond, you are encouraged to
post your initial responses in the
discussion area by midweek. Comment to other learners' posts
are due by Sunday at 11:59 p.m. (Central
time zone).
Print
Discussion Participation Scoring Guide
Page 1 of 1Discussion Participation Scoring Guide
1/9/2018https://courserooma.capella.edu/bbcswebdav/institution
/MBA/MBA6008/170100/Scoring_...

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