H. Pylori Gastric Cancer Link

Helicobacter Pylori And Gastric Cancer
Helicobacter pylori and Gastric cancer
Helicobacter pylori is a small, microaerophilic gram negative rods that regularly colonize the human
stomach (Strausbaugh et al., 2002). It is one of the common bacterial pathogen that is found in the
stomach of almost half of the world's population (Zhao et al., 2014) and such well adaptation or
successful long lasting colonization of H. pylori in to the human stomach is achieved by the
combination of different factors, which addresses different challenges presented by harsh
environment of stomach (Montecucco and Rappuoli, 2001). Helicobacter pylori produce the urease
that neutralize the gastric acid or buffer the pH of its immediate surroundings within the stomach.
Due to its helicoidal shape and ... Show more content on Helpwriting.net ...
Due to the well adaptation of Helicobacter pylori in human stomach and its pathogenicity, it is
primarily known as causative agent of variety of gastric disease such as gastritis, gastro–duodenal
ulcer and gastric cancer (Backert et al., 2004). The association between H.pylori and gastric cancer
has attracted the attention of all people around the world because in 1994 an International Agency
for Research on Cancer (IARC) which is also a subordinate organization of WHO identified
H.pylori as group 1 (definite carcinogen). According to (Asaka et al., 2001) the relationship between
H.pylori with stomach cancer can be explained by two possible mechanism. The first mechanism is
based on carcinogenesis promoting effect of pathogen itself and second is the development of
carcinogenesis environment due to long–term infection with such pathogen. The second mechanism
determined that though the H.pylori do not promote the carcinogenesis effect by itself, the long term
infection caused by such pathogen can causes the gastric mucosa inflammation that leads to mucosal
atrophy resulting to intestinal metaplasia which are considered as precursor of gastric cancer.
Gastric cancer is one of the second most common cancers all over the world with high morbidity
and poor prognosis (Peter and Beglinger, 2007).Though it
... Get more on HelpWriting.net ...

Helicobacter Pylori Research Paper
The history of Helicobacter pylori goes back to 1875 when German scientists found the spiral
shaped bacteria in the stomach linings of patients ("Helicobacter Pylori," Wikipedia). However,
Helicobacter pylori, also known as H. pylori, was officially discovered in 1982 by Barry Marshall
and Robin Warren when they ended up leaving petri dishes incubating over Easter weekend
("Helicobacter pylori," Wikipedia). After returning to the petri dishes after five days they discovered
they had unintentionally successfully cultured the bacteria and were finally able to visualize it
("Helicobacter pylori," Wikipedia). Until 1989, Helicobacter pylori was called Campylobacter pylori
("Helicobacter pylori," Wikipedia). However further research done in 1989 ... Show more content on
Helpwriting.net ...
When found in the pyloric antrum H. pylori causes duodenal ulcers and when in the corpus, or body
of the stomach, H. pylori can cause gastric ulcers and gastric carcinoma ("Helicobacter pylori,"
Wikipedia). Helicobacter pylori can be detected by a blood test, urea breath test, stool antigen test,
and/or stomach biopsy done during an endoscopy ("Helicobacter Pylori Tests"). When treating
Helicobacter pylori, patients will typically be given three medications ("Helicobacter pylori,"
Wikipedia). The use of the three medications is called triple therapy ("Helicobacter pylori,"
Wikipedia). One example of a triple therapy used to treat H. pylori is the use of Omeprazole, a
proton pump inhibitor, along with clarithromycin and amoxicillin, antibiotics ("Helicobacter pylori,"
Wikipedia). However, a patient may be given substitute proton pump inhibitors, such as
pantoprazole or rabeprazole, if they are allergic to omeprazole ("Helicobacter pylori," Wikipedia).
Substitute antibiotics may also be prescribed if the patient is allergic to amoxicillin, such as,
metronidazole ("Helicobacter pylori," Wikipedia). Through research, triple therapies have been
found to have better results in curing H. pylori than monotherapies or dual therapies (Fuccio et al.
746–747). The triple therapy must be taken for at least seven days and in some cases up to 14 days
("Helicobacter pylori," Wikipedia). Eating yogurt that contains Lactobacillus and Bifidobacterium
has also been shown to increase the rate at which H. pylori is cured ("Helicobacter pylori,"

Symptoms And Treatment Of Laryngopharyngeal Reflux ( Lpr )
Introduction
Laryngopharyngeal reflux (LPR) disease is defined as the backward flow of stomach content up to
the throat. It has a wide variety of symptoms in the paedi–atric population, and is usually associated
with many otolaryngological problems such as laryngitis, pharyn–gitis, rhinosinusitis, eustachian
tube dysfunction, recur–
rent otitis media, and otitis media with effusion (OME).1–6
Tasker et al. demonstrated that pepsinogen and pepsin could be found in the middle–ear fluid of
OME patients, indicating that LPR disease could be a significant aetiological factor in the
development of OME.7 Helicobacter pylori, a Gram–negative, micro–aerophilic bacterium that can
cause infection of the stomach, is likewise strongly linked to LPR ... Show more content on
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The local ethics committee had approved the study.
Procedure
A pilot study was conducted, in which 10 children with OME, with positive H pylori stool antigen
results, were subjected to ventilation tube insertion under general anaesthesia. Middle–ear fluid was
aspirated with a micro–aspiration cannula (blood contamination was entirely avoided; effusion
samples were collected under completely sterile conditions). Gastric lavage was performed with an
orogastric Nelaton catheter. This was inserted into the stomach, and 10 cc of saline solution was
injected and subsequently aspirated back into the injector. All ear and gastric lavage samples were
processed within 4 hours of collection. They showed positive reactions for catalase, oxidase and
urease. In addition, polymerase chain reaction ana–lysis revealed that all were positive for H pylori
infection.
For the main study, all stool samples of the 258 chil–dren diagnosed with bilateral OME were
examined for H pylori using the H pylori stool antigen test.12 In total, 124 children were negative
for H pylori stool antigen and received standard OME therapy of amoxicillin–clavulanate (90
mg/kg/day)13 for 4 weeks. A total of 134 children were positive for H pylori stool antigen. The H
pylori positive children were equally and ran–domly allocated either to a control group or a study
group, each with 67 children. The control group

Peptic Ulcer Disease and Pediatric Patients
PUD is not as common in pediatric patients when compared to adult incidences. The most common
cause of PUD in pediatrics is due to Helicobacter pylori (H.pylori) infection (Guariso & Gasparetto,
2012). Primitive ulcers, due to H. pylori, cause changes in the gastric or duodenal mucosa and alter
gastric function such as overproduction of HCl and pepsin, resulting in ulcer–forming lesions
(Guariso & Gasparetto, 2012). NSAIDs, stress and other extra–gastric pathogenic events cause
secondary ulcers within the stomach. The underlying pathology of PUD is due to the reduction of
prostaglandins that serve as a protective mechanism on the gastric mucosa. Patients most commonly
present with dull stomach ache or pain usually after a meal. Gas, bloating, nausea and vomiting are
some less common symptoms. PUD, although rare when compared to adults, is reported worldwide
in children and most commonly identified as initiated by H. pylori infection and the use of NSAIDs
occurring in the second decade of life. Other events such as stress, shock, or major trauma can
trigger acute ulcers in children but there is a hereditary family history component that increases acid
output and accelerates gastric emptying in more than 20% of patients (Guariso & Gasparetto, 2012).
Although H. pylori infection is the more common cause of PUD, the use of NSAIDs increases the
risk of acquiring PUD (Guariso & Gasparetto, 2012).
Investigations
Guariso & Gasparetto (2012) thoroughly investigated the cause of

Helicobacter Pylori at Tight Junctions
Prior to the isolation of Helicobacter pylori (H. pylori} by Robin Warren and Barry Marshall in
1982, it was theorized that peptic ulceration, an ailment first described in 1857 by William Brinton,
stemmed from poor diet, tobacco use, and stress due to the failure to definitively identify a causative
agent as well as the belief that the inhospitable environment within the human stomach resulted in
its sterility (Tanenbaum 2005). Because physicians were ignorant to the existence of H. pylori,
individuals suffering from peptic ulcerations underwent ineffective treatments for over a century.
The successful isolation of H. pylori and identification of its role in gastric diseases earned Warren
and Marshall a joint Nobel Prize in Physiology or Medicine in 2005 (The Nobel Prize 2005).
Despite the passage of thirty–two years, modern medicine has been unable to definitively eradicate
H. pylori, but research continues in hopes of developing a more permanent cure as well as effective
methods of preventing initial peptic ulceration, as occurrence is linked to an increased risk of
developing gastric carcinomas.
Introduction to Helicobacter pylori at Tight Junctions
According to Stein, Ruggiero, Rappuoli, and Bagnoli (2013), H. pylori is present in the gastric
mucosae of more than half of the human population. H. pylori ... Show more content on
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This results not only in the abnormal assembly of tight junctions in areas colonized by H. pylori, but
also alters the "composition and function of the apical–junctional complex" (OMIM SOURCE
YEAR). Prolonged exposure to CagA results in dysplasia and prevents the epithelial barrier from
functioning

Helicobacter Pylori
The main purpose of the paper is to explore how bacterial cells, specifically Helicobacter pylori get
their helical shape and what function the shape has. Helicobacter pylori is an interesting specimen to
study because while some information is known on shape formation of bacterial cells (Bacillius,
Coccus, Vibrio), little to no information is known of the factors that produce Helicobacter pylori's
shape. In reality, when Helicobacter pylori forms it must elongate itself, have curvature and twist
itself in a specific manor to gain it's final shape. This sort of morphological change isn't set in same
way as a bacilli elongates, or a vibrio curves, because previous studies have shown that Helicobacter
pylori lacks some of the genes, or the genes ... Show more content on Helpwriting.net ...
For example, I thought it was a little off that the researchers threw in exceptions to several rules,
when in reality many sorts of bacteria have found a way to live outside of the set "rules" that are
generally taught. I saw this in the discussion of e Spiroplasma cyto– skeletal apparatus, as it doesn't
really add much to the topic. In contrast some information was omitted. I would've really liked to
have known why they ran certain tests and staining experiments. The logic behind them would've
been enlightening as a beginner microbiology student in addition to explaining certain terminology
in the introduction

Helicobacter Pylori: A Case Study
Identify (3) items related to the medical diagnosis that the RN can include in the teaching plan for
this patient?
Helicobacter pylori (H.pylori) is a bacterial infection that can cause little to no symptoms for years.
Most individuals do not even know they have it. However, untreated H. pylori can lead to Peptic
Ulcer Disease (PUD) and even gastric cancer. Gastric adenocarcinoma, is one of the many cancers
associated with inflammation, which is induced by H pylori infection (Schwabe & Wiley, 2015).
With this being known, I would say the 1st item to induce into the teaching plan would be the
treatment of H pylori. It takes multiple antibiotics along with proton pump inhibitor to assist in
treatment of H pylori. Education on adhering to treatment

H. Pylori Research Paper
Over half of human stomachs in the world are colonized by H. pylori. This bacterium is the culprit
for almost 80% of all gastric adenocarcinoma cases and upwards of 90% of all duodenal peptic ulcer
cases making it the second most common bacterial infection worldwide (6). Those colonized with
H. pylori have a two to six times increased risk of forming gastric cancer or ulcers. Because of this,
H. pylori has since been classified as a class I carcinogen. There are currently two completely
sequenced genomes of H. pylori (strain 26695 and strain J99) which have been revolutionary in the
research and understanding of its genetic diversity and pathogenic mechanisms. H. pylori are gram–
negative, spiral shaped, adorned with three to five polar ... Show more content on Helpwriting.net ...
pylori's expression of a Type IV secretion system suggests it utilizes horizontal gene transfer to
uptake DNA to and from host cells or other bacterial cells in its environment. H. pylori uses its
T4SS to inject the highly pathogenic cagA protein into the gastric epithelial cells of the human host
which then phosphorylates and interferes with human host signaling cascades related to cell
differentiation, proliferation, motility and cytoskeletal rearrangement causing H. pylori induced
proinflammatory responses via IL–8 activation and NF–κB stimulation. This sequence of events
results in the elongation of infected host epithelial cells, characteristic of H. pylori illness, termed
the "hummingbird phenotype (2)." It has been shown that almost 100% of all Eastern Asian strains
express the cagA protein while only about 60–70% of the Western strains express a functional cagA
protein. It is clear to see that geographical regions have dramatic differences in virulence and
pathogenicity of H. pylori strains further proving the vast diversity in the genetics of the bacteria.
The H. pylori T4SS can be assessed in three different clusters of genes. The first is the protein type
IV secretion system (pT4SS) whose primary function is to translocate the cagA protein. The cag
pathogenicity island uses 18 out of its 27 genes to translocate cagA into the host cells and 14 genes
are used in

1.1 Helicobacter pylori (H. pylori) infection in the world Helicobacter pylori (H. pylori), which was
discovered in 1983 and is a spiral–shaped bacterium that is found in the gastric mucous layer or
adherent to the epithelial lining of the stomach (B. J. Marshall & Warren, 1984). The infection of H.
pylori is a common and significant public health problem. It affects more than half of the adult
population worldwide (Parkin, 2004). In most individuals, H. pylori infection can be asymptomatic
throughout life. However, its persistence may cause chronic gastric inflammation and tissue damage,
leading to even more severe gastric diseases. Approximately 20% of infected subjects will develop
severe gastric diseases such as peptic ulcers, gastric ... Show more content on Helpwriting.net ...
pylori eradication therapies. There is no agreement reached on the optimum duration of the
eradication therapies. Although international guidelines have recommended treatment durations of at
least 7 days, different durations are recommended in different regions. The PPI–based TT has been
suggested for at least 7 days in the European (NICE guidelines [CG184]), Asian–Pacific (Asaka et
al., 2010; Fock et al., 2009), and Canadian guidelines (R. Hunt et al., 2004); whereas 10 or 14 days
are recommended in the American guidelines (William D. Chey & Wong, 2007). In the recent World
Gastroenterology Organization (WGO) Global guideline for developing countries, the suggestion is
not conclusive. However, it indicates that 14 days may be recommended instead of 7 days for
therapeutic consideration, but 10 days may be favorable considering cost and compliance (R. H.
Hunt et al., 2011). The BQT is generally recommended for 10 to 14 days, and the ST is
recommended for 10 days (William D. Chey & Wong, 2007; R. Hunt et al., 2004; Peter
Malfertheiner et al., 2012); whilst no conclusion has been made in terms of the preferred duration of
CT and

Helicobacter Pylori Case Study
Colonization by Helicobacter pylori (H. pylori) is known to reason chronic gastritis and leads to the
development of severe gastroduodenal diseases such as peptic ulcer (gastric ulcer and duodenal
ulcer), lymphoma of the mucosa associated lymphoid tissue or gastric adenocarcinoma (1–4). H.
pylori–infection is associated with gastritis diseases and considerable infiltration of neutrophils,
monocytes, plasma cells, and lymphocytes into the human gastric mucosa that contribute to
maintain and expand the local inflammation. Migration and activation of these inflammatory cells
into the human gastric mucosa is associated to increased production of proinflammatory cytokines,
involving IL–6, IL–8, IFN–γ, TNF–α, IL–1β, IL–18, TGF–β1 and IL–17 which ... Show more
content on Helpwriting.net ...
pylori infected mucosa, epithelial cells appear to be one of the major sources of MMPs (17).
Although H. pylori by itself can induce gastric epithelial cells to release MMPs (18), accumulating
evidence shows that cytokines produced by mucosal T lymphocyte and macrophages are also major
stimuli for MMP production (19). MMP–7 is a secreted protease expressed by mucosal epithelial
cells and glandular, fibroblasts, keratinocytes and macrophages. It is expressed by tumor cells
themselves and can be characterized in a tumor associated fashion (20, 21). As a consequence, this
enzyme plays a significant role in the development of tumors. In light of this study, it is conceivable
that MMP–7 may play an important role in the initiation and perpetuation of chronic inflammatory
processes in H. pylori–infected patients and may be associated with H. pylori virulence factors. We
have therefore sought to determine the role of MMP–7 in H. pylori–infected patients. Our work
examined MMP–7 in the gastric mucosa of patients with H. pylori infection. Furthermore, we
evaluated the effect of virulence factors in H. pylori–infected on the mucosal MMP–7 mRNA level
in gastric mucosa. Finally, we determined a strong correlation between mucosal MMP–7 mRNA
levels and types of

Helicobacter Pylori Infection
Helicobacter pylori (H. pylori) is a bacterium that inhabits the human stomach and has been linked
as a risk factor for chronic gastritis, ulcers, and gastric cancer. H. pylori is able to survive in the
acidic environment of the stomach due to its urease enzyme which converts the urea in gastric juice
to alkaline ammonia and carbon dioxide. Infection with H. pylori is generally contracted during
childhood and can persist indefinitely if untreated. Possible risk factors for H. pylori infection
include poor diet, poor hygiene, density, low socioeconomic status (SES), and family history of
gastric disease. Studies have found an increased risk of infection with consuming food prepared
under unsanitary conditions and a reduced risk with increased consumption of fruits and vegetables.
Poor hygiene ... Show more content on Helpwriting.net ...
pylori appears to be humans, but it has also been isolated from non–human primates, domestic cats,
pigs, sheep, and, more recently, the housefly. However, non–human primates are unlikely to be a
significant route of transmission to humans, since there is limited contact between the two species,
and there has been little evidence to suggest that domestic cats, pigs, or houseflies serve as vectors
for H. pylori infection. Sheep, on the other hand, remain a possible source of transmission which
warrants further investigation. While not yet confirmed, the most likely route of H. pylori
transmission for the general population is from person to person through oral–oral, via saliva, dental
plaque, and vomit, or through fecal–oral routes. Iatrogenic infection remains the only proven route
of transmission of H. pylori, due to the difficulty of completely disinfecting an endoscope, but is
unlikely to be the main route of transmission. Waterborne transmission of H. pylori may also be
possible as H. pylori can live and remain infectious in milk and tap water for several days,
especially in less–developed parts of the world where water is not treated

Bloated Stomach Is Caused by Helicobacter Pylori
People rarely know that they are infected by the bacterium Helicobacter pylori. This bacterium can
lead to serious complications in your intestines and other dangerous health issues. This gut
bacterium is really difficult to recognize since it is asymptomatic. Only a suitable medical
examination can diagnose the presence of this bacterium in the intestines. In this article, you can
learn how to recognize the symptoms that indicate the presence of this bacterium. If you suspect that
you are infected by it, visit a medical professional immediately for a suitable diagnosis and
treatment.
Helicobacter pylori symptoms The symptoms of Helicobacter pylori are: irritable bowel syndrome,
flatulence, ... Show more content on Helpwriting.net ...
It acts in a insidious and sly way, taking away the peace and making you feel uneasy, stressed out,
full of anxiety and with an unbearable stomach irritation.
What to do about this bacterium? Fifty percent of the entire world population has at some point been
infected by Helicobacter pylori. Even though anti–inflammatory drugs are effective, you must first
consult a doctor as for instance, antibiotics may be required, but not through the entire treatment. So,
don't treat yourself. Ask a professional. One thing you can do by yourself is to improve your eating
habits. For example, you have to increase the intake of zinc and vitamins A, C and E. The initial
phases of this bacterium are usually not detected, so as a prevention it is best to take multivitamins,
which fight bacteria and boost the function of your immune system.
How to battle Helicobacter Pylori? To fight Helicobacter pylori, you can prepare this mixture and
consume it. It will make you feel energized, it will improve the function of your immune system and
reduce the stomach bloating that you are experiencing.
Needed ingredients:
1 Tbsp. Aloe Vera juice
1 Tbsp. fresh ginger powder
1 cucumber
Lemon juice from 1

Regional Antibiotic Resistance Of Helicobacter Pylori
Review Article
Regional Antibiotic Resistance of Helicobacter pylori
Abstract
Antibiotic resistance is the main factor accounting for unsuccessful eradication of Helicobactor
pylori (H. pylori). Being knowledgeable of the regional resistance rates of H. pylori isolates can
regulate not only the empiric antibiotic therapy but also lead to second line treatment and rescue
regiments. At present, the most common treatment is empiric eradication, thus, global regional
regiment therapies should be based upon regional in–vitro antibiotic resistance rates. This approach
is crucial in successfully treating the individual patient. However, in regions where antibiotic
susceptibility testing is unavailable, epidemiological data for secondary H. pylori resistance are
essential for the rational use of antibiotics following several treatment failures in. Primary H. pylori
resistance to clarithromycin is generally less prevalent worldwide than H. pylori resistance to
metronidazole. Secondary resistance that develops in vivo in previously susceptible organisms has
been documented in cases of therapeutic failures. All antibiotics used to treat H. pylori are also
widely employed to treat other bacterial infections, therefore, pretreatment exposure of H. pylori to
inadequate levels of these drugs as well as the use of inadequate regional antibiotics, is associated
with secondary resistance. Herein, we review regional resistance rates of H. pylori isolates to
clarithromycin, metronidazole and

Peptic Ulcer Disease ( Peptic )
Peptic Ulcer Disease
Ever wonder how many diseases there are in the world? Well, there are tons. Some disease are more
harmful than others. With all the disease it is hard to choose which one is the best to learn. One
disease that is very fascinating is Peptic Ulcer Disease. A Peptic Ulcer is a sore on the lining of the
stomach or duodenum caused by Helicobacter pylori, which is a spiral shaped bacterium that is
found in the gastric mucous layer of the stomach, or NSAIDs. There is multiple things to learn about
a Peptic Ulcer: the history of one, what causes it, who can mostly get it, diagnosis, treatments, and
prevention.
In the early 20th century ulcers were believed to be caused my dietary and stress factors. If someone
was diagnosed with an ulcer they were hospitalized and put on a bland food diet. Then later on in
the 20th century gastric acid was blamed for causing ulcers. So then treatment changed to antacids
and medication that stopped gastric acid. In 1982 Robin Warren and Barry Marshall identified that
Helicobacter pylori and ulcers were connected to each other. People did not accept their findings.
People still believed it was stress, diet, or gastric acid that caused the ulcers. Many years later in
1994, A National Institutes of Health Consensus Development Conference concluded that
Helicobacter pylori was strongly related to ulcers and that the bacterium Helicobacter pylori could
be treated with antibiotics. Then, a year later in 1995 data showed that 75% of

Helicobacter Pylori Infection
Abstract
Helicobacter pylori is a bacterium responsible for worldwide chronic bacterial infection in human.
At least half of the world's population host H. pylori that causes various gastric pathological
outcomes with some leading to gastric cancer. The infection by this bacterium has directly or
indirectly caused an impact on economic and general well–being of the people; hence, there is an
urgent need to discover diagnostic markers that could be utilized for future development of
diagnostic kits that are highly sensitive and specific. Here, we brieﬂy review general aspects of H.
pylori infection and the diagnostic biomarkers currently used in laboratory tests for the diagnosis of
H. pylori infection with a focus on the role of microfluidic ... Show more content on Helpwriting.net
...
Besides that, protein based diagnostic kits are also available in ELISA and latex agglutination test
cards (20). Elisa Kits are the most specific and sensitive test for detection of H. pylori infection,
however, these tests are expensive and time consuming. Another lab–based serological method is
immunoblotting. Immunoblotting is also performed as a lab–based serological method. These assays
detect anti–H. Pylori antibodies in either fecal, whole blood, serum, or urine (20, 95–98). Most of
the commercial antibody–based tests for detecting H. pylori infection use bacterial lysate or partially
purified bacterial antigens. Only a few recombinant antigen–based tests have recently been
introduced into the market. Due to higher sensitivity and specificity over a single antigen, most
commercial diagnostic kits apply a mixture of antigenic extract (18–20, 29, 97). However, the
names of antigens used in commercial kits are usually undisclosed (Table 2). The cost of diagnostics
is also one of the important factors for developing rapid kits. To decrease the cost, several
parameters should be considered: (1) minimal use of expensive reagents, (2) inexpensive
manufacturing for mass–production, (3) quality control, and (4) miniaturization. In addition, for
clinical use of medical diagnostic devices in resource–limited settings, environmental

The Effects Of Helicobacter Pylori On The Human Stomach
Helicobacter pylori is structurally small, gram negative rods which is microaerophilic in nature and
has capability of colonizing regularly in human stomach (Strausbaugh et al., 2002). Due to such
colonizing capability, it is regarded as one of the most common bacterial pathogen present in almost
50% of the world's population (Zhao et al., 2014) and the reason behind such well adaptation or
enduring of H.pylori in the Human's stomach is due to the combined effects of several factors that
addresses different challenges or obstacles presented by the nasty environment inside the stomach
(Montecucco and Rappuoli, 2001). Helicobacter pylori produce the urease that neutralize the gastric
acid or shows the buffering effect around the surroundings within the stomach. Moreover, it has a
capacity of crossing the thick mucus lining of the stomach easily and binding itself to the antigen
known as Lewis antigen that are basically present in gastric cells and whose function is to secrete
different factors associated with stimulating and attracting the inflammatory cells and Toxin VacA
that performs the multiple functions and such activities of H.pylori is possible due to its helicoidal
shape the mode of action of flagella present. Mainly, the presence of the cag pathogenicity island
(Cag–PAI) which is a 40–kb DNA insertion elements containing 32 genes and encoding a type IV
secretion system helps in the optimal fitness of the bacteria in the stomach and appearance of
pathogenic traits.

What Makes Black Seed Oil?
Title: 31 Black Seed Oil Fixes
Category: Health & Wellness
Tags: nigella seeds, cure all
Summary: Six hundred and thirty, scientific peer–reviewed articles that have been published about
black seed oil benefits, and for good reason. This ancient remedy has many, many benefits. Here's
31fixes!
Article: What can black seed oil do for you? Well, almost anything, with virtually no side effects.
From Hippocrates to Cleopatra, this amazing commodity has been widely used for thousands of
years. Yet, few people have heard of black seed oil. It's three active chemicals – thymoquinone,
thymohydroquinone and thymol – have been studied extensively, and help everything from weight
loss to cancer.
What makes black seed oil so beneficial?
Thymoquinone – This active compound in black seed has been investigated for decades. It's known
for its anti–oxidant, anti–inflammatory and anticancer properties according to research published in
Biochem Pharmacol. These properties are said to help with encephalomyelitis, diabetes, asthma and
carcinogenesis.
Thymohydroquinone – Similar to thymoqinone, thymohydroquinone is one of the most potent
natural acetylcholinesterase (AChE) inhibitors ever, according to Croatian research. AChE inhibitors
reduce the breakdown of acetylcholine (a chemical messenger in the brain). It can be used to treat
conditions like Alzheimer 's disease
Thymol – This active ingredient is a natural monoterpene (common essential oil compounds) that
holds several useful

Essay on Bacteria are the Causative Agents of Malignancy...
Association between bacterial and viral infections and certain cancers have been since a long time.
Many bacteria have seen to cause a variety of cancers. Bacteria are the causative agents of
malignancy in a human. Different strains of bacteria have been isolated from patients of cancer. The
bacteria cause cancer by infection like in Helicobacter pylori, which contributes to both gastric
cancer and mucosa–associated lymphoid tissue (MALT) lymphoma through chronic inflammation.
Bacteria because of its highly replicative nature can easily transmit cancer. The reason behind the
presence of bacteria within tumours could be due to infection via the vasculature and the ability of
the bacteria to survive and grow in the hypoxic region of the ... Show more content on
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In the case of other viruses and H. pylori, active oxygen and nitrogenic species generated by
inflammatory cells may cause DNA damage, induce apoptosis, and modulate enzyme activities and
gene expression.
Whereas, In cervical cancer, HPV play a role in encoded genes in tumor cell growth. In addition to
the stimulation of proliferation of cell the inactivation of tumor suppressor genes, such as p53 may
be a pathway leading to malignancy in HPV and hepatitis B virus.
H. pylori has been seen to cause apoptosis of damaged epithelial cells. H pylori infection causes
inflammation of gastric epithelium cells by increasing interleukin 8 (IL–8) expression and secretion.
H pylori infection also increases pepsinogen secretion and may result in damage of epithelium
integrity. H. pylori has shown to produce oxidative strees in gastric mucosa. cDNA expression array
is a new technology which offers screening of the differential expression of many genes in
pathogenic cells. This technology is based on the principle of reverse northern hybridization.
Lgr5, Villin–promoter, TFF2–mRNA and Mist have been identified as gastric stem/progenitor cell
markers. This identification leads to an improved understanding on the gastric stem cell
pathobiology during chronic inflammation and metaplasia. In addition, advance in gastric cancer
stem cell markers such as CD44, CD90, CD133, Musashi–1 reveal novel information on tumor cell
behavior and disease progression implicated for

Helicobacter Pylori or H. Pylori is a type of bacteria that invades the body and infects the digestive
tract. It was discovered around 1983 by Warren, a biologist and Marshall, a clinician. It is named
because of the spiral shape that allows the bacterium to burrow itself deep within the mucosal layer
of the stomach wall. This penetration of the stomach lining enables to the bacteria to protect itself
against immune cells that would recognize the organism as an invader. In order to survive the
natural acidity of the stomach and its contents H. Pylori secretes an enzyme called urease. Although
this enzyme helps protect the H. Pylori bacterium against the acidity of the stomach, it does not
provide any protection for the depressions or holes in the stomach wall caused by the bacteria. This
damage to the stomach wall can lead to ulcers that may bleed, cause other infections, or keep food
from passing through the digestive tract. If these ulcers are left untreated, they can more severe
diagnoses such as GERD, gastric cancer or gastric mucosa–associated lymphoid tissue lymphoma if
left untreated. ... Show more content on Helpwriting.net ...
The risk of becoming infected are increased for individuals who live in under developed countries,
live in crowded conditions, do not have a reliable source of clean water, or live with someone who
already has an H. Pylori infection. Although the exact route of transmission of Helicobacter Pylori is
unknown, the National Cancer Institute believes it is spread through contaminated food and water
and direct mouth–to–mouth contact. Direct contact with vomit, saliva and fecal matter has also been
proven to route of

Diagnostic Methods Of H. Pylori
5. Detection methods
There will be a high probability of positive serology or another test when using the test–and–treat
strategy in populations with high prevalence of H. pylori regardless of symptomatology (24). Hp
laboratory diagnostic methods are divided into two categories. One is invasive test: it is through the
endoscope to obtain gastric mucosal tissue as a test material, Conventional endoscopic exam is
usually performed to diagnose H. pylori–associated diseases。Culturing of H. pylori from gastric
biopsy specimen is a highly specific but less sensitive method, histopathological examination，
Histology is usually considered to be the gold standard in the direct detection of H. pylori infection
and is also the first method used for ... Show more content on Helpwriting.net ...
Furthermore, rates of antibiotic resistance vary by region, and local resistance data should be used to
guide treatment where available (26)., the treatment of Hp infection of drugs such as imidazole such
as metronidazole (MTZ), macrolides such as clarithromycin (CLR), β–lactam such as amoxicillin
(AMO), quinolones, tetracycline and nitrofurans. amoxicillin resistance is below 3% in America and
Europe, but over 60% in Africa. Africa also has the highest rates of resistance to metronidazole
(92.4%) and tetracycline (43.9%) (27) Metronidazole resistance is above 50% in much of the world
but there are indications that metronidazole resistance may be dropping in northern Europe (28).
Within Europe, resistance patterns vary by country and even within a country. For example, the
reported clarithromycin resistance rate is 1.5% in Sweden, but 7.5% in Germany and clarithromycin
resistance in Italy is lower in the north than in the south (28). Increasing resistance to clarithromycin
and levofloxacin has been attributed to widespread use of these antibiotics for respiratory tract and
urinary tract infections, respectively. In the (Helicobacter pylori Antimicrobial Resistance
Monitoring Program), a resistance pattern showed 29.1% of United States isolates were resistant to
one antimicrobial agent and 5% were resistant to two or more antimicrobial agents(29). Multidrug
resistance remains low worldwide(27). , offering

A Brief Note On Helicobacter Pylori
HELICOBACTER PYLORI
Helicobacter pylori have been implicated in cases of chronic gastritis, peptic ulcer diseases( includes
duodenal and gastric ulcers). Even though these diseases were linked to stress factors, in 1983,
Australian microbiologists Warren and Marshall proved that gastritis and peptic ulcer diseases were
infectious diseases caused by a bacterium (1). This bacterium has also been linked to gastric
carcinoma and Mucosa associated lymphocyte (MALT) lymphoma (2)
This organism was formerly classified under the genus Campylobacter because scientists found a
campylobacter–like bacterium in the gastric mucus of patients with chronic gastritis. It was thus
formerly called Campylobacter pylori, however, further study of the organism at genetic level by
analyzing a sequence of the 16s rRNA gene necessitated the formation of a new genus, hence the
name Helicobacter pylori (3).
Helicobacter pylori is a Gram negative spiral shaped microaerophilic rod (4). The term
microaerophilic means that the organism requires small amounts of oxygen to survive. It is also a
rapidly motile organism due to the multiple polar flagella (4). The bacterium is approximately 3µm
long and 0.5µm in diameter. The organism has 4–7 polar sheathed flagella which helps it to move in
the gastric mucus in the stomach (3). It is also a fastidious organism. This means that it requires
special nutrients to grow. The common media for isolation include Skirrow's medium with
vancomycin, polymixin B,

Capsaicin and the Stomach Essay
Almost everyone is told that consuming capsaicin causes stomach problems, but the opposite is true.
What is capsaicin? Capsaicin is found in chili peppers which originated in Latin America; due to it
pungent flavor was traded by Spanish and Portuguese explorers during the sixteenth century to
Europe and Asia and is now one of the essential spices in the world. Chili peppers have been used
for centuries in the seasoning of food, but recently, scientists have started using it for medical
purposes. Many speculate that capsaicin helps improve and treat various health problems, some as
simple as headaches to cancer and that it can promote blood circulation, maintain weight loss, and
prevent the deterioration of the lining of the stomach. ... Show more content on Helpwriting.net ...
The real culprits are bacteria called Helicobacter pylori, most commonly known as H. pylori,
aspirin, alcohol, stress, excessive acid secretion in the stomach, the reduction in gastric mucous
blood flow and anti–inflammatory medicine. H. pylori are bacteria that significantly contribute to
the formation of gastric ulcers as they promote the secretion of acid and deteriorate the mucus in the
stomach and when capsaicin is consumed it kills the bacteria. Also in a study conducted by a
researcher, two groups of volunteers with normal stomach linings were given aspirin to take daily,
the control group was just given the aspirin while the experimental group was given aspirin and
water with chili powder, the results were that the control group had the most deterioration of the
stomach mucus. It seems that capsaicin slows acid secretion and promotes the production of mucus
secretion. Mucus protects the lining of the stomach and when a person suffers from gastric ulcers it
is because their mucus production is low and they secret too much acid, which eats away at the
stomach's lining.
Although many scientists believe that capsaicin helps the stomach, others opinions differ, like in any
scientific study. These opposing scientists believe that capsaicin actually is a carcinogen, which
means that when used internally causes cancerous cells to form. In some experiments, rats treated
with capsaicin formed

How Are Microorganisms Affect Bacterial Growth?
Our world has changed dramatically since the day Antoine van Leeuwenhoek discovered
microorganisms in 1676 using a simple microscope. In early days, scientists first thought life arose
from inanimate materials. This theory, known as abiogenesis or spontaneous generation, was
disproved later on by scientists including Lazarro Spallanzani and Louis Pasteur. The experiments
conducted by these scientists showed that living things could only arise from preexisting life, or
biogenesis. All life begins with a living cell, composing of five required components. These
components are DNA, RNA, cell membrane, ribosome, and cytoplasm. As more investigations on
bacteria were conducted, scientists were able to acquire a deeper knowledge of the microbiology
and pathology of animals, plants, and humans.
Bacteria are small, unicellular prokaryotic microbes. They have many morphologies, which include
rod–shaped, spherical, spirals, helices, stars, cubes, and clubs. Classification of bacteria begins with
either aerobic (requiring diatomic oxygen for growth) or anaerobic (not requiring O2 for growth).
Bacteria can simply be narrowed down to gram positive (organism that stains purple or blue by
Gram stain) or gram negative (organism that stains red or pink by Gram stain). Many physical and
nutritional factors influence bacterial growth. Physical factors include temperature (psychrophiles,
thermophiles, and mesophiles), pH (neutrophiles, acidophiles, and alkalinophiles), O2 concentration
(aerobic

Research Paper On Helicobacter Pylori
H–Pylori Helicobacter Pylori is a disease, which if untreated can cause ulcers. My disease
[Helicobacter Pylori]. This is a disease in the stomach that causes severe stomach pain. I needed
tough hope to conquer my painful story of Helicobacter Pylori. This is when I started to feel my
stomach hurt. Two years ago in DisneyLand, Orlando Florida, at 11:00 P.M., it was our first day on
vacation and it was my second time to Florida. I first noticed my stomach pains at 11:00 P.M. . We
were waiting to catch a bus back to the hotel. And I was hungry and I haven't eaten since 12:00.
When we got back I ate something [Almonds] and my stomach pains went down a little but it still
hurt. So when we got back from vacation we didn't go into the clinic until

Helicobacter Pylori Research Papers
Helicobacter Pylori Can Lead to Stomach Bloating People rarely know that they have Helicobacter
pylori even though this bacterium can cause serious complications and health problems. Its presence
in the intestines can be diagnosed only with a suitable medical test because the bacterium is
asymptomatic. However, certain small signs can show you that you have the bacterium and you
should visit a doctor when you notice them. The signs of helicobacter pylori Esophageal reflux,
irritable bowel syndrome, heartburn, constipation and flatulence can be signs of helicobacter pylori.
Unfortunately, most people associate these symptoms to digestive problems and bad eating habits.
This is why it is difficult to diagnose the presence of this bacterium. ... Show more content on
Helpwriting.net ...
The treatment of helicobacter pylori is long and difficult, no matter whether it affects humans or
animals. What should you do about helicobacter pylori? Half of the entire population in the world
has been infected by this bacterium at some point. The treatment involves anti–inflammatory drugs
and antibiotics. However, you should always be treated by a doctor, because the antibiotics may not
be required through the entire

Essay on Acid in the Stomach
Acid in the human stomach
When people refer to acid they usually see it as a corrosive liquid that can dissolve metals or change
the color of a substance. So they think of acid as a dangerous matter for the body and believe it can
easily dissolve your skin. What I have previously listed are indeed properties of certain acids, such
as Hydrofluoric Acid which can cause irreversible tissue damage if it comes in contact with skin, but
not all acids are this strong. As a matter of fact what a lot of people forget is that we have acid in our
stomachs. The human stomach contains Hydrochloric Acid but when in the stomach, it is referred to
as Gastric Acid.
It may be surprising that our stomachs contain Hydrochloric Acid because it is one of ... Show more
content on Helpwriting.net ...
As you have previously seen, Gastric Acid is very important for our digestion since it helps break
down food and protects our bodies from bacteria. So when your body is lacking this acid, it
obviously has some negative effects; this phenomenon is called hypochlorhydria. Insufficient
Gastric Acid causes the following:
Absorption of partially digested food molecules which leads to food sensitivities
Food components that should be digested in the upper intestines might pass through the lower
intestines which can fuel the harmful micro–organisms consequently increasing the numbers
Gastrointestinal overgrowth of pathogens
Malabsorption of minerals, vitamins and amino acids
When you have a lack of Hydrochloric Acid, it is very important to treat it because you will
experience the following symptoms:
Stomach aching/pain/discomfort or bloating after mealsAcid in the stomach
Feeling unwell/fatigued right after meals
Burping after meals
Frequent nausea
Nausea after taking vitamins
Food sensitivities
Constipation
Food and water feel as if they "sit in your stomach"
Feeling overly full easily
Some people actually have a condition named achlorhydria which means that their bodies do not
produce any Stomach Acid. It is genetic or can be acquired and people that have any of the

following conditions are most likely to have low Gastric Acid levels or can easily acquire
achlorhydria:
Asthma

Helicobacter Pylori
Helicobacter Pylori is a Gram negative helical shaped. The bacterium is very common with
approximately 50% of people being carriers worldwide. (1, 5)
Transmission of the bacteria is not fully understood although it is linked to ingestion of fecal matter
or improperly treated water. This is thought since it is has to be acquired through the oral route in
order to infect the gastric region. Also cases of infection are much more common in underdeveloped
countries that have less access to properly treated water. (1)
Helicobacter Pylori has many different virulence factors all which contribute to its pathogenicity.
Firstly it can form biofilms to wall itself off from the host immune system. (2) Secondly it has
flagella making it very motile. It ... Show more content on Helpwriting.net ...
(5) The disease also has a major complication of forming gastric cancers. (2, 5) Although this
mechanism is not fully understood it is thought that the bacterium produces free radicals while
burrowed into the gastric epithelium which increases host cell mutations leading to cancer. (2)
Usually Helicobacter Pylori is treated with a Proton Pump Inhibitor, and antibiotics such as
Clarithromycin (protein synthesis inhibitor) or Amoxicillin (Bacterial cell wall synthesis) in most
cases. (3, 4) This is usually affective in treating the infection however there are some resistant
strains appearing globally. Due to this increasing number of antibiotic resistant strains other methods
such as introducing competitive bacterium into the stomach (probiotics) is becoming increasingly
used and has so far proven effective. (4)
There are no vaccines for Helicobacter Pylori. This may be due to the fact that many people
worldwide are carriers and asymptomatic, because it is not usually spread by person to person
contact, or because Helicobacter Pylori does not pose large enough of a threat to be able to be
addressed by a

Pathology and Pathophysiology:
Helicobacter pylori is found commonly in the mucosal lining of the stomach and the duodenum
without penetrating epithelium because its adaptability to the highly acidic and low pH environment.
However, occasional or persistent presence has been suggested, (Figure 2) H.pylori DNA was
successfully isolated from other locations in the body, such as atherosclerotic plaques and oral
cavity, which is not surely confirmed whether its presence due to true colonization for those sites or
due to traveling of H.pylori to distant sites as a result of body pathophysiological mechanism. For
instance, the phagocytized H.pylori from stomach being transported on macrophages through blood
to the atherosclerotic plaques and oral presence as a result of gastric reflux. Other evidences
suggesting the presence of Evidence of H. pylori colonization has also been found in the gallbladder,
ears, nose, skin, and even eyes. ... Show more content on Helpwriting.net ...
et al. (1996): Transmission of Helicobacter pylori infection via flexible fiberoptic endoscopy. Am. J.
Infect. Control, 24:396–401.] , oral – oral route through saliva or vomitus (Neale K .R. and Logan
R.P.H. (1995) :The epidemiology and transmission of Helicobacter pylori infection in children.
Alimentary Pharmacology and Therapeutics.9:77–84.) And fecal– oral route through contamination
of drinking water with fecal matter Transmission can also occur via uncooked vegetables that had
been irrigated with contaminated water with sewage.

Essay On Cirrhosis
P.P.I therapy is often used in patients with cirrhosis, sometimes, in the absence of a specific
indication (e.g.: acid related diseases), there are conflicting reports for their use in cirrhotic patients.
The dosage of most PPIs should be reduced in cirrhotic as they are metabolized by the liver and
associated with adverse effects of prolonged use.
Keywords
Proton pump inhibitors, liver cirrhosis, peptic ulcer, H. pylori, esophageal band ligation.
Abbreviations
P.P.I: proton pump inhibitors.
EVS: esophageal variceal Sclerotherapy.
EVL: esophageal variceal ligation.
HE: hepatic encephalopathy.
SBP: spontaneous bacterial peritonitis.
CDI: Clostridium difficile infection.
PHG: portal hypertensive gastropathy.
GERD: gastroesophageal ... Show more content on Helpwriting.net ...
However, high–dose infusion (e.g., pantoprazole 8 mg/h) and prolonged use in the absence of
endoscopic procedures is not supported by the literature and should be discouraged until evidence of
benefit becomes available. (8)
GERD
Functional studies showed decreased LES function with low amplitude of acid clearance and
primary esophageal peristalsis in cirrhotic patients with large varices [9]. These phenomena could be
due to a mechanical effect of the varices. Cirrhotic patients without EV have also esophageal motor
disorders and mixed acid and bile reflux as the main pattern, whereas the cirrhosis itself is an
important causative factor. It is unclear whether this might contribute to bleeding from varices [8].
Data on management of GERD in cirrhosis are few, however, the indications of use for PPIs may
remain exactly the same in patient with cirrhosis of the liver as general population for the treatment
of erosive esophagitis, or in general the pathology secondary to gastroesophageal reflux of acid (10)
Peptic ulcer and H. pylori infection
Prevalence of duodenal and gastric ulcers in patients with liver cirrhosis increases as the disease
progress[11] and this prevalence becomes higher in decompensated cirrhosis than in compensated
cirrhosis [12]. Currently, PPIs are the mainstay treatment option of peptic ulcers in the general
population [13]. Helicobacter pylori infection contributes to the development of hyperammonemia
[14] and subsequent episodes of

The Responsibilities Of Nurses Are Numerous And Diverse
The responsibilities of nurses are numerous and diverse. Nurses have a duty of care and a
professional responsibility for the treatment of the sick and injured patients and are accountable for
their actions. Nurses asses and treat patients, promote and restore health, provides education,
prevent illness and reduce the suffering for the patients. This reflective case study will provide a
written account of the nursing care delivered to two patients Claire and Justin.
The first case study is about Claire, a 61 year old female diagnosed with osteoarthritis and
osteoporosis who sustained a left colles' fracture and a fractured right tib/fib. This reflective case
study will provide a written account of the post–operative nursing care specific to the closed and
open reduction procedure done to repair her fracture and interventions specific to the events that
followed.
The second case study is based on Justin a 33 year old car salesman who administers over the
counter anti–inflammatories for chronic back pain sustained in a car accident several years ago.
Justin a social drinker and ex–smoker, has been experiencing significant abdominal pain and
diarrhoea after trip to Singapore and Thailand. He is admitted with a provisional diagnosis of gastro
oesophageal reflux +/–peptic ulcer disease. This reflective case study also looks into the preparation
of patients for colonoscopy and nursing management post procedure.
CASE STUDY 1
Osteoarthritis can be caused by ageing, hereditary,

Cirrhotic Essay
Abstract P.P.I therapy is often used in patients with cirrhosis, sometimes, in the absence of a specific
indication (e.g.: acid related diseases), there are conflicting reports for their use in cirrhotic patients.
The dosage of most PPIs should be reduced in cirrhotic as they are metabolized by the liver and
associated with adverse effects of prolonged use. We aimed to review strict indications and adverse
effects for their use in this group of patients. Keywords Proton pump inhibitors, liver cirrhosis,
peptic ulcer, H. pylori, esophageal band ligation. Abbreviations P.P.I: proton pump inhibitors. EVS:
esophageal variceal Sclerotherapy. EVL: esophageal variceal ligation. HE: hepatic encephalopathy.
SBP: spontaneous bacterial ... Show more content on Helpwriting.net ...
A short course for 10 days post–EVL may be reasonable if we concern for ulcer healing. However,
high–dose infusion (e.g., pantoprazole 8 mg/h) and prolonged use in the absence of endoscopic
procedures is not supported by the literature and should be discouraged until evidence of benefit
becomes available. (8) GERD Functional studies showed decreased LES function with a low
amplitude of acid clearance and primary esophageal peristalsis in cirrhotics with large varices [9].
These phenomena could also be due to a mechanical effect of the varices. Cirrhotic patients without
EV have also esophageal motor disorders and mixed acid and bile reflux as the main pattern
whereas the cirrhosis itself was an important causative factor. It is unclear whether this might
contribute to bleeding from varices [8]. Data on management of GERD in cirrhosis are few,
however, the indications of use for PPIs may remain exactly the same also in patient with cirrhosis
of the liver as general population for the treatment of erosive esophagitis or in general the pathology
secondary to gastroesophageal reflux acid (10) Peptic ulcer and H. pylori infection Prevalence of
duodenal and gastric ulcers in patients with liver cirrhosis increases as the disease progress[11] and
this prevalence becomes higher in decompensated cirrhosis than in compensated cirrhosis [12].
Currently, PPIs are the mainstay treatment option of peptic ulcers in the

Gastric Ulcer And Duodenal Ulcers
Chapter – 16
Peptic Ulcer (Gastric Ulcer/Duodenal Ulcer)
Both gastric (stomach) and duodenal ulcers are called peptic ulcers. Peptic ulcers affect 10% of the
world's population and men and women both equally. Duodenal ulcer incidence peaks in clients in
their fifties and sixties and gastric ulcers in those between ages 60 and 80. This is known as a
disease due to Hurry, Worry and Curry. Smoking, consuming alcohol in large amounts, use of some
drugs like NSAIDS for a long duration are causative factors of ulcers.
Peptic ulcer is a chronic ulcer formed in regions of the gastrointestinal tract where gastric juice
comes into direct contact with the mucous membrane. Such ulcer usually occurs in the first part of
the duodenum and in the stomach. They sometimes occur in the lower oesophagus; in the jejunum
after gastro–enterostomy or partial gastrectomy; and rarely, adjacent to aberrant gastric mucosa in a
Meckel's diverticulum. The term peptic ulcer is used to describe any localised erosion of the
mucosal lining of those portions of the alimentary tract that come in contact with gastric juice. This
integration of tissues can also result in necrosis. The defence mechanism of gastric and duodenal
mucosa is incredibly efficient. The normal mechanical, thermal or chemical insult from food is well
within its power to deal with. No single factor has been identified in the causation of chronic peptic
ulcer. A combination of factors leads to ulceration. Most ulcers are found in the

Clinical Outcomes Of Helicobacter Pylori Infection
Abstract
Background: Clinical outcomes of Helicobacter pylori infection may be associated with specific
vacA s1 subtypes.
Aim: This study examined the association between H. pylori vacA s1 subtypes and gastric biopsy
histopathology scores in the northern Canadian Aboriginal communities of Old Crow, YT and Fort
McPherson, NWT.
Methods: Isolates from 56 residents with the H. pylori vacA s1 allele were subtyped using
polymerase chain reaction. Odds ratios were calculated to assess the association between vacA s1
subtype and histopathology score.
Results: Thirty–three isolates typed as vacA s1a, 10 as s1b, 4 as both s1a and s1b and 9 were
untypable. The presence of the vacA s1a allele was associated with increased odds of experiencing
gastric ... Show more content on Helpwriting.net ...
pylori associated gastric pathology.
Introduction
Helicobacter pylori is an important human pathogen that chronically infects the gastric and duodenal
mucosa (1). It affects approximately 50% of the population worldwide, and is associated with
multiple gastric pathologies, including gastritis, peptic ulcer disease (PUD), gastric cancer (GC) and
mucosa–associated lymphoid tissue (MALT) lymphoma (2). While the majority of individuals
infected with H. pylori are asymptomatic, essentially all develop chronic inflammation (3). Among
infected individuals, approximately 10% develop PUD, 1–3% progresses to GC and 0.1% develop
MALT lymphoma (3). Clinical outcomes of long–term infection vary, as disease severity is thought
to be related to a combination of host genetics, environmental factors, and genetic heterogeneity of
H. pylori (2). Helicobacter pylori exhibits a much greater genetic diversity than most bacteria, and
this is often attributed to the differences in prevalence and expression of bacterial virulence factors
that may impact the outcome of gastric disease (4). Several virulence genes related to the risk of
gastric disease have been identified, including cagA, cagE, vacA, iceA, and babA2 (2). A large
number of studies have shown that VacA producing H. pylori strains are related to more severe
clinical outcomes, although the genetic mechanism(s) underlying this observed associations is not
yet

Helicobacter Pylori Report
Helicobacter pylori
Introduction
Helicobacter pylori, also known as H. pylori, is a spiral bacterium that lives inside the human
stomach. H. pylori likes the acidic environment that the stomach provides and evidence has linked it
to a variety of minor gastrointestinal illnesses. H. pylori causes inflammation in the lining of the
stomach and is involved in 90% of stomach and intestinal ulcers. H. pylori also has an apparent
cause to the development of adenocarcinoma, a common stomach cancer. J. Robin Warren first
detected H. pylori in the stomachs of ulcer patients in 1979. Warren then isolated the microbe in a
culture and tested it effects by swallowing some of the inoculum. A short–term case of gastritis
(inflammation of the lining of the ... Show more content on Helpwriting.net ...
pylori. One way to test for H. pylori is to do a Breath Test. When taking the breath test, the person
has to stop taking antibiotics or Pepto–Bismol up to 2 weeks before the testing. During the test, the
swallowing of a special substance that has urea is necessary. The body uses the urea to break down
protein and the urea used for the test is made harmlessly radioactive. If H. pylori is present, the
bacteria convert the urea into CO2 which is then detected and recorded in the persons exhale breath
10 minutes after. This test is very affective in determining whether a person has H. pylori or not. The
next test is a blood test which is used to measure antibodies to H. pylori. The test can only tell if a
person has H. pylori antibodies but it cannot tell if the person currently have the infection or how
long they have had the infection. The blood test cannot be used to see if the infection has been cured
after treatment. The third type of test is the stool test that can detect traces of H. pylori in the feces.
The stool test can be used to diagnose the infection and confirm that it has been cured after the
treatment. The fourth type of test is a biopsy (a tissue sample) that is taken from the stomach lining
and a biopsy is the most accurate way to tell if a person has H. pylori. To remove the tissue sample
from the lining of the stomach the person has to go through a procedure called an endoscopy and
this procedure is done in the hospital. Reasons for needing an endoscopy include diagnosing the
ulcer, treating bleeding, or making sure there is no cancer (Tests for H. pylori,

Symptoms And Treatment Of Peptic Ulcer Disease
What is PUD – H. Pylori?
In the system of the gastrointestinal tract, there are some conditions that can affect quality of life and
is common. One of these conditions is called peptic ulcer disease (PUD) or also known as H. Pylori
(Helicobacter pylori), which is the bacteria associated with PUD that causes the infection that leads
to PUD. Almost two thirds of the world is affected with this infection, unbeknownst to the host
(Moscou, page 421). This infection is introduced in the body through contaminated sources of food
or water. It also can be transmitted through person to person contact by kissing. Once ingested,
buffers are released and the bacteria is able to survive despite the acidic conditions of the stomach.
Most people do not produce symptoms of the infection, however, there are some that may
experience irritation and tissue damage from overproduction of gastric acids and peptic ulcers.
Duodenal ulcers, which form in the upper region of the small intestines, are more common in
younger people. Peptic ulcers tend to be more common with age as they are more likely to be
infected. This disease is treatable and obliteration of the H. pylori results in ulcer cure and
prevention of recurrences (Zoorob, page 243)
Symptoms of PUD The symptoms of the peptic ulcer will depend on the location of it. A gastric
ulcer located in the stomach will result in pain of the upper abdomen approximately 15 to 30
minutes after consumption of food. Because of the pain, one may be afraid

Ulcer Bug Essay
Ulcer bug
Eric Wichman
BIOSCI 202 – 401
February, 5th 2013
Case Studies in Human Anatomy and Physiology
Ulcer Bug Case Resolution Template
1) This case study focuses on the process of scientific inquiry. How did the researchers use this
process to learn about gastric ulcer disease, its causes, and its treatments?
Answer: The process started with the observation of Dr. Barry Marshall's observation of his patients
going through antibiotic therapy for non–related ailments. Dr Marshall then hypothesized that
helicobacter pylori was the causation of peptic ulcer disease and not the end byproduct of
inflammations. The researchers then used research and study of inflamed stomach mucosa through a
period of antibiotic regimen to ... Show more content on Helpwriting.net ...
Answer: I used emedicine to reference more statistical history on H. pylori and its common
applications in relation to the ulcer bug currently. Using the same data that was gathered from the
study referenced on D2L the protocols for treatment have vastly improved over the last couple
years. I thought about the long term effect that antibiotic treatment of this bacteria and how the
bacteria itself "burrows" itself into the stomach mucosa thus causing the ulceration. The article I
read also mentioned that this specific bacteria is also responsible for inflammation in the duodenum
(part of the small intestine). In summation there also is a higher risk for stomach cancer and
lymphoma also associated with this bug.
4) What does each of these additional items contribute to the solution of the case? For example, the
item contains data from specific tests, trials, or experiments, or presents analyses that can be used to
understand the main issues in this case. Answer: The additional information was more of a statistical
analysis of current day treatments, protocols and outcomes. The main issue for this specific case is
the presence of the bug and causing the gastritis and that issue still applies today. In the article
referenced above 50% of the world's population is infected with this bacterium. Though vastly more
prevalent in third world nations roughly 20–30% of

Understanding The Understanding Of Cancer
The purpose of this study is to evaluate the understanding of cancer in the Hmong community, in
Fresno. If there is limited access to resources or is it just lack of understanding or a barrier between
the cultures. What is preventing them to be screen. Providing Prevention methods would be the first
step. Early detection with screening for those who are high risk for gastric cancer, with familial
history. Since Helicobacter Pylori infection is more common in Asian population. The focus would
be to try using the same screening method that is being done in Japan and Korea. Educating the
Hmong community on Gastric cancer, the signs and symptoms and screening workups that are done
specifically for gastric cancer. Providing information on risk factors like lifestyle, diet and etc.
Cultural belief would be incorporated as well.
Gastric Cancer background Cancer is not prejudice of race, gender and age. It's the most leading
cause of death worldwide. Gastric cancer is more prominent in other countries then the US. Cancer
is a disease that can grow out of control and spread, resulting in death. There are external factors
that causes cancer like tobacco use, infectious organisms and unhealthy diet. The internal factors are
inherited genetic mutations, hormones and immune conditions. Stomach cancer occurs in the
mucosa and develops slowly over years. The symptoms goes undetected during early stage
(Stomach Cancer). Some cancer can be prevented with proper prevention

What Is Helicobacter Pylori?
Helicobacter Pylori is a gram negative bacteria that is found in the stomach. Helicobacter Pylori is
referred to as H. Pylori. This type of bacteria lives in your bodies digestive tract. H. Pylori is a
common bacterial infection, and can cause ulcers in the lining of your stomach. Once H. pylori gets
into your stomach, it attacks the lining of your stomach. After the bacteria damages the lining of the
stomach, acid gets through the lining of your stomach which is what causes the ulcers to occur. The
ulcers can bleed and keep food from going through to digestive tract. The symptoms of an ulcer
caused by H. Pylori are, dull burning pain in your belly, bloating, burping, not feeling hungry,
nausea, vomiting, weight loss for no clear reason. And ... Show more content on Helpwriting.net ...
Gastritis is the inflammation of the lining of the stomach. And ulcers are holes in the lining of the
stomach.
Some control strategies are medications if you have ulcers caused by H. Pylori, you need to treat the
ulcers from coming back. Most common way is antibiotics to kill the bacteria, such as,
metronidazole. Also you can take a drug that reduces the amount of acid in your stomach such as
omeprazole. Also you can protect yourself from h. Pylori the same way you would protect your self
form any other bacteria, wash your hand and avoid unclean food and water.
H. pylori is a common bacterium in people, and is even more commonly linked to ulcers. I have
ulcers, I was having problems a few months ago with my stomach. I was having constant stomach
aches, and wasn't feeling well. And also some big warning signs to my doctor were that I had bloody
stools and I had lost close to 25 pounds in under 2 months without changing my diet or exercising.
This urged my doctor to give me a breath test to check for H. Pylori and it came back negative, so
then I had an upper endoscopy and colonoscopy. The results came back with multiple gastric ulcers.
I was prescribed omeprazole to heal the ulcers, I got the ulcers from taking a medication called

Human Pathogen That Is Responsible For Ulcers And Stomach...
Nguyen 1
A. INTRODUCTION
Helicobacter pylori (H. pylori) is a human pathogen that is responsible for ulcers and stomach
inflammation. The organism had been researched by several scientists around the world since 1875;
however none of them was successfully culture it. Until 1982, Dr. Barry Marshall and Dr. Robin
Warren succeeded in observing the colonies, and thus became the first scientists to discover this
bacterium. By self–testing, Dr. Marshall drank a liquid that contained H. pylori culture. A few days
later, he got sick with many symptoms such as vomiting and nausea. After ten days, by undergoing
endoscopy, he was able to confirm the role of H. pylori in causing gastritis. Then he and Dr. Warren
also demonstrated the effect of ... Show more content on Helpwriting.net ...
Even though H. pylori is a "neutralophile", it can survive in the very acidic environment in the
human stomach due to a variety of acidic–adaptive mechanisms, such as the ability to utilize urease
to break down urea Nguyen 2 into ammonia, and thus neutralizing the surrounding acidic
environment. Also, H. pylori contains "hydrogenase" enzyme, which can oxidize molecules
hydrogen being produced by other gastric bacteria, in order to produce energy. Some other enzymes
that can be utilized by H. pylori are "oxidase" and "catalase", which are also used to test for the
presence of this organism. It can also form "biofilm" on the gastric mucosa epithelium, which results
in its ability to resist against many antimicrobials. From spiral form, it is able to convert into
"coccoid form" – one of its advantage which helps in its survival and epidemic potential [5].
– H. pylori has 4 to 6 "lophotrichous flagella" which are its favor in motility. Usually, the
"enterohepatic" and gastric Helicobacter have really strong flagella. Its flagella filaments mainly are
"FlaA and FlaB" [10].
Like other organisms, its outer membrane is composed of "phospholipids" and "lipopolysaccharide"
[7].
2. Pathophysiology
a) Adaptability
H. pylori is found in stomach, upper GI tract, intestines and other parts in the body but it usually
reside in stomach. Because it can only survive in neutral environment, once it penetrates the mucous
lining

H. Pylori Gastric Cancer Link

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