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1. UNIVERSIDAD TECNICA DE MACHALA
ACADEMIC UNIT OF CHEMICAL
SCIENCES AND HEALTH
MEDICINE SCHOOL
ENGLISH
INFECTION BY
HELICOBACTER PYLORI
STUDENTS
William Cruz
Kevin Herrera
Jorge Pacheco
Angie Chamba
Sonia Quijilema
TEACHER:
Mgs. Barreto Huilcapi Lina Maribel
CLASS:
EIGHTH SEMESTER ‘’A’’
Machala, El Oro
2018

2. Infection by Helicobacter Pylori
Definition
Infection with Helicobacter pylori, a type of bacteria, is the most common cause of gastritis
and gastroduodenal ulcer (peptic ulcer) worldwide. Infection is very common and increases
with age. At age 60, around 50% of people are infected. Infection is more frequent among
people of African, Latin American and Asian descent.
H. pylori is found in stool, saliva and dental plaque. H. pylori infections can spread from
person to person, especially if people carrying the bacteria do not wash their hands
thoroughly after each stool. The infection can also occur if a person puts their hand to their
mouth after touching an object (such as a towel) contaminated by infected feces. Because
bacteria can also be transmitted through kissing or other close contact, infections tend to
cluster in families and among people living in nursing homes and other supervised
facilities.
H. pylori bacteria grow in the protective mucosal layer of the gastric lining, where they are
less exposed to gastric juices, very acidic. In addition, H. pylori produces ammonia, which

3. helps protect it from gastric acid by allowing it to break down the mucus layer and
penetrate it. Virtually all people with H. pylori infection develop gastritis, which can affect
the entire stomach or just the lower part (antrum). This infection can sometimes lead to
erosive gastritis, and perhaps even a gastric (stomach) ulcer. The bacterium H. pylori
contributes to the formation of ulcers because it increases the production of acid, alters the
normal defenses of the stomach against gastric acid and produces toxins.
Etiology
The exact manner in which H. pylori produces an infection is not yet known. H. pylori
bacteria can be transmitted from one person to another by direct contact with saliva, vomit
or fecal matter. H. pylori can also be transmitted through contaminated food or water.
Signs and symptoms
Most people with H. pylori infection never show signs or symptoms. It is not clear why this
occurs, but some people may be born with greater resistance to the harmful effects of H.
pylori.
When the signs and symptoms of H. pylori infection manifest themselves, they include:
 Pain or burning in the abdomen
 Acute abdominal pain on an empty stomach
 Sickness
 Loss of appetite
 Frequent belches
 Swelling
 Involuntary slimming
Diagnosis
The tests and procedures used to determine if you have an H. pylori infection are:
Blood test. When analyzing a blood sample, evidence of an active or previous H. pylori
infection in the body can be detected. However, breath testing and stool tests are better than
blood tests for detecting active H. pylori infections.

4. Breath test. During the breath test, you should swallow a pill, liquid, or an easily digestible
food containing marked carbon molecules. If you have an H. pylori infection, the carbon is
released when the solution is digested in the stomach.
The body absorbs the carbon and expels it when you exhale. You must exhale inside a bag,
and the doctor uses a special device to detect the carbon molecules.
Medications to suppress gastric acid, known as "proton pump inhibitors," bismuth
subsalicylate (Pepto-Bismol), and antibiotics can interfere with the accuracy of this test.
The doctor will ask you to stop taking these medications for one or two weeks before the
test. This test can be performed on adults and children.
Stool analysis. A laboratory test called "stool antigen analysis" looks for proteins (antigens)
associated with H. pylori infection in the stool. As in the breath test, proton pump inhibitors
and bismuth subsalicylate can affect the result of this analysis, so the doctor will ask you to
stop taking them for two weeks before the analysis.
Endoscopy For this test, which is called "upper endoscopy," you will be sedated. During
the exam, the doctor introduces a long, flexible tube, equipped with a small camera
(endoscope), through the throat and esophagus, into the stomach and duodenum. This
instrument allows you to see irregularities in the upper part of the digestive tract and take
samples of tissue (biopsy).
These samples are analyzed for the presence of H. pylori. In general, this test is not
recommended only to diagnose an H. pylori infection, since it is more invasive than a
breath test or a stool test, although it can be used to diagnose H. pylori ulcers or when it is
necessary to rule out other digestive disorders.
Treatment
In general, H. pylori infections are treated with at least two different antibiotics at the same
time to prevent the bacteria from becoming resistant to a particular antibiotic. In addition,
the doctor will prescribe or recommend a medication to inhibit the acid so that the lining of
the stomach will heal.
Medications that can inhibit acid are:
Proton-pump inhibitor. These medications stop the production of acid in the stomach. Some
examples of proton pump inhibitors are: omeprazole (Prilosec and others), esomeprazole

5. (Nexium and others), lansoprazole (Prevacid and others) and pantoprazole (Protonix and
others).
Histamine blockers (H-2). These drugs block a substance called "histamine" that triggers
the production of acid. Some examples are cimetidine (Tagamet) and ranitidine (Zantac).
Bismuth subsalicylate. More commonly known as Pepto-Bismol, this medication works by
coating the ulcer and protecting it from stomach acid.
Your doctor may recommend testing for H. pylori at least four weeks after treatment. If the
tests show that the treatment was not successful, you can undergo another round of
treatment with another combination of antibiotics.
Prevention
In regions of the world where H. pylori infection and its complications are common,
doctors sometimes test healthy people for H. pylori. There is a controversy among doctors
about whether it is beneficial to treat H. pylori when there are no signs or symptoms of the
infection.
Check with your doctor if you are worried about having an H. pylori infection or think you
have a high risk of stomach cancer. Together you can decide if an analysis for the detection
of H. pylori will be beneficial.
Bibliography
 Gisbert JP, Boixeda D, Martín de Argila C, García Plaza A. Helicobacter pylori and
duodenal ulcer: causal relationship or mere association? Rev Clin Esp 1997; 197:
693-702.
 Mones J, Gisbert JP, Borda F, Domínguez-Muñoz E. Indications, diagnostic
methods and eradicating treatment of Helicobacter pylori. Recommendations of the
II Spanish Conference of Consensus. Rev Esp Enferm Dig 2005; 97: 348-74
 Howden CW, Hunt RH. Guidelines for the management of Helicobacter pylori
infection. Am J Gastroenterol 1998; 93: 2330-2338.