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UNIVERSIDAD TECNICA DE MACHALA
ACADEMIC UNIT OF CHEMICAL
SCIENCES AND HEALTH
MEDICINE SCHOOL
ENGLISH
INFECTION BY
HELICOBACTER
PYLORI
STUDENTS
William Cruz
Kevin Herrera
TEACHER:
Mgs. Barreto Huilcapi Lina Maribel
CLASS:
EIGHTH SEMESTER ‘’A’’
Machala, El Oro
2018

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Infection by Helicobacter Pylori
Definition
Infection with Helicobacter pylori, a type of bacteria, is the most common cause of
gastritis and gastroduodenal ulcer (peptic ulcer) worldwide. Infection is very common
and increases with age. At age 60, around 50% of people are infected. Infection is
more frequent among people of African, Latin American and Asian descent.
H. pylori is found in stool, saliva and dental plaque. H. pylori infections can spread
from person to person, especially if people carrying the bacteria do not wash their
hands thoroughly after each stool. The infection can also occur if a person puts their
hand to their mouth after touching an object (such as a towel) contaminated by
infected feces. Because bacteria can also be transmitted through kissing or other close
contact, infections tend to cluster in families and among people living in nursing
homes and other supervised facilities.

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H. pylori bacteria grow in the protective mucosal layer of the gastric lining, where
they are less exposed to gastric juices, very acidic. In addition, H. pylori produces
ammonia, which helps protect it from gastric acid by allowing it to break down the
mucus layer and penetrate it. Virtually all people with H. pylori infection develop
gastritis, which can affect the entire stomach or just the lower part (antrum). This
infection can sometimes lead to erosive gastritis, and perhaps even a gastric
(stomach) ulcer. The bacterium H. pylori contributes to the formation of ulcers
because it increases the production of acid, alters the normal defenses of the stomach
against gastric acid and produces toxins.
Etiology
The exact manner in which H. pylori produces an infection is not yet known. H.
pylori bacteria can be transmitted from one person to another by direct contact with
saliva, vomit or fecal matter. H. pylori can also be transmitted through contaminated
food or water.
Signs and symptoms
Most people with H. pylori infection never show signs or symptoms. It is not clear
why this occurs, but some people may be born with greater resistance to the harmful
effects of H. pylori.
When the signs and symptoms of H. pylori infection manifest themselves, they
include:
 Pain or burning in the abdomen
 Acute abdominal pain on an empty stomach
 Sickness
 Loss of appetite
 Frequent belches
 Swelling
 Involuntary slimming

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Diagnosis
The tests and procedures used to determine if you have an H. pylori infection are:
Blood test. When analyzing a blood sample, evidence of an active or previous H.
pylori infection in the body can be detected. However, breath testing and stool tests
are better than blood tests for detecting active H. pylori infections.
Breath test. During the breath test, you should swallow a pill, liquid, or an easily
digestible food containing marked carbon molecules. If you have an H. pylori
infection, the carbon is released when the solution is digested in the stomach.
The body absorbs the carbon and expels it when you exhale. You must exhale inside
a bag, and the doctor uses a special device to detect the carbon molecules.
Medications to suppress gastric acid, known as "proton pump inhibitors," bismuth
subsalicylate (Pepto-Bismol), and antibiotics can interfere with the accuracy of this
test. The doctor will ask you to stop taking these medications for one or two weeks
before the test. This test can be performed on adults and children.
Stool analysis. A laboratory test called "stool antigen analysis" looks for proteins
(antigens) associated with H. pylori infection in the stool. As in the breath test, proton
pump inhibitors and bismuth subsalicylate can affect the result of this analysis, so the
doctor will ask you to stop taking them for two weeks before the analysis.
Endoscopy For this test, which is called "upper endoscopy," you will be sedated.
During the exam, the doctor introduces a long, flexible tube, equipped with a small
camera (endoscope), through the throat and esophagus, into the stomach and
duodenum. This instrument allows you to see irregularities in the upper part of the
digestive tract and take samples of tissue (biopsy).
These samples are analyzed for the presence of H. pylori. In general, this test is not
recommended only to diagnose an H. pylori infection, since it is more invasive than a
breath test or a stool test, although it can be used to diagnose H. pylori ulcers or when
it is necessary to rule out other digestive disorders.

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Treatment
In general, H. pylori infections are treated with at least two different antibiotics at the
same time to prevent the bacteria from becoming resistant to a particular antibiotic. In
addition, the doctor will prescribe or recommend a medication to inhibit the acid so
that the lining of the stomach will heal.
Medications that can inhibit acid are:
Proton-pump inhibitor. These medications stop the production of acid in the stomach.
Some examples of proton pump inhibitors are: omeprazole (Prilosec and others),
esomeprazole (Nexium and others), lansoprazole (Prevacid and others) and
pantoprazole (Protonix and others).
Histamine blockers (H-2). These drugs block a substance called "histamine" that
triggers the production of acid. Some examples are cimetidine (Tagamet) and
ranitidine (Zantac).
Bismuth subsalicylate. More commonly known as Pepto-Bismol, this medication
works by coating the ulcer and protecting it from stomach acid.
Your doctor may recommend testing for H. pylori at least four weeks after treatment.
If the tests show that the treatment was not successful, you can undergo another
round of treatment with another combination of antibiotics.
Prevention
In regions of the world where H. pylori infection and its complications are common,
doctors sometimes test healthy people for H. pylori. There is a controversy among
doctors about whether it is beneficial to treat H. pylori when there are no signs or
symptoms of the infection.
Check with your doctor if you are worried about having an H. pylori infection or
think you have a high risk of stomach cancer. Together you can decide if an analysis
for the detection of H. pylori will be beneficial.

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Bibliography
 Gisbert JP, Boixeda D, Martín de Argila C, García Plaza A. Helicobacter
pylori and duodenal ulcer: causal relationship or mere association? Rev Clin
Esp 1997; 197: 693-702.
 Mones J, Gisbert JP, Borda F, Domínguez-Muñoz E. Indications, diagnostic
methods and eradicating treatment of Helicobacter pylori. Recommendations
of the II Spanish Conference of Consensus. Rev Esp Enferm Dig 2005; 97:
348-74
 Howden CW, Hunt RH. Guidelines for the management of Helicobacter
pylori infection. Am J Gastroenterol 1998; 93: 2330-2338.