Web Architecture

Web Architecture
Web architecture:
1 A diagram explaining how the internet works and description of the world wide web
The World Wide Web is a system of internet servers that contain documents formatted in HTML.
This supports links to other documents and also supports graphics, audio and video.
2 Internet Service Providers (ISP);
An internet service provider (ISP) is a service that provides access to the internet. They provide the
user with services such as broadband and phone services. For a monthly price the user is provided
with a router which they can then connect to either with a wired or wireless connection. An internet
connection enables the user to connect many devices to the internet at the same time. The router and
phone are normally plugged in to the same socket which then connects the router to the internet.
Internet service providers may also provide the user with an e–mail address as a part of the service.
Different providers offer different packages for different prices, for example some may have a
capped usage which may be better for people who do not use the internet as much and would be able
to save money by purchasing this. Different companies compete to gain more customers and will
claim to have a higher upload and download rate than other companies. Also, usually a package with
a higher upload and download speed will be more expensive.
3 Web hosting services;
A web hosting service allows individuals and companies to make their website
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Url Is An Acronym For Uniform Resource Locator And The...
Instruction
Everyone who used the web undoubtedly have seen URL as a sight word in the internet world, and
also have used URLs to get web pages and access websites. Actually, most of people term URL as
"website address" habitually and think of an URL as the name of a file on the World Wide Web. If
we consider the web world as the same as the real world, then URL would be the very unique
physical address of every build on the earth that helps people to locate the accurate place. However,
it is not the entire understanding of URL. URLs could also lead to other resources on the web, such
as databases queries and command output.
Define URL:
According to the definition of Wikipedia, URL is an acronym for Uniform Resource Locator and is
a reference (an address) to a resource that specifies its location on a computer network and a
mechanism for retrieving it on the Internet.
Generally, an URL has two major components: the first part "Protocol Identifier" and the second
part "Resource name". The Protocol Identifier represents the name of the protocol to be used to
achieve the resource. In addition to the commonest one for web pages – Hypertext Transfer Protocol
(HTTP) that is typically used to serve up hypertext documents, there are many different protocols
used to access different types of resources on the internet, such as File Transfer Protocol (FTP) for
file transfer, MAILTO for email features, JDBC for database access and many other applications.
The resource name is the

Hypertext as a Medium for Writing Essay
Hypertext as a Medium for Writing
This paper will compare and analyze theoretical ideas found in Hamlet on the Holodeck by Janet H.
Murry focusing on Chapter 10 "Hamlet on the Holodeck" as it relates to hypertext as a specific
medium for writing, and Writing Space by Jay David Bolter focusing on Chapter 7 "Interactive
Fiction" and chapter 8 "Critical Theory in a New Writing Space" and their emphasis on digital
poetry and the increased role of the reader in the reading process. The information taken from these
two works will then be compared to the interactive hypertext webpage entitled "Heading South" by
Virginia Commonwealth University (VCU) English graduate student, Cheryl Ball.
In relation to hypertext, the role of the reader ... Show more content on Helpwriting.net ...
Murray states, "We often assume that the stories told in one medium are intrinsically inferior to
those told in another. But narrative beauty is independent of medium. The real literary hierarchy is
not of medium but of meaning" (Murray 273 & 274). Murray concludes that no matter the medium
of the story, it is a work of art and should not be thought of otherwise; that in either case, whether
the medium be print or hypertext, the meaning of the story is still the same. Later in chapter 10
Murray states,
The most ambitious promise of the new narrative medium is its potential for telling stories about
whole systems. The format that most fully exploits the properties of digital environments is not the
hypertext or the fighting game but the stimulation: the virtual world full of interrelated entities, a
world we can enter, manipulate, and observe in process. But it [the computer] is first and foremost a
representational medium, a means for modeling the world that adds its own potent properties to the
traditional media it has assimilated so quickly. (280 & 284)
In the fourth line when Murray states, "a world we can enter," she is referring to "we" as the readers,
which designates us not only as readers, but interactive readers. Any reader who aids in the outcome
of a story, poem, or other form of writing is interactive; therefore, part of its outcome. Bolter's
analysis of digital poetry being an interactive medium encompasses previous assumptions that

Does Wikipedia Contribute To An Inevitable Source?
When it comes to the topic of Wikipedia, most of us will readily agree that you can get some
valuable information from the website. Where this agreement usually end, however, is on the
question of credibility. Whereas some are convinced that the website is a waste of time, other
maintains that it can serve some purpose. Wikipedia has certain guidelines that must be met before a
person can submit an article; it must have been covered in an academic journal or in the mainstream
media. This is a way to ensure that the information is accurate. There is also a person who monitors
the website to check information that is submitted. So before a person goes and dismisses the
thought of using Wikipedia they should at least take a chance and see what ... Show more content on
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I recently read an article written by Neil L Waters called "Why You Can't Cite Wikipedia in My
Class". The comment that Neil Waters made about how Wikipedia may lead to a citable source, is
reason enough to use Wikipedia. Wikipedia itself is a website that can help with writing a paper and
not hinder it. For example, when you are looking for information on Wikipedia it bluntly tells the
reader that Wikipedia is a free online encyclopedia which will allow anyone to edit or submit an
article. Wikipedia is the largest and most known websites to obtain a reference from. Due to the fact
that anyone can add what they assume is important makes the website credibility questionable. This
is why most professors do not allow it as a reference when writing a paper. Neil wrote an article
about why students were not allowed to use Wikipedia in his class. He stated his students are
responsible for the accuracy of information they provide, and they cannot point to Wikipedia or any
similar source that may appear in the future to escape the consequences of errors. He even went on
the further explain that Wikipedia is not an acceptable citation, even though it may lead one to a
suitable

Url Stands For Uniform Resource Locator
URL stands for Uniform Resource Locator, and is used to specify addresses on the World Wide
Web. A URL is the fundamental network identification for any resource connected to the web (e.g.,
hypertext pages, images, and sound files).
A common way to get to a Web site is to enter the URL of its home page file in your Web browser 's
address line. However, any file within that Web site can also be specified with a URL. Such a file
might be any Web (HTML) page other than the home page, an image file, or a program such as a
common gateway interface application or Java applet. The URL contains the name of the protocol to
be used to access the file resource, a domain name that identifies a specific computer on the Internet,
and a pathname, a hierarchical description that specifies the location of a file in that computer.
URLs have the following format: protocol://hostname/other_information
The protocol specifies how information from the link is transferred. The protocol used for web
resources is (HTTP). Other protocols compatible with most web browsers include HTTPS, FTP,
telnet, newsgroups, and Gopher. The protocol is followed by a colon, two slashes, and then the
domain name. The domain name is the computer on which the resource is located. Links to
particular files or subdirectories may be further specified after the domain name. Directory names
are separated by single forward slashes
On the Web (which uses the Hypertext Transfer Protocol, or HTTP), an example of a URL is:

The Internet And Its Effect On Society Essay
Nowadays nearly everybody on the planet have had a contact with PCs. An awesome piece of them
has been utilizing universal PC 's net known as 'Internet '. Internet is essential need of young time
today; youth can get by without sustenance yet can 't make due without web. Above all else, Internet
gives access to a considerable measure of data. Some of them are exceptionally valuable in your
employment different aides in your pastime. At first web was not so conspicuous but instead after
advancement in adaptable development web has wound up crucial need of people in worldwide.
Internet has extended correspondence brisk and it is gainful if young fellows and young women will
use it in extraordinary reason. Everything can be gotten using web wherever at whatever point.
Confine planning is perfect position of internet, utilizing internet rule can be educated at
commonplace regions where there are no educators open. Understudies adjacent can learn through
web they give online exam. Everything has possessed the capacity to be online today even there is
no persuading inspiration to go outside for support; utilizing internet we can plan sustenance, so it
has groups of purposes of intrigue. While the internet has a gigantic rundown of advantages, it has a
few drawbacks too incorporates wellbeing dangers, absence of social association and others. In this
manner this essay is divided into two parts and will talk about the disadvantages of utilizing internet
particularly alluding to

The World Wide Web as Social Hypertext
Something curious is happening on the World Wide Web. It is undergoing a slow transformation
from an abstract, chaotic, information web into what I call a social hypertext.
Initially, I didn't pay much attention to the Web. After all, it was just a new take on distributed
information server systems such as WAIS[8] and Gopher[1]. True, it was easier to use than WAIS,
and the ability of Web browsers to display formatted text and graphics with embedded links made it
more attractive and engaging than either WAIS or Gopher. But there was nothing really new; it was
an incremental advance, a new combination of well known functionality. So I mentally categorized
the Web as just the latest fashion to sweep the internet.
In this I was quite ... Show more content on Helpwriting.net ...
The difficulty is that I may not have time to comment on it, or I may glance at it and find it
uninteresting, and so I am left in an awkward position. The same issues arise, mutatis mutandis , in
sharing one's own work. In short, the ability to find out what someone else is doing, without mutual
knowledge of what's happening, is a boon to both parties. This non–mutuality of knowledge is one
of the characteristics that makes social hypertext different from more direct forms of
communication.
While the non–mutuality and socially–driven search strategies are important practical outcomes of
the transformation of the web into social hypertext, I believe that in the long run it is the use of web
pages for personal portrayal that will have the most profound effects. Note that while personal
portrayal is a new type of usage of the web, it is very ordinary behavior in the real world. People go
to considerable effort and expense to manage their appearance. Portrayal management ranges from
the ways in which people act in public [4, 5], to the clothes they wear [7] and the goods they possess
and consume [2]. The World Wide Web is one of the first venues where individuals can construct
portrayals of themselves using information rather than consumer goods as their palette. For the first
time, individuals can project huge amounts of detailed information about themselves to a mass
audience –– they are no longer limited to assembling montages of consumer items that at best

Secure File Storage Server: The Case of First World Bank...
First World Bank Savings and Loans will need to have a secure file storage server. Along with a
secure web server, database server. The bank will also need to provide layered security to make sure
that they keep their customer confidential information from being compromised. This is an outline
along with an executive summary to meet the needs.
From my experience in the IT filed and what I have learned throughout my education and from
making my own mistake a file server needs to have a strong antivirus program installed along with a
strong firewall rules on the server. Also this antivirus program needs to run alongside the other
services that are on the network while providing same time protection when working with a Samba
server. In ... Show more content on Helpwriting.net ...
You need to make sure that you have a secure web server or database server. One of the first things
that I recommend is to have a strong firewall. By having a strong firewall you can try to cut down
on potential threats. One of the threats that are out there is Denial of servers' attacks this attack will
try to prevent you client from connecting to your server.
These threats can come from any source. You would need to make sure that you update the Web
server to stay up on the latest and greatest security enchantments. Other ways that First World Bank
Savings and Loans can secure their web server is by configuring the server properly and deny other
people access to the httpd configuration file. Also you will want to make sure you have a strong
antivirus and or malware program installed. By having these you can prevent infections that could
cause a breach in security and cause you clients and employees information to get out.
The Database server is one of the most important pieces of First World Bank Savings and Loans.
This is where the employee and the client's personnel and confidential information will be secured.
Like with any other server I would at the firewall and make sure that it is set up correctly. I would
recommend that First World Bank Savings and Loans sets all firewall up

Is Information On The Net Reliable? Essay
Is Information on the Net Invalid?
In his essay, "Picking Nits on the Net," John Oughton reminds Internet users that information on the
Net does not have a guarantee of authenticity, so it must be carefully evaluated. Oughton gives some
examples and also provides some useful advice on evaluating information on the Internet. Oughton's
writing is well supported by reasonable arguments, informative and very useful, and the examples
that he uses are commonly encountered by most Internet users; however, sometimes he understates
the advantages of valuable information on the Net.
Some examples that Oughton uses to support his claims are very reasonable. As we can see in his
thesis, he states that in this computerized era, people should be ... Show more content on
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For that reason, I agree with Oughton that " the unexamined site is not worth believing" (462).
Moreover, Oughton's writing is very informative and useful to Internet users. For example, when he
gives some guidelines for surfers to surf the Net by suggesting to determine the credibility of
sources, to check citations from individuals or institutions before forwarding them, and to remain
skeptical in analyzing information on the Net. These guidelines, which are leading surfers to be
more critical, I think, are very helpful and important in examining an extremely large collection of
information on the Net. They are the basic things Internet users need to know before surfing the Net.
In addition, the examples that Oughton uses in the first paragraph about "forwarded copies of false"
virus warnings, "myths about LSD... in sticks–on tattoos," and "a mortally ill little boy who wants
the postcards... to get into The Guinness Book of Records" (462) are also very common for most
Internet users. As an Internet user myself, I can relate to what Oughton says, since I often find
pieces of forwarded junk mail in my mailbox. These pieces of mail are usually about false virus
warnings as mentioned by Oughton. Sometimes, I even receive mail that tells me I would be lucky if
I forward it to a number of people. Unbelievably, some people actually do that, and I have to waste
time

Htp Essay
Web pages make up most of the internet. These documents are written in HTML (hypertext markup
language) and are translated by your Web browser. Web pages are made up using text editors like
Notepad, WordPad and VI.
Language in web page constructing talks about HTML and based that lets you declare a set of rules
for encoding documents in a format that is both human–readable and machine–readable.
HTTP (Hypertext Transfer Protocol) is a method used to transfer information on the internet and
normally precedes the "description" of the actual resource being accessed and transferred.
XML (Extensible Markup Language) is a specification for creating other, custom markup languages.
It is an extensible language because it allows the user ... Show more content on Helpwriting.net ...
HTML colours are specified using predefined colour names, or RGB (Red Green Blue), HEX
(Hexadecimal), HSL (Hue, Saturation, and Lightness) RGBA (Red Green Blue Alpha) and HSLA
(hue, saturation, lightness, and alpha) values
Images can improve the design and the appearance of a web page. In HTML, images are defined
with the image tag. The image tag is empty; it contains attributes only and does not have a closing
tag.
The Header tag defines a thematic break in an HTML page and is most often displayed as a
horizontal rule.
The header tag is used to separate content or define a change in an HTML page
An unordered list created using the (–– removed HTML ––) tag, and each list item starts with the
(–– removed HTML ––) tag.
The list items in unordered lists are marked with bullets, by default.
An ordered list, created using the (–– removed HTML ––) tag, and each list item starts with the (––
removed HTML ––) tag. The ordered list contains information where order should be emphasized.
The list items in ordered lists are marked with numbers.
Paragraphs are defined with the (–– removed HTML ––) tag. The Paragraph tag is very basic and
typically, it is the first tag you will need if you want to publish your text on the web pages.
HTML Hyperlinks are defined with the (–– removed HTML ––) (–– removed HTML ––) tags. You
can link and jump from one document to another.

Tim Berners Lee : The Creator Of The World Wide Web
Tim Berners–Lee has not even come close to attaining the same celebrity status that Microsoft
founder Bill Gates has reached, but history may be kinder to him in the long run. Berners–Lee is the
creator of the World Wide Web, the user–friendly, graphics–based interface for navigating around
the Internet. Millions around the globe visit the Web daily, and in a way, it has evolved into its own
life form. Information on nearly any subject can be retrieved, vast bookstores quickly perused, and
speeches of international leaders played back. Its potential for use (and abuse) is staggering, but it
was Berners–Lee, the son of two computer scientists, and his simple hypertext program that made it
all possible. "The slender, 40–year–old British ... Show more content on Helpwriting.net ...
To do this he developed a software program he called Enquire, short for "Enquire Within Upon
Everything," which was also the name of a vintage encyclopedia of knowledge that he had once
loved. Enquire used the idea of "hypertext," a technique that links together information across
documents through associative trails that allow users to jump from one "link" to another. For
instance, the search term "cats" might also lead to links to "household pets" and "lions," almost in
the same way the old card catalog in library would offer suggestions under "see also" headings.
While hypertext was not a new idea, Berners–Lee 's Enquire program was––because it worked
across several networks, not just one in–house server. His creation made possible the millions of
connected servers that are now known as the Internet. Berners–Lee considered marketing Enquire,
but knew that in time competitors would copy it and there might then exist several versions that
were deliberately incompatible with one another. Such a structure would limit access to other
networks, which was the beauty of the concept in the first place. These circumstances led to the
evolution of the World Wide Web. "A vendor–neutral forum was essential for it to interoperate
globally," Berners–Lee said in Forbes ASAP. "If I tried to cash in, there might never

How Did Berners Lee Changed The World
Sir Tim Berners–Lee is an British physicist,who is also known for his invention that changed the
history of computers and our life: The World Wide Web. Until 1990, people were using Internet only
for e–mail because information on the Internet was spread and there was not a way to access it
all.All that changed with the invention of the World Wide Web. The whole idea of World Wide Web
was simple thought on Berners Lee's mind that it would be great idea for researchers to be able find
the documents they needed from any computer in the world.In 1980, he made his first attempt to
create resource by writing a program called Enquire to organize documents, lists of people, and the
projects on his computer.The hypertext program on his computer would

Network Diagrams : A Network Diagram
Network Diagram:
A network diagram is a graphical representation of any network, it's a small structure of computers
and network devices (routers, modem, Ethernet etc.) It is a sequence of steps. This network diagram
represents setting up a Web Server with DMZ in an existing network. Network Diagram
Explanation:
Internet service provider (ISP) provides a public IP address, which is given to a modem. A router
connected to modem gets this public IP address through Ethernet cable into its WAN port and router
's NAT (network address translator) and DHCP server provide private IP addresses through routers
LAN port to all devices connected to them.
For Example in above diagram ISP provides IP Address 71.235.67.120 to the modem and router 's ...
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 Install VI or VIM editor to run commands to install other Software on Ubuntu machine.
 Install and configure the Apache Web server on Ubuntu Linux operating system.
Apache is the most popular web server which is open source, free to download and can serve both
static and dynamic content. This makes it the best choice of hosting a website. Once Ubuntu is
installed the command line tool would be used to install Apache.
 Install MySQL (a database server) to provide the capability to store content.
MySQL is an open source relational database management system. It is one of the most popular
databases and delivers reliable, high performance web–based and embedded database applications.
It is scalable and flexible and used by large corporations. It is known for its performance, cross
platform compatibility, cost and security. Database system would provide access to database to store
and organize site data and information. Once Ubuntu is installed the command line tool would be
used to install MySQL.
 Install PHP (server–side language) to provide the capability to create dynamic content.
PHP is a server side scripting language which can be used to develop web applications. The PHP
database connection script connects to MySQL database to store and retrieve website information.
The generated content would be passed to the web server for display to the user. Once

Tim Berners-Lee's Life And Accomplishments
Tim Berners–Lee was born in London, England on June 8th, 1955. He attended and graduated from
Oxford University, England in 1976 ("Sir Timothy Berners–Lee."). A common title that Tim could
be referred to as is a computer scientist or inventor. The following will discuss some of his creations,
accomplishments, current career positions and awards.
Tim Berners–Lee's biggest accomplishment was creating the web. In 1989 he created the World
Wide Web at the European Particle Physics Laboratory. It started as a distributed collaborative
hyper–media information system. Tim designed it as a protocol for linking a multiplicity of
documents located on computers anywhere within the internet. The protocol he created is known as
HTTP(hypertext Transfer Protocol) which is the set ... Show more content on Helpwriting.net ...
For a short look at his list, he has received awards such as; the Finland Millennium Prize in 2004,
the UK's Order of Merit in 2007 which is a personal gift of the monarch limited to just 24 living
recipients, and he was elected as a Fellow of the American Academy of Arts and Sciences in 2009.
He was the first to receive the 'Queen' Elizabeth Prize for Engineering in 2013 and was knighted by
H.M. Queen Elizabeth in 2004. Tim has received over 10 honorary doctorates, and is a member of
the Internet Hall of Fame (Clarke, Paul). Even with keeping the list short it is still safe to say that
Tim Berners–Lee is very accomplished.
After seeing all of Tim Berners–Lee's accomplishments and awards it is easy to see that he is a very
important figure in todays society. Without his inventions and accomplishments society would not
be as advanced in the multimedia and web area. Creating shortcuts, links and organizing pages
continuously makes using the web simple and easy. Being given awards for all of his
accomplishments and doings is only a fraction of recognition for how much he's inventions have
done and are used by society world

What Is Uniform Resource Identifier?
Introduction about URL:
The main purpose of this assignment is explaining URL and its parameters and how these are crucial
for web analysts. A Uniform Resource Locator (URL) is a reference to a web resource that specifies
its location on a computer network and a mechanism for retrieving it. A URL is a specific type of
Uniform Resource Identifier (URI), although many people use the two terms interchangeably. A
URL implies the means to access an indicated resource, which is not true of every URI. URLs occur
most commonly to reference web pages, but are also used for file transfer, email, database access,
and many other applications (Avinash Kaushik (2010) Art and Accountability)
What is a Domain name?
In general, a domain name is simply "A ... Show more content on Helpwriting.net ...
Similarly, if the protocol indicator or hostname is missing from a URL, the browser cannot link to a
specific file because they won't know where and how to look for the file. Likewise, if the folder
name is missing, the browser won't know which piece of information to pull out of the server.
Relative URL: A relative URL usually contains only the folder name and file name or even just the
file name. We can use these partial URLs when we are pointing to a file that's located within the
same folder or on the same server as the originating file. In these cases, a browser doesn't need the
server name or the protocol indicator because it assumes the files are located in a folder or on a
server that's relative to originating documents. Users can use relative URLs to refer to documents in
relation to the originating documents, which are called Document–Relative URLs or to the server on
which the originating documents reside. These are called Server –Related URLs.
Keywords:
Keywords are used to classify the site for search engines, but they can also apply to your site in one
of two ways. They are either paid keywords or organic keywords.
Paid keywords:
Also known as keyword advertisements, these keywords are used in advertising campaigns that
draw visitors to the site when they search for a specific keyword. If the visitors using a paid
keyword advertising campaign, our site needs to be

Transfer Protocol : The Amazing Development Of The Internet
Hypertext Transfer Protocol The incredible development of the internet has begun a booming of
both business and individual communications leading to the expansion of e–mail and e–commerce.
As a matter of fact, studies indicate that most of the internet communication content is e–mail
content. The result of this is the continuing demand concerning security and privacy in electronic
communication. The call and want for privacy and security has led to the arrival of proposals for
security that are discussed in the following contents of this paper. HTTP, also known as Hypertext
Transfer Protocol, designates how information is transferred between client and server over the Web.
The credit for the invention of the first HTTP is given to Tim Berners–Lee and the members of his
team in 1989 (Berners–Lee). The first HTTP only had a single method called GET, which requested
a single page from a server (Berners–Lee). Today, HTTP is the protocol allowing text, multimedia,
etc. to be downloaded from an HTTP server. HTTP determines what actions can be requested by
clients and how servers should handle the requests. HTTP clients make requests to servers running
HTTP web servers. For determining what page should be downloaded, HTTP employs a uniform
resource locator (URL) from a remote server. The URL comprises of the kind of request, for
instance, http://, the name of the server being contacted (for example, ysu.edu), and by choice the
page being requested, (for example, /records). In

Advantages And Disadvantages Of Https
HTTPS is an abbreviation for Hypertext Transfer protocol secure, a protocol to transfer encrypted
data over the web. Tim–Berners Lee in 200 developed HTTP, HTTPS is an extension to this as a
measurement of security. It is primarily used for making online payments, email and sensitive
data.HTTPS is a secure solution to HTTP as it encrypts Data sent and received with SSL HTTP
transfers data as plain text. SSL is an abbreviation of Secure Socket Layers, which was created by
Netscape as an internet and webs security level to transfer data securely. SSL is part of TLS
Transport Layer Security protocol. TLS ensures confidentiality between an end device, applications
and the web. TLS is essential in client–server model because it only allows authenticated users to
view and send data.HTTPS uses this security measure ... Show more content on Helpwriting.net ...
An advantage of REST is its simplicity when compared to Simple Object Access Protocol SOAP,
which requires writing or using a provided server program and a client program. Roy Fielding
created the principles of REST architecture in the year 2000. REST has proved to be a popular
choice for implementing Web Services this is used by online retail giants Amazon.
An application or architecture considered REST–ful or REST–style is characterized by:
State and Functionality division categorically across resource
Use HTTP commands of GET, POST, PUT, or DELETE over the Internet. Every resource is
uniquely addressable using a uniform and minimal set of commands.
The protocol is often client/server.
The majority of web–page are made using this same architectural method which indicates the
popularity of REST in web development.
There are various benefits of using REST in the designing of web applications one of these is the
importance REST applies on security. REST is popular due to the various security measures and
other

Web Based Solution For Oyigbo Football Club
2.1 Introduction
The aim is to provide a web–based solution for Oyigbo Football club by creating a dynamic site that
will improve and market its annual events. The plan is to design a simple, user–friendly and
aesthetic website to help the club manage user data and advertise its events, and to allow its users
explore the online services which the site would have to offer. Technology has made a huge impact
in the world of football, which some of them is the official sites of football clubs, apparently the
websites platform helps the clubs to market their brands, tickets and even communicate with fans.
However, in order to gain a better knowledge of a website development needed to implement this
project, we have taken basic steps into investigating the different components that makes up a good
and professional looking website, especially a commercial website at that, such components
includes, websites design, web technologies, football web sites, methodologies and human interface
design.
This part of the report has been structured into two important parts: the literature review, and the
product review. The both parts this research will be providing insight into the advantages these
technologies offer and some of the major setbacks and issues these technologies present.
2.2 Market Running Clubs
With the increasing interests shown by web designers and the consistent alterations in the business
environment, there have been remarkable changes of the World Wide Web, ranging

Uniform Resource Locator Essay
Uniform Resource Locator is a reference to resource on the Internet. It is commonly termed as a
web address, which is a reference to a web source that specifies its location on a computer network
and a mechanism for retrieving it. URLs occur mostly to reference web pages (http). It's also used
for file transfer (ftp), email (mail to), database access (JDBC), and many other applications.
A URL is mainly used to point to a webpage, a component of a webpage or a program on a website.
The resource name consists of: –
 A domain name identifying a server or the web service; and
 A program name or a path to the file on the server.
 As a network port to use in making the connection.
 As a specific reference point within a file –– a named anchor in an HTML (Hypertext Markup
Language) file.
A website URL or domain name is one of the most important parts of the website. It enables visitors
to view the contents of a website.
Use of URL: –
URL is nothing but the name of the online resource. Every entity that accesses that element uses,
refers to, reads, and otherwise consumes the structure of the URL as an instrumental part of our
webpage. URL is being used in the following places below: –
 The text of the URL is used to link to a webpage.
 URLs are used for marketing collateral such as business cards, flyers, billboards, and emails etc.
 It is an influential factor to rank in an Internet search.
 URLs are used for sales pitch.
Identifiers: –
URLs has

Analysis Of Hypertext Transfer Protocol, Http
Hypertext Transfer Protocol, HTTP, is a primary standard which lays the foundation for which the
World Wide Web is built upon. HTTP's main purpose is to receive requests for and deliver content
on the Web. The Internet Engineering Task Force's, IETF, Request for Comments, RFC, 7230
describes HTTP as ".. a stateless application level protocol for distributed, collaborative, hypertext
information systems." (IETF 14). Overall it is essentially the main way of distributing web pages
and is what the http in the url of links stands for. HTTP's development began back in 1989 by a
CERN, European Nuclear Research Organization, known as Tim Berners–Lee. Tim and his team
had been developing a new markup language known as HTML, another protocol that ... Show more
content on Helpwriting.net ...
The protocol may be used for other applications as long as it is supported by both the client and
server. Typical connections work in a "response / response" format, where a client requests content
from the server and the server responds. For example you may type http://www.google.com/ and
request a webpage from the location google.com from a web server. The web server will see the
request and check to see if it has a webpage for that location and then send you a request with either
the content requests or an error code that let's you know that it does not have what you have asked
for. To the untrained eye, HTTP syntax may look rather complicated, but it is actually simple. There
is a series of request messages and response messages between the server and client where request
methods are sent and status codes are returned. A typical exchange has a client send a get method
requesting content, specifying the location, and stating which version HTTP the client is supporting.
The response from the server will return with what HTTP the server supports and a response code,
which depends on where the request is reasonable, or in other words if it has the content the client
requests. A rough example of this exchange is provided by the textbook, High Performance Browser
Networking:
"GET /index.html HTTP/1.1 1
Host: website.org
User–Agent: Mozilla/5.0 (Macintosh; Intel Mac OS X 10_7_4)... (snip)
Accept:

Tim Berners Lee Biography
"To achieve the goals of sustainable development, critical data must be open and available for reuse
by anyone, anywhere, anytime" ("World Wide"). This phrase was delivered by the computer
scientist, Tim Berners–Lee. He attended Oxford University where he built his first real computer
(Gaines). After that, he continued and currently pursues his interest in technology. Growing up, he
wanted to be just like his parents who both worked on the first version of the computer. His
upbringing was not comparable to ordinary children. Many of his dinner discussions included
complex math problems on the line of what the square root of an imaginary number equals (Gaines).
The bright childhood of Berners–Lee was just a preview for his even more sharp–witted ... Show
more content on Helpwriting.net ...
As proof, people are now more socially connected than ever before (Dewey). Because of Berners–
Lee's great advancement, known as the World Wide Web, people never feel like they are out of the
loop anymore. Always being able to see what family from across the country is doing with just a
click of a button is relieving and also entertaining. If their family is far away, many people do not
see them often, but the World Wide Web makes staying in contact with them easier. Sometimes just
a phone call is not enough, but live stream and face to face interaction on the internet is superior.
Likewise, putting time aside to run to the bank and store are no longer needed (Dewey). People no
longer have to worry about not having enough hours in a day, because with Berners–Lee's creation
of the World Wide Web all they have to do is go online to do their errands. Hours upon hours have
been saved because of Tim Berners–Lee. The computer scientist created a device that has changed
citizens everyday life for the better. Tim Berners–Lee deserves the award because he sparked the
revolution of everyday

The Changing Roles of the Reader and Writer in the...
The Changing Roles of the Reader and Writer in the Literature
The continuing emergence of innovative writing technologies allows people to express themselves
and communicate in countless different ways from years past. With these new technologies comes a
change in many of our learning and social traditions. The most important change is the
metamorphosis taking place in the online literary world. The line between author and reader has
become blurred as more and more technology–driven literature, like hypertext fiction, has become
interactive. The whole idea of authorship has changed, which in turn affects the role of the reader.
In Writing Space, Jay Bolter further explores the changing roles of the ... Show more content on
Helpwriting.net ...
With the new reader/writer roles also comes a change in the idea of what literature actually
represents. Bolters states that literature is traditionally viewed as merely a reflection of the author's
world. The new participatory role of the reader therefore changes what the reading represents
because the written work becomes its own independent world, constantly moving and changing
depending on what path the reader wants to take (Bolter 169).
The new technological advancements in literature and writing outlets open limitless possibilities for
authors to explore the multi–linear story. However, even though the reader role has become more
participatory, some say their role still has limits. Bolter believes that the reader is free to move in the
writing space as far as the author lets them (Bolter 68). Author Janet Murray agrees. She views
authorship as procedural. This means the author creates the narrative possibilities for the reader to
choose from (Murray 152). The reader is limited in that he or she can only "read" as far as the author
decides to write. Even though there may be countless hyperlinks within the hypertexts, all of the
words were written by the author. Murray explains this by comparing the author to a choreographer
who supplies the set of steps to be

Life before Advanced Portable Technology
The idea of portable touchscreen devices have been many years in the making, In the 1966
television show "Star Trek Captain Kirk had the PADD (Personal Access Display Device) (Star
Trek)" , "The 1968 movie 2001: Space Odyssey, there was a similar device called the Newspad"
(Sande). A device by the same name was described in Hitchhiker's Guide to The Galaxy aired on
BBC radio in weekly segments, starting on March 8, 1978, and published in a novel in 1979
(Adams)
History of the Tablet before the 2010 Explosion.
Scientist started thinking about devices to make life better long before the computer was invented;
Long before Microsoft and Apple. "Elisha Gray patented an electrical stylus device for capturing
handwriting in 1888" (Gray).The vision of Vannevar Bush introduced the concept of the memex
during the 1930s, The first stepping off point of today's Micro SD Cards
"memory augmentation involving a microfilm–based device in which an individual stores all his
books, records, and communications, and which is mechanized so that it may be consulted with
exceeding speed and flexibility. It is an enlarged intimate supplement to his memory."..."intricate
web of trails carried by the cells of the brain", but easily accessible as "a future device for individual
use ... a sort of mechanized private file and library" in the shape of a desk. The memex was also
intended as a tool to study the "awe–inspiring" brain, particularly the way the brain links data by
association rather than by

##T Mark Up Language : Hypertext Mark-Up Language
HyperText Mark–up Language, better known as HTML, was developed from a prototype by Tim
Berners–Lee in 1992. However, Tim first developed a hypertext system called Enquire, which was
made for his own personal use. He was working "at CERN, the European Laboratory for Particle
Physics in Geneva, Switzerland" (2 – A History of HTML.), and wanted a way to collaborate easily
with other people across the world on the work he was doing. He thought of using a hypertext
system to link together documents, thus creating Enquire. The Distributed Name Service, or DNS,
was created by the 1980s, and was a necessary to developing the Internet we have today, which
HTML feeds into. This new invention allowed website domains to be reached via "a series of ...
Show more content on Helpwriting.net ...
Up until 1994, browsers had been adding tags to HTML, changing it to fit as needed. It wasn't until
"Dan Connolly and colleagues collected all the HTML tags that were widely used and collated them
into a draft document" (2 – A History of HTML.) called HTML 2. The draft was then put onto the
Internet for comment, and taking into account people's suggestions, Dan Connolly then also wrote a
"Document Type Definition for HTML 2, a kind of mathematically precise description of the
language" (2 – A History of HTML.). Year after year, more and more people continued to add more
and more tags to HTML, including Netscape, created by Marc Andreessen and Jim Clark. Netscape,
however, did not openly speak about the tags they were creating, and did not go to WWW
conferences, which oddly enough drove the new standard for HTML. In 1994, the World Wide Web
Consortium was formed, with Tim Berners–Lee as the head of the group. They would recruit people
who had a strong interest in HTML as they did, and has multiple meeting locations today, including
in the United States at Massachusetts Institute of Technology (MIT), Institut National de Recherche
en Informatique et en Automatique (INRIA, in France), and Keio University (in Japan). In August of
1995, Microsoft's Internet Explorer was released, which used HTML to run. It was a competition to
Netscape's browser, which both expanded on the already

Service Oriented Design For Interfacing Web Services
Introduction
Web Services are an every growing and highly useful method of viewing and manipulating
geographic products, however there are several different ways in which to go about interfacing Web
Services. SOAP (Originally Simple Object Access Protocol) and Representational State Transfer
(REST) are two of the most recent and commonly used methods for interfacing Web Services. This
essay will expand on what SOAP and REST are, compare the differences between them, and where
possible relate their uses in the production of geospatial Web Services in Defence.
Aim
This essay strives to give readers a decent understanding of what SOAP and REST are, what and
how they are used, and in what circumstances would one out–perform the other. It will ... Show
more content on Helpwriting.net ...
SOAP
SOAP first came into being in 1998 after being developed by Microsoft, however, it was not until
SOAP version 1.2 was released in June 2003 that SOAP became a World Wide Web Consortium
(W3C) Recommendation. This is also where SOAP ceased to be known as Simple Object Access
Protocol and remains to this day as SOAP.
The main reason for its development was to supersede some of the older communication
technologies that weren't as effective when being used across the internet such as Distributed
Component Object Model (DCOM) and Common Object Request Broker Architecture (CORBA)
SOAP is a communication protocol that utilises Extensible Mark–up Language (XML) to define the
messaging framework and send messages from one application to another via other protocols such
as Hypertext Transfer Protocol (HTTP) and Simple Mail Transfer Protocol.
It can be used in conjunction with Web Services Description Language (WSDL). This language is
for the descriptions of web services and how to go about locating and accessing them. As with
SOAP, WSDL is also XML based. WSDL is also a W3C Recommendation.
A SOAP message has four main elements. These elements are an; envelope, header, body, and a
fault element. See Fig 1 for a visual breakdown of the SOAP message structure.
Fig 1: The SOAP Message Structure (Foggon et al, 2003)
Fig 1 shows that the Envelope element is the root of the whole message and everything else is
contained within the envelope. The Envelope

The Basic Concepts Of Urls And Internet Cookies Essay
In this current internet–savvy generation, URL is a fairly common abbreviation which is widely
used as a word in itself, without much thought for what it actually stands for or what it is comprised
of. In this paper, the basic concepts of URLs and internet Cookies are discussed with focus on its
importance in Analytics point of view.
URL
"URL stands for Uniform Resource Locator, and is used to specify addresses on the World Wide
Web. In simple terms, an URL is the fundamental network identification for any resource connected
to the web (e.g., hypertext pages, images, and sound files)" (1).
URLs have the following format:
Protocol://hostname/other_information
For example, the URL for Saint Joseph's University 's home page is: https://www.sju.edu The
protocol specifies how information from the link is transferred. The protocol used for web resources
is Hyper Text Transfer Protocol (HTTP). Other protocols compatible with most web browsers
include HTTPS, FTP, telnet, newsgroups, and Gopher. The protocol is followed by a colon, two
slashes, and then the domain name. The domain name is the computer on which the resource is
located. Links to particular files or subdirectories may be further specified after the domain name.
Directory names are separated by single forward slashes. For example, in the following URL –
https://www.sju.edu/majors–programs https, is the protocol; www.sju.edu, is the domain name and
majors–programs is the directory name. HISTORY
T. Berners–Lee, et.al

Application Layer Protocol Called Hypertext Transfer...
Application Layer
The next layer we will examine is the application layer. This is the topmost layer of the TCP/IP
model and preforms the functions of the Application, Presentation and Session layers that are part of
the OSI stack model. We are now squarely in the domain of software and applications. This is the
layer that directly interfaces with the user. This layer helps top format and forward the users request
for information, files or application execution and displays the resulting information supplied by the
responding server.
When we think about the Web we are often talking about the information presented to us by a
browser program that is using an application layer protocol called Hypertext Transfer Protocol
(HTTP). This information may be in the form of Hypertext Markup Language (HTML) files, regular
text files, graphics, media files or various other types of information.
The typical web site that we are accustomed to viewing was most likely written in HTML. HTML is
a special language developed to provide informational markers for software applications that will
instruction the software application, how to present the information contained in the HTML file.
These documents are constructed in a particular format and a well–constructed very basic webpage
should have the following structure:
The type of document public vs private for example. This section also lists the version of HTML
that was used to create the document. This basically states that

Why Football Is Important To Me
Every day I bring the same few things with me. I do not carry my entire life, but everything I do
carry is basically a part of me. Without one piece, I feel incomplete and naked. I carry my wallet in
my back pocket every day. I would describe it as my identity even though it only weighs under half
of a pound. It holds my money and debit card which dictates almost all of my actions. It holds my
ID and driver's license which shows all of the attributes of myself and allows me to drive around in
my car legally. Although, I could not drive without my keys. My keys stand as a symbol of my
transportation as well as my home. My key ring holds the key to my house and also the key to
unlock and start my car. It weighs around only 6 ounces, but the importance it has in my life is
immense. ... Show more content on Helpwriting.net ...
I wear the bands I was given by my football coach on my wrist and I rarely take them off if ever.
They represent the importance football has in my life, and year–round I am focused on football. If I
am not practicing at school or playing a game, I am training during the week in preparation for the
season. Even the feeling of the bands is of importance to me; there is a white, navy, and light blue
band and when one of them is not there it does not feel right. My wrist feels completely different
and noticeable when I do not have them on. I try my best never to take them off. All of three of them
combined may only weigh an ounce in total, but they mean so much more for me. The biggest thing
that I carry for my everyday life is a backpack which is the key to my education. It holds my books,
binders, laptop, pencils, calculators, tests, handouts, and even sometimes food. Without the contents
of my backpack, I would be an incomplete student. Right now, my education defines who I am. In
some ways, school is my occupation at the

Essay On Popular Hypertext System
World Wide Web: The Most Successful and Popular Hypertext System Khalil Faraj
School of Electronics and Computer Science
ID: 29749301
University of Southampton kf1u17@soton.ac.uk Word Count: 1540
ABSTRACT
Hypermedia systems and hypertext have given a universal access to a big number of documents
over the Internet, and the World Wide Web was the most successful and popular one to link the
biggest amount of hypertext documents from all over the world, despite the existence of other
sophisticated hypermedia systems in time. These systems specialized with richer navigation
experience, and were competing with the W3. This report will be focusing on the aspects that
enhanced and empowered the success and achievements of the World ... Show more content on
Helpwriting.net ...
They are systems that are accessed from heterogeneous architectures like different operating
systems [6]. One of the main aspects in open hypermedia system is that they have Link bases and
Link services, but links and anchors are separated from the documents which allows an easier
filtration and modifications for documents and files, since they have first class links as opposed to
the World Wide Web which uses embedded links [6,8,9]. In Microcosm for example, you need to
ask the system to see what links might be available from a specific document while W3 just shows
all the links [6]. Microcosm architecture was similar to Dexter's, it has a document management
system that takes care of the structures within nodes, it has the presentation layer that is responsible
for displaying the information and it has the link services which gives the links that are accessible
from a document [6]. Parsing documents in Microcosm was done through decomposed filters which
resulted in a complicated architecture regarding other systems that uses the client/server one, but it
allowed a very rich model of linking especially with the generic link [6]. In addition, it allowed a
flexible document processing since it has multiple link bases and had an integration with third–party
applications [6]. Microcosm was designed as a desktop–based system for

Different Types Of Protocol Identifiers
A protocol identifier is nothing but the name of the protocol to be used to fetch the resource, e.g.
https://www.youtube.com/.The example uses the HyperText Transfer Protocol over SSL (Secure
Socket Layer) (HTTPs), which is TCP/IP protocol used by Web servers to transfer and display Web
content securely. The data transferred is encrypted so that it cannot be read by anyone except the
recipient. (HTTPs) is just one of many different protocols used to access different types of resources
on the net. Several other prefixes exist as listed below:
1. HTTP – a webpage, website directory, or another file available over HTTP
2. FTP – a file or directory of files available to download from an FTP server
3. NEWS – a discussion located within a ... Show more content on Helpwriting.net ...
The difference is that a URI can be used to describe a file's name or location, or both, while a URL
specifically defines a resource's location.
URL PARAMETERS
The first part of the URL is called a Protocol Identifier and it indicates what protocol to use, and the
second part is called a Resource Name and it specifies the IP Address or the domain name where the
resource is located. The protocol identifier and the resource name are separated by a colon and two
forward slashes. Each time the client taps on the connection URL finds the archive to be recovered.
URL Parameters are parameters whose values are set dynamically in a page's URL, and can be
accessed by its template and its data sources. This makes pages incredibly dynamic, enabling a
single page to power an endless number of views. This very page, for example, sets a parameter in
the last bit of its URL (url–parameters), which is then used to filter a data source that fetches the
appropriate entry from the "Concepts" section. Every individual Concept view on this site is thus
powered by a single page. You can insert URL parameters into your URLs so that your URLs track
information about a click. URL parameters are made of a key and a value separated by an equals
sign (=) and joined by an ampersand (&). The first parameter always comes after a question mark in
a URL. For example, http://example.com?product=1234&utm_source=google A URL has two
fundamental segments as defined below,
1. THE

E Commerce Systems : A Non Profit Organisation
Unit 8 E–commerce systems 25/10/2014
Kazi Rashid: RAS14002716
Scenario
Newham Charity UK is a non–profit organisation that donates money to several charities throughout
the year. They are presently working with system and business analysts to set up a fully networked
computer system to help introduce e–commerce as part of its operations. The project will take many
weeks to develop the system. The charity has asked me as a consultant to explain the impact of e–
commerce of a business. The Charity would also like to know the benefits and drawbacks of an e–
commerce system. They would also like to know about the potential risks and the security
techniques of an e–commerce system. In addition, the charity would also like to know the hardware
and software involved for e–commerce.
What is E–commerce?
E–commerce is when businesses decide to create websites to help promote and sell their products on
the Internet. Here are some examples of successful e–commerce businesses.
EBay
Amazon
Best Buy
E–commerce can help expand the range of products to be sold and often help businesses generate a
higher volume of sales. E–commerce can also be used to help charity organisations gather donations
from anywhere around the world. Oxfam are an example of a successful e–commerce charity. They
are an organisation that sells pre–owned clothing, games, DVD's and gifts in stores and online. The
company generated £20.5 million of sales through their e–commerce website and stores.
What are the

Assess The Validity Of Wikipedia
The number one major criticism of Wikipedia is that it is not a creditable source of information.
Wikipedia allows for laypersons, in addition to their staff editors, to contribute to the information
within the websites database. While the contributors may very well be reliable their identity is often
unknown; leaving the researcher unable to verify their contribution and sort out any personal bias
from the writer. Wikipedia's own website states that its not creditable because "anyone can edit the
information given at any time, and although most errors are immediately fixed, some errors maintain
unnoticed." (Wikipedia: DGG, 2007)
Objectivity is defined as: "1. a state or situation in which something is based only on facts and
evidence, 2. the ability to make decisions based on facts rather than on your own personal feelings
or beliefs." ... Show more content on Helpwriting.net ...
There is some thought that it is impossible for biasness not to be introduced into research. From the
selection of the research topic to the choice in sources, an author's own personal points of view tend
to get in the way. While an author may interject personal bias into their work, it does not
automatically mean that the validity of their research is jeopardized. The author must prove through
the use of reliable sources that there is sufficient evidence that their point of view is supported by
fact. It is the absence of these supporting facts that draws Wikipedia into the realm of unreliability.
When comparing Wikipedia to Sociological research, in the terms of objectivity, one can see that
there are similarities and differences. A similarity is that both platforms require some sort of

Our Dependence On The Electronic Tools
The way in which we store, process, and retrieve information, in other words, our schemas, has been
altered by the use of the web. Our dependence on the electronic tools we interact with on a daily
basis may have altered how we communicate what we have learned to others. "The traditional
manner of structuring argument may have been replaced by a more diffuse manner that parallels the
format of web content" (Rusciano & Xia, 2013). Our knowledge structure has moved from print–
based to web–based (Rusciano & Xia, 2013) and our use of the web has moved the way our
knowledge is organized and shared (Rusciano & Xia, 2013). The traditional form of knowledge is in
an indexical linear structure, which "...has formed the basis for the creation of writing, and reached
maturity in the linear visual space of the printing press; it remains the core of contemporary
knowledge dissemination and acquisition" (Rusciano & Xia, 2013). The web, however, works in an
entirely different manner. "...this structure through the web centers on the concept of an associative
system of organizing and presenting information that is nonsequential and open–ended" (Rusciano
& Xia, 2013). While the Internet is still a fairly new invention, it is not an entirely new concept.
Vannevar Bush had a big vision in 1945 of what the power of machines could do for organizing and
retrieving information. He dreamt up a device, which he called the memex machine. "Bush's
imaginative machine allows for the entire body of human

Tim Berners Lee : The World Wide Web
When the internet is mentioned, it is hard not to think of the World Wide Web. The Web has become
such a staple in our everyday lives that it is hard for us to think of life without it. For most of us,
losing the web would be the equivalent of going back to the Stone Age. How could our species go
back to a time in which everything we know isn't stored online? We couldn't. That's why we must
give a little thanks to the man behind the curtain, Tim Berners–Lee. Tim Berners–Lee was born on
June 8, 1955 in London, United Kingdom. He grew up under the British nationality making toy
computers out of cardboard and other materials. This was most likely because both of his parents
helped design the first commercially available computer, Mark 1. Lee remembers how his parents
were more likely to talk about mathematics than gossip about others around the block at the dinner
table. These factors helped influence Tim Berners–Lee to go into the information technology field.
Tim grew older, and he finally decided to study physics at Queen's College, University of Oxford.
At the age of 21, he had graduated with honors. Before graduating, he assembled his very own
computer out of spare parts and an old TV set. This was just the beginning of Lee's superior
innovative genius that would soon boost him to the top of information technology forever.
Soon after college, Tim Berners–Lee worked at Plessey Telecommunications Ltd., but it wasn't until
after Lee left the company and started working

Html Coding And The World Wide Web
HTML Coding
HTML coding is used broadly on the world–wide–web. Without coding on the internet, users the
codes for a given website and produce what we see on our screens. This form of coding is what
makes web browsing possible; the code writing system was invented by a man named Tim Berners–
Lee (the same man who gives these codes an address on the internet) , a man who has been widely
awarded and praised for his work on the internet. Initially, HTML coding is what makes web
browsing on any web browser possible. Basically what web–browsers do is that they read certain
codes or code languages. HTML or "Hypertext Markup Language" is one of the coding languages
that web browsers read. The web browsers read and translate these codes, displaying and producing
what we see on our computer monitors or any internet capable device. Hypertext Markup Language
was invented by a man by the name of Tim Berners–Lee, he made this so he could use his coding
language and have it be displayed on the World Wide Web. These coding languages were made to be
used on the World Wide Web to provide data and information to scientist all around the world as
well as to let these scientist collaborate together to pull information together. Although the word–
wide–web had already been invented Sir Tim had to find a way to connect this information all
together. When Sir Tim sent in "Information Management: A Proposal" for the essentials of the
world–wide–web to CERN in Mach of 1989 in which he described a

Future Of On Line Journalism Essay
The Future of On–line Journalism
Interactivity is what most separates on line news from traditional news. Indexicality (using hypertext
links) is an important aspect of on–line journalism because it frees up space and time for the reader.
People can explore international news and easily access the latest stories before the papers get to
print, all at the click of a mouse.
Many studies have been done on how people use web services. One of the major characteristics of
such use is searching through different hyperlinks. Hypertext enables people to see things through
new dimensions. Online journalists have to be innovative in the way they create news. "Transparent
journalism," allowing readers to participate in the writing, is one ... Show more content on
Helpwriting.net ...
A major component related to this subject not fully discussed in Gasher's piece on Interactivity is the
"expansion of expressive impacts" (Ferris). With the facilitation of individual interaction, writers as
well as readers can more freely express their individual view points on specific issues such as in
"transparent journalism" (Gasher) that allows readers to participate in the writing of stories.
However, societal pressures do remain and authors must keep a certain amount of autonomy, which
is kept in check by "political, economic, organizational, and technological constraints" (Scholl and
Weischenberg). Gasher points out that, with current evolution, our views have been able to gain a
new dimension due to hypertext interactivity yet the constraints mentioned by Scholl and
Weischengerg prove that certain aspects of those dimensions are filtered by society. These filters
constrain and monitor the functions of new media.
The media's functions include surveillance, interpretation, value transmission and entertainment.
These functions are often well carried out but not necessarily although the feedback is not always
available for viewing. Susan G Komen's Breast Cancer Foundation is a paradigm for modern
interactivity and surveillance. It includes hypertext links that ask readers what they feel, their
relations, how they are involved, how to express themselves and tells them how to get more
involved (Komen). The potential for feedback and monitoring is huge, but

Security : Smart Homes Using Internet Of Things
SECURITY: SMART HOMES USING INTERNET OF THINGS (IoT)
Rugved Amrutkar
8th Semester students, Dept. of Computer Engineering
Smt. Kashibai Navale College of Engineering, Pune–41, India
1rugved.a6195@gmail.com
Sanket Vikharankar
2vikharankar.sanket@gmail.com
Lochan Ahire
3lochanahire@gmail.com
ABSTRACT
Internet of Things (IoT) enables a set of devices to share and communicate information over the
internet. IoT requires security solutions to secure the communication with confidentiality, integrity
and authentication services so as to protect the data from intrusions and disruptions. Smart homes
are homes with technologically advanced systems enabling task automation, easier communication
and higher security. In order to secure data communication in smart homes, MQTT protocol can be
used.
MQTT (Message Queue Telemetry Transport) is a light weight protocol which is best suited for
unreliable networks. It enables large network of small devices that needs to be controlled and
monitored from back–end server on the internet.
People are used to automated things in day to day life to a large extent. Increasing demand of smart
devices which automate things and reduces human intervention, motivated us to merge smart homes
with smart devices and build a

Hypertext and Literary Study Essay
Hypertext and Literary Study
Hypertextual fiction (hyperfiction) and other hypertext applications are making their way into the
literature courses where, Professor Larry Friedlander says, "learning has basically meant the study
of texts," in the form of the "printed word" (257). And these newer works, inseparable from their
contemporary technologies, offer the possibility of a very different type of literary study than the
one most English majors experience in traditional literature courses. Print and book technology
perpetuate and validate linear experience, thought, and narratives, which buttresses a hierarchical
educational structure that shapes the roles of writers, readers, teachers, and students. Challenging
our trust in the ... Show more content on Helpwriting.net ...
I. Fixed in Print: Our Inheritances from the Renaissance
As readers and as scholars many of us tend not to identify the organizational layout of print books as
evidence of socially valued formats regarding the "proper" forms of narrative, thought, and
conveying meaning. To many modern readers print technology is just the natural form for narrative
entertainment or study. Although printed texts just seem natural, they reinforce concepts of stability,
finality, authority, and even immortality. The pursuit of a final authoritative, authentic text–not
unrelated to the final draft students submit in literature courses–is an endeavor of great historical
significance, especially in terms of literary history. "It was establishing the original text that the
Renaissance scholars thought their main task ...," notes Richard Lanham, "The aim of all this was to
fix the text forever" (quoted in Slatin 155). One of the icons of the English literary canon,
Shakespeare himself went so far as to praise the immortality of print in his famous sonnet sequence.
Many of his sonnets–like 19, 55, and 60–contain references to the lasting quality of art; however, the
poet is not simply praising the virtues of poetry, but also of

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