The Injuries Of The Acl Injury

The Injuries Of The Acl Injury
Literature review
The ACL injury becomes more prone to injured as sports increases. Female counterparts have been found the more susceptible than males. Many
reasons suggesting for injury intrinsic as well as extrinsic factors. Epidemiology
In recent years, there is an increase number in the women's participation in different sports led to a rise in non contact ACL injuries. Team sports such
as soccer, basketball, volleyball are known for require lower extremity dynamic stability for patterns of movements like cutting, jumping,
accelerating–decelerating[1].80,000–2,50,000 ACL injury occurs annually in the USA [20].Anterior cruciate ligament injuries happen more commonly
in knee joint injuries which are almost 50% of total. Along with it this injury affects even after 10 years to the chronic pain in knee and osteoarthritis
[29].Female athletes who involved in different sports are 4–6 time higher than males for getting ACL injury [30, 1, 19, 20].
Anatomy of knee complex:
To find a possible mechanism that contributes to ACL injury, there must be important to understand an anatomy of knee joint, how stability of joint
occurs and role of ACL in tibiofemoral joint.
Tibiofemoral joint:
This joint is stabilized by dynamic and passive stabilizers. Dynamic stability is provided by muscle who cross the joint, quadriceps, triceps surae and
hamstring. Passive stability is supported by non–contractile structures such as
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Anatomical Science Personal Statement
Enclosed please find my application for Anatomy Instructor at Jacobs School of Medicine and Anatomical Science. I feel confident that I would be an
ideal addition to the teaching faculty at the Department of Pathology and Anatomical Sciences, as you will observe that my experiences, researches and
future plans are highly compatible with a number of your current faculty members. Moreover, I am presently enrolled in masters in Anatomical Science
program, which further polished my teaching skills by incorporating a thesis project, graduate course–work, a teaching practicum, anatomical specimen
preparation and dissection techniques. My colleagues and I are presented with a number of far–ranging opportunities from learning how to use an
electron... Show more content on Helpwriting.net ...
Now, I have gained competencies to manage and educate learner's belonging to multiple age groups and cultures, from multidisciplinary professionals
to primary school

Anatomical Script of the Squat Technique Essay
Introduction
The squat technique is described as the King of all exercises (Bompa, 2002) as it is an effective exercise that works a variety of muscles including the
gluteals, hamstrings, quadriceps and abdominals. This report focused on the lower limb muscles only. Understanding different types of movement is
important for sport and exercise to help rehabilitate injuries of athletes. Coaches and trainers may find understanding the squat a good way to prevent
injuries as it is an excellent way to build the muscles of the lower limbs.
The four main phases of the squat technique are the starting phase, the downward phase, the holding phase and the upward phase. The aim of this
report was to fully understand the squat technique. This ... Show more content on Helpwriting.net ...
The hamstrings contract eccentrically acting as the synergist and help the flexion of the hip to occur. The Rectus femoris of the quadriceps contract
eccentrically to help flex the hip, they are co–contracting with the hamstrings. The hip flexors may contract rapidly to stabalise the body on the way
down if there is a loss of balance (Wynsberghe et al., 1995). The adductor longus, adductor brevis and adductor Magnus contract isometrically to prevent
adduction and abduction. The Sartorius muscle contracts eccentrically to cause flexion and abduction at the knee. The sartoris originates from the
anterior superior iliac spine and inserts onto the tibia. The adductor and abductor muscles at the hip joint contract to prevent movement that may cause
injury (Tortora and Derrickson, 2009).
Knee
On the downward phase flexion occurs at the knee, stopping at about 90 В°. Both quadriceps, acting as the agonist to flex the knee, and hamstrings,
which mainly stabilizes the knee, act as an antagonistic pair and co–contract eccentrically to allow flexion. The hamstring is also acting as the synergist
for the hip joint (Tortora and Derrickson, 2009). The Sartorius acts as the synergist and also contracts eccentrically to cause flexion at the knee
(Wynsberghe et al., 1995).
Ankle
On the downward phase dorsiflexion occurs at the ankle, the tibialis anterior acts as the synergist in this movement and contracts concentrically (Seeley
et al., 2003). The extensor halluces

Muscle Functions Of Muscle Function
MuscleFunction
Masseterhelps chew food by raising the mandible up and down
Latissimus dorsiextension of the arm, the adduction of the arm, and the rotation of the arm towards the center of the body
Triceps brachiiextension of the arm and forearm
Deltoidsrotation of the arm towards and away from the body, and the extension, flexion, and abduction of the arm
Trapeziusextension of the cranium, adduction and elevation, and depression of the scapula
Extensor carpi radialisabduction and extension of the hand
Extensor carpi ulnarisextension and adduction of the hand
Serratus ventralisabduction of the scapula and rotation in an upward direction
Rectus abdominusenables the vertebral column to be flexed and the compression of the abdomen
Pectoralis minorenables the 3rd, 4th, and 5th ribs to be raised for inhalation of air and allows the abduction of the scapula and its inferior movement
Pectoralis majorarm to rotate towards the body and the flexion and extension of the arm
Sternohyoidpushes the hyoid bone down
Biceps femorisflexion of the leg and extension of the thigh
Gluteus maximusextension of the thigh and the rotation of the thigh away from the body
Gluteus mediusenables the thigh to be abducted and to be rotated towards the center of the body
External obliqueflexion of the vertebral column with a forward movement of the abdomen and chest, and allows for the lateral flexion of the vertebral
column and trunk rotation
Senitendinousenables leg to be flexed and

Effects Of Kinesio On Lower Limb Lymphedema Secondary
Effect of KinesioВ® Taping on Lower Limb Lymphedema Secondary to Gynecological Cancer
Marysa Meyer
PT 640
Research Question: What is the effect of applying Kinesio© Tape to the lower extremity of patients with lymphedema secondary to gynecological
cancer treatments?
Abstract:
Background and Purpose. Lower limb lymphedema (LLL) is a common outcome of gynecological cancer treatment. LLL in gynecological cancer
survivors can lead to a decreased quality of life while interfering with the ability to participate in daily activities. The current gold standard for
treatment for lymphedema of the lower extremity is complete decongestive therapy (CDT), however concerns regarding adherence and long term
effects are posed in current research on this ... Show more content on Helpwriting.net ...
The primary outcome measure will be circumferential measurements of the lower extremity and secondary outcome measures will be quality of life
and adherence. These measures will be taken one month before start of the study, post 4–weeks of treatment, and at a two month follow up. This
research could provide evidence for the use of KT as an alternative treatment within CDT, or to enhance current CDT outcomes.
Specific Aims:
1.To determine if KinesioВ® Taping on the lower extremity affects limb circumference in patients with lower limb lymphedema secondary to
gynecological cancer.
2.Determine if KinesioВ® Taping on the lower extremity affects quality of life of gynecological cancer patients.
3.Determine if KinesioВ® Taping on the lower extremity affects adherence to complete decongestive therapy treatment in gynecological cancer patients.
Background and Significance: Lower limb lymphedema (LLL) induced by standard surgical and radiation treatment for gynecological cancers is a
serious complication that can lead to adverse physical and mental patient outcomes1. It is estimated that between 7 and 78 percent of patients treated
for gynecological cancers develop LLL after beginning their medical treatment regimen2,3,4. This substantial disparity is likely due to variable
definitions of lymphedema, bias regarding how lymphedema is

How Did Earnest Stromer Get Into The Sahara Desert In Egypt?
Between 1910 and 1914 Earnest Stromer lead several expeditions into the Sahara desert in Egypt. The goal of these expeditions was to collect fossils
and what they found was an assortment of turtle, fish, dinosaur and crocodile fossils (Mueller 2014). The most striking was the partial fossil of a large
dinosaur that had large neural spines, bony extensions perpendicular to and connected to the vertebrae. This partial skeleton was the holotype, the first
specimen in which the description and name of the animal is based on, of what Stromer named Spinosaurus aegyptiacus (Mueller 2014). The skeleton
was stored and put on display in the Bavarian State Collection for Paleontology and Geology in Munich. The remains stayed there until world war II
when allied bombers bombed Munich, the museum and the remains of S.aegyptiacus were destroyed. The only things that remained of S.aegyptiacus
were some field notes, photographs and drawings. S.aegyptiacus belonged to the clade Dinosauria, the order Saurischia, suborder theropoda and the
family spinosauridae. The closest known relative of S.aegyptiacus is Baryonyx walkeri which belongs to the subfamily Baryonychinae (Buffetaut and
Ouaja 2002). Most fossil specimens of S.aegyptiacus have been found in the Sahara desert in northern Africa. Other spinosaurid fossils have been
found which may or may not be different species than S.aegyptiacus. Spinosaurus moroccanus is the name given to fossil specimens found in Morocco
which are thought to be a

Air From Inhaling
The pathway of air from inhaling to exhaling: Inhalation: the process by which air is drawn into the lungs a) The diaphragm is pulled down
(contracts) b) The ribcage is pulled up c) The ribcage is pushed out d) The lungs inflate with air (like blowing up a latex balloon) Exhalation: the
process by which air is pushed out of the lungs a) The lungs deflate (removing the air from a balloon) b) The ribcage is pulled in c) The ribcage is
pulled down (like a window shade) d) The diaphragm is pushed up (relaxes) If you have had a cold or suffered from allergies, you know what it feels
like to have trouble breathing.... Show more content on Helpwriting.net ...
It is of an oval shape, the extremities of the oval being directed upward and downward. The upper extremity is formed by the diaphragm which
extends as a dome over the abdomen, so that the cavity extends high into the bony thorax, reaching on the right side, in the mammary line, to the
upper border of the fifth rib; on the left side it falls below this level by about 2.5 cm. The lower extremity is formed by the structures which clothe
the inner surface of the bony pelvis, principally the Levator ani and Coccygeus on either side. These muscles are sometimes termed the diaphragm of
the pelvis . The cavity is wider above than below, and measures more in the vertical than in the transverse diameter. In order to facilitate description, it
is artificially divided into two parts: an upper and larger part, the abdomen proper; and a lower and smaller part, the

Amyotrophic Lateral Sclerosis Case Study Essay
Case Study: A thirty six year old male has developed severe muscle weakness throughout the body. The condition began fifteen months ago with a left
foot drop and within a year, he described difficulty with speech and swallowing, muscle twitching and cramping, and muscular atrophy throughout the
upper and lower limbs. Within the last two months, his breathing has become more difficult, and there has been a noticeable difference in his voice.
Prior to the fifteen months, he presented little to no symptoms. The patient, a medical doctor, has a wife and two young children. What began as
seemingly innocent muscle weakness and cramping has lead to this patient's fatal diagnosis. He is one of 2.5 per 100,000 people worldwide who have
been... Show more content on Helpwriting.net ...
Typically, the muscle weakness will affect a limb, and nasal or slurred speech will soon develop. If the patient is limb onset ALS, the symptoms
will first occur in the arms and legs. They may have difficulty with dexterous tasks such as writing or opening a door. If the lower limbs are
affected, they may notice trouble walking and experience tripping or stumbling. Dropped foot, as demonstrated in the above case study, can also
develop from muscle weakness and can cause the individual to drag his or her foot. Limb onset ALS is more typical than all other types, occurring in
about 75% of diagnosed individuals. The other 25% may present symptoms described as bulbar onset ALS. These patients may first notice difficulty
with proper speech and swallowing. Patients will often lose their voice and have difficulty forming words, caused by a loss of tongue mobility. In rare
cases, patients might demonstrate respiratory onset ALS where the intercostal muscles are compromised first. Regardless of which occur first, affected
individuals will generally experience most of the symptoms as the disease progresses. Specifically, symptoms that include difficulty swallowing,
moving, forming words, tight muscles, spasticity, and/or exaggerated reflexes occur when the upper motor neurons have been damaged. When lower
motor neurons are damaged, symptoms such as muscle weakness, atrophy, cramping, and twitching will occur. In some cases, a few of the muscle
neurons that

Essay on Adam Interactive Lab
6.9
1. Label the following diagram.
A) Parietal brancha of superficial temporal artery
B) Frontal branch of temporal artery
C) Superficial temporal artery
D) External carotid artery
E) Internal carotid
F) Vertebral artery
G) Inferior thyroid artery
H) Subclavian artery
2. What regions of the face are supplied by the external carotid artery? The face.
3. What is the significance of the transverse foramina in cervical vertebrae? They carry blood vessels and nerves from the body and the brain and vice
versa.
4. Through what cranial structure does the carotid artery pass as it enters the brain? The carotid canal.
6.10
1. Label the following diagram:
A) Anterior cerebral artery
B) anterior communicating artery
C) Middle ... Show more content on Helpwriting.net ...
The gastric artery.
c. What branch supplies blood to the liver? The common hepatic artery.
5. What organs does the superior mesenteric artery supply? The intestine.
6.15
1. Adjust the image to match the diagram below, and then label the diagram.
A) Inferior vena cava

B) Right external iliac vein
C) femoral vein
D) Great saphenous vein
E) deep femoral vein
F) abdominal aorta
G) left common iliac artery
H) left external iliac artery
I) Left internal iliac artery
J) deep femoral artery
K) left femoral artery
2. What two arteries represent the terminal branches of the abdominal aorta? Right and left common iliac artery.
3. What are the two terminal branches of the common iliac artery? The right and left internal and external iliac artery.
4. Into what vein does the great saphenous vein drain? The popliteal vein.
5. What large artery, representing the continuation of the external iliac artery, provides the chief arterial supply to the lower limb? The femoral artery.
6.16
1. Adjust the images in both windows so that they match he diagram below, and then place the correct names of the labeled letters in the appropriate
spaces below the diagrams.
A) Common iliac artery
B) External iliac artery
C) Internal iliac artery
D) Femoral artery
E) Lateral circumflex femoral artery
F) Deep femoral artery
G) descending branch of lateral circumflex femoral artery
H) Descending genicular artery
I) popliteal artery
2. Adjust the image in both

Importance And Importance Of Efferent Fibres
Importance of efferent fibres to sweat glands
T2 facial sweating can take T1 nerve to brachial plexus if can avoid Stellate ganglion.
T2/3 for all upper limb
T4/5 for axilla
T2–7 ( variable) for lower limb – plantar hyperhidrosis.
T5–8 – greater splanchnic nerves
Importance of afferent fibres from heart in management of angina and afferent fibres in pancreatic pain.
Would it be better if we place the above info in a table? Or a paragraph?
Thoracic sympathicotomy is the therapy of choice for craniofacial or upper limb hyperhidrosis not responding to medical treatment. It may also be
indicated to treat vasomotor disease such as Raynaud's disease or peripheral arterial obstructive conditions of the upper limbs.(13) Further, thoracic ...
Show more content on Helpwriting.net ...
Thoracic duct
A precise understanding and knowledge of the anatomy of the thoracic duct is essential to avoid injury to the duct during surgical procedures
performed within the chest cavity. The thoracic duct is the largest lymphatic vessel, with an hourly flow of lymph estimated at 1.38mL/kg of body
weight.(16) Arising from the upper pole of the cisterna chili at the level of L2 vertebra, the thoracic duct enters the chest through the aortic hiatus in
the diaphragm. The duct ascends to the right side of the midline until the level of T5, where it then crosses over to the left side. It then continues to
ascend adjacent to the left posterolateral margin of the esophagus. At the level of C7 transverse process, the duct takes an upward and lateral course to
a level approximately 3cm above the clavicle. It then crosses behind the left common carotid artery, the vagus nerve and the left internal jugular vein.
The duct then turns sharply downward where it crosses anterior to the first part of the left subclavian artery. Most commonly, the duct drains into the
central venous system at the junction of left internal jugular vein and left subclavian vein. Drainage into the left sided central neck veins is seen in
more than 90% of patients, with the remaining cases draining into a right–sided central vein or have a bilateral central drainage. (17) Despite this
described pattern, multiple variations of the

Bubbles In Radiology
The internal anatomy is predicted by the: 2)clinical examination, 3)"invertogram" radiology, 4)the presence of gas on radiology in other viscera
5)radiopaque contrast studies of the fistula urinary tract or the bowel 6)ultrasound examination of the abdomen, pelvis and spine 7)computed
tomography (CT) and magnetic resonance imaging (MRI) 8)occasional use of endoscopy. Inversion Radiogram: It is used to indicate the distance
between the gas bubble within the terminal colon and the perineal skin. Use of bony landmarks on the pelvic x–ray allows the clinician to relate the
gas bubble to the origin of the levator ani and the apex of the levator sphincter muscle complex near the lower point of the ischium. By determining
the pubococcygeal line (PC line) and the ischial (I) and by comparing the relation of the gas bubble in an ARM to the PC line is the essential factor
to determine whether the blind pouch is above or below the attachment of levator ani to the pelvic wall. The ischial line (I line) and I point are related
to the ossification center of the ischium, which has a comma shape in the neonate. The I point is demarcated on the x–rays at the inferior end of the
ischial comma and The I line is drawn through the I point parallel to the PC line and... Show more content on Helpwriting.net ...
The investigation involves the injection of water–soluble contrast medium into the distal limb of the colostomy using a balloon catheter, then the
balloon is inflated and traction applied to the catheter to occlude the stoma. Water–soluble contrast medium is then injected under constant gentle
pressure until a fistula is filled, and visualized with the aid of fluoroscopy. The presence of a fistula is initially indicated by the appearance of a nipple
of contrast arising from the terminal

Articulated Skeleton Research Paper
There are two categories that in formation of the complete Articulated Skeleton: axial and appendicular. Axial skeletal is the central part of body
that consists of the bones of the head and trunk of a vertebrate. It has 80 bones in total, and it is composed of 6 parts: the skull bones, the bones of
inner ear, the hyoid bones, the rig cage, sternum and the vertebral column. The skull forms and supports the head and face structure. Except lower
jaw (mandible), all bones of the skull are joined by fixed joints formed by bony ossification. The bones of inner ear are also called ossicles, they are
the one of smallest bones in the human body, and they transmit sounds from air to brain. The hyoid bone locates between the chin and the thyroid
cartilage and base of the lower ... Show more content on Helpwriting.net ...
The rib cage is located in the upper body and consists of 24 bones that serve the purpose of protecting many vital organs. They divide into 2 parts of
12 bones that symmetrical to each other of the body. The hearts, lungs and parts of stomach are all inside the rib cage. It sometimes describes as
thoracic cage because it is a major part of the thoracic cavity in the human body. The rib cage is not only for protecting vital organs but also helps a
person to breathe. "The sternum, commonly known as the breastbone, is long, flat, narrow bone that serves as the keystone of the rib cage and
stabilises the thoracic skeleton. Several muscles that move the arms, head and neck have their origins on the sternum." (Sternum, 2016) As well as rib
cage, it protects vital organs inside the chest, such as the heart. Vertebral column is also called spine or backbone, composed of a series of bones called
vertebrae, in the human vertebral column there are normally 33 vertebrae. There are 5 region of the spine: 7 neck (cervical) vertebrae, 12 chest
(thoracic) vertebrae, 5 low back (lumbar) vertebrae, the rest are pelvic (sacral) vertebrae and

Post-Operative Home Exercise Report
Post–Operative Home Exercise Program
Phase I (pre–functional): Maximum protection phase
Day 1 post–op – 4 weeks
1.Pendulum exercise
Directions:
While standing, bend forward and let your affected arm hang loosely. Prop the unaffected arm on a table or place your hand in the seat of a chair, to
maintain balance. Relax your shoulder and initiate swinging of the arm by moving your upper body forwards and backwards, side to side, and in a
circle.
*Complete each of these three movements for 2–3 minutes, 3 times a day.
2.Cross–body stretch
Directions:
While sitting or standing, stretch affected arm across the chest towards the opposite shoulder. With the unaffected arm, apply pressure to the elbow
towards the chest.
*Complete this stretch three ... Show more content on Helpwriting.net ...
Grab the other end of the band with your affected arm. With your thumb towards the ceiling, squeeze your shoulder blades and slowly raise the
resistance band to just above shoulder level – keeping the band halfway between the front and side of your body. Hold here for five seconds and
repeat 10 times. *Complete exercise three times a day.
2.Scapular retraction
Directions:
This exercise can be performed in standing or seated position. With the resistance band securely anchored in the middle just above shoulder level,
grab a hold of both ends with each hand. Bend arms to shoulder level and bend elbows, hands up towards the ceiling. With arms in this position,
squeeze your shoulder blades as you slowly pull the bands back. Hold here for five seconds and repeat 10 times.
*Complete exercise three times a day.
3.Dynamic closed–chain

What Muscles Are Involved in Dorsiflexion of the Foot and...
When a patient dorsiflexes the foot, what muscles are involved and what changes occur in the lower limb
Word count 890 excluding references
In this essay the author will take a brief look at the structure of the foot and then describe the muscles involved in dorsiflexion of the foot and the
changes that occur in the lower limb.
The foot can be divided in to three parts; the hindfoot, midfoot and the forefoot. The hind foot is composed of the talus (ankle bone), the calcaneus
(heel bone) the tibia and the fibula, the long bones in the lower leg. The tibia and fibula are connected to the top of the talus to form the ankle. The
calcaneus is connected to the talus at the subtalar joint. The calcaneus is the largest bone in the foot and ... Show more content on Helpwriting.net ...
The nerve receives stimulation from the central nervous system to contract (shorten) during dorsiflexion. "Muscle contraction is an active process and
requires energy (derived from glucose) in the form of adenosine triphosphate (ATP)". (O'Callaghan M 2013). ATP "is molecular store of chemical
energy for chemical reactions" (Waugh & Grant 2014). The muscles relax when stimulation stops therefore returning to original length. In order
for muscles to operate at optimum levels there has to be a good blood supply in order to provide oxygen, nutrients, calcium and also to remove waste
materials.
There are also antagonist muscles involved in resisting dorsiflexion and reversing it when it changes direction to regular posture or plantar flexion.
These muscles are found at the back of the lower leg; the gastrocnemius, soleus and the tibialis posterior. When the foot is in dorsiflexion, the anterior
tibialis and assisting muscles are contracted while the antagonist muscles are stretched in resisting the movement. "This (also) helps to activate the calf
muscle pump, which plays an important role in propelling blood away from the lower leg towards the heart. The process of dorsiflexion stretches the
calf muscle, which results in a contraction of the posterior compartment. This increases the pressure within the vein, opens the superior one–way valve
and forces the venous blood upwards". (Garcia & Lund 2004).
In conclusion it can be seen that skeletal muscles do not

Osteomalacia Case Studies
Osteomalacia is softening of the bones, typically through a deficiency of vitamin D or calcium. Because of the softness of the bones, bowing defects in
weight–bearing parts often result (Bontrager, 2014, p. 223). Osteomalacia is not the same as osteoporosis, another bone disorder that also can lead to
bone fractures. Osteomalacia results from a defect in the bone–building process (Mayo Clinic, 2014). There are no early symptoms of osteomalacia, but
it can be detected on x–ray in its early stages. Once symptoms are developed patients can be tested for a diagnosis of osteomalacia. Treatment options
can then be discussed between the patient and physician. Determining the patient's symptoms is the first step. In the early stages of osteomalacia there
are no symptoms, although it can be detected on radiographs (Mayo Clinic, 2014). The most common symptom of osteomalacia is bones that fracture
easily. The later stages of osteomalacia also include symptoms such as bone pain and muscle weakening. These pains commonly involve the lower
back, hips, ribs, pelvis and legs. The pain that patients experience can be worst at night and when putting weight on the affected bones (Mayo Clinic,
2014). Once the patient experiences these ... Show more content on Helpwriting.net ...
Blood and urine tests can be performed to detect abnormal levels of vitamin D and the minerals phosphorus and calcium (Mayo Clinic, 2014). X–ray
can also be used to detect osteomalacia. Slight cracks can be seen on radiographic images which are a characteristic of patients with osteomalacia.
Another procedure used to detect osteomalacia is a bone biopsy. A needle is inserted through the skin and into the bone where a small sample is then
taken and viewed under a microscope (Mayo Clinic, 2014). Bone biopsy is very accurate, but it is often not needed to make diagnosis. Once diagnosed
treatment options can be

Hca 220 Seven Organizational Approaches Paper
Seven Organizational Approaches Paper
HCA/220
January 29, 2012
Seven Organizational Approaches Paper
The seven organizational approaches to studying the human body include: body plans and directions, body cavities, quadrants and regions, anatomy
and physiology, microscopic–to–macroscopic, body systems, and medical specialty. The body planes and directions approach is the division of the
body into sections from front to back, right and left, top and bottom, along with the movement toward or away from the body planes. The Coronal
Plane or frontal plane is a vertical plane that divides the body into front and back sections. The front of the body is known as the anterior or ventral
section and the back of the body is ... Show more content on Helpwriting.net ...
There are four quadrants, the (RUQ), (RLQ), (LUQ), and the (LLQ). The (RUQ) represents the right upper quadrant, the (RLQ) represents the right
lower quadrant, the (LUQ) represents the left upper quadrant and the (LLQ) represents the left lower quadrant. The nine regions include the right and
left hypochondriacs, epigastria, right and left lumbar, umbilical, and right and left inguinal, and hypo gastric.
Anatomy and physiology are the study of the human body and the body's functions. Anatomy became known as a distinctive division of medical
science 500 years BC (Tsafrir & Ohry, 2001).
Anything that is too small to be seen with the naked eye is known as microscopic and must be looked at through a microscope whereas macroscopic
is larger and can be seen without the aid of a microscope. Microscopic–to–macroscopic is used for the study of cells, tissues, and organs. Lastly,
Medical specialty is used for organizing anatomy, physiology, disease, diagnostic tests, medical and surgical procedures, and drugs used for each
body system. This approach is based on the sickness or problem type. Once a type is determined a patient can be directed to specialist that works
directly in that particular field or study.
References
Tsafrir, J., & Ohry, A. (2001). Medical

Literature Review On Achilles Tendon
2.Literature review (on individual 4–5 pages) 2.1 Basic anatomy 2.1.1 Anatomy of Achilles tendon The Achilles tendon is the thickest and strongest
tendon in human body. It connects with the gastrocnemius muscle proximally in the mid calf. It inserts in calcaneus in complicated manner. There is
an osteotendinous junction between Achilles tendon and calcaneum with a sesamoid fibrocartilage above the junction. Other nearby structure includes
a layer of periosteal fibrocartilage covering the tuberosity of calcaneum and pre–calcaneal fat pad. The fat pad stabilizes the Achilles tendon proximally
by the fibrous connection [1–3]. Within two layers of fibrocartilage, a retrocalcaneal bursa presents to reduce friction. The calcaneal insertion of the
Achilles tendon is called 'enthesis organ' and its function is to ensure an even distribution of pressure from the tendon to the... Show more content on
Helpwriting.net ...
Although it is most prevailing in male who is between 35 to 45 years old, everyone could be impinged by the disease regardless of age and gender
[10]. Some sports such as running and jumping require the Achilles tendon to stretch and shorten in a short period of time may induce overuse of the
tendon and tendinopathy eventually. The onset of the Achilles tendinopathy might be chartacterized by the swelling and pain of the ankle joint. The
pain can occur from the calcaneal insertion of Achilles tendon to 5 centimeters proximally. It is usually worse after and during physical activities
especially running. Although the pain would decrease after rest, it cannot be resolved totally. If the pathology is untreated, the swelling and pain
would deteriorate. The patient could feel a thickened a tendon and see soft tissue swelling. Besides, the pain will become chronic and appear during
daily activities like walking [11]. After quite some time, the health and quality of life would

Taking a Look at Low Back Pain
Introduction
Low–back pain is currently a major public health and economic problem particularly in developed countries (Maniadakis and Gray 2000). It is
estimated that 70 to 85% of UK citizens have experienced back pain in their lives, either persistent or recurrent and that the annual healthcare cost of
back pain is approximately ВЈ1632 million (Andersson 1999). Of the 70–85% of patients with low–back pain, 4.4% suffer from sciatica, 3.1% male and
1.3% female (HeliГ¶vaara 1989). Evidence suggests that occupations that involve physical and manual activities including materials handling and
lifting, have one of the highest rates of reported sciatica (Konstantinou et al. 2008). This essay will explore the anatomy, aetiology, ergonomics and
treatment of sciatica and the prevalence in manual workers.
What is Sciatica?
Sciatica describes a set of symptoms rather than being a specific condition. It is defined as unilateral localised pain with a sharp, shooting sensation
originating in the lower back (Winters et al. 2006) and descending down the lower limb affecting the buttocks, thigh, calf, ankle and foot (Waddell
2004).
Sciatica can range from mild soreness to a sharp debilitating pain and so is classified as either acute or chronic. Patients who suffer from acute
sciatica experience a sharp, shooting pain that radiates down the posterior compartment of the lower limb (Frymoyer 1991). The cause of the pain is
from the sciatic nerve being compressed or irritated (Koes et al.

Golfer's Elbow Research Paper
Golfers Elbow, aka medial epicondylitis, is a pain or tenderness on the front side of your elbow. I choose this injury because it is somewhat related with
baseball since it can be caused by improper swings or throws. There isn't much to know about Golfer's Elbow but here is a good overview of the injury.
Golfers Elbow usually only pertains to athletes or those who exercise poorly and has several different causes. The main causes are from swinging a
golf club or tennis racket, lifting weights, or throwing anything from a baseball to a javelin. The pain usually comes from damage to the muscles and
tendons in your arm that are caused by overuse and exhaustion. The activities listed above are far less likely to cause damage if you stretch and ... Show
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It can even cause stiffness in your elbow causing every move to hurt as well as making your hands and grip strength weaker. Luckily, the pain of
Golfer's Elbow will subside over the course of a few days and you can get back to your everyday activities. Many home remedies for Golfer's Elbow
include having lots of rest, taking any pain medication like advil, and icing down the injured area throughout the day. If pain persists even after
four or so days it may be time to go see the doctor. Also, if your elbow won't bend and you think there's something more going on, like a broken
bone, consult your doctor as soon as you possibly can. People of age forty or older or those who are obese or perform the same action over and over for
more than two hours a day are more prone to getting Golfer's Elbow. If they don't get it treated properly it can lead to excruciating pain in the elbow
region along with a limited range of motion. Golfer's Elbow can last for months, or even years, even with proper treatment so it's best to try and
prevent it at all costs and to stop whatever you're doing with the first sign of elbow

Descriptive Essay About Tattoos
small–tattoos–01.jpg
Tattoo on the outer side of the upper arm about four inches long depicting army–like stripes approximately a quarter inch thick, with the first stripe two
inch from the crook of the arm. Four stripes of light black ink tone point upwards towards the upper arm and transform into two dark toned images of a
bird in motion.
Small–tattoos–02.jpg
Tattoo design covering the entire circumference of the wrist. Shows of ocean wave on the backside of the wrist of the right hand in gray and accented
in black ink and with the front side depicting a small island with a single coconut tree on it.
Tattoo style on the innermost part of the forearm of the left hand indicating an intricate image of Da Vinci's framed hand of God and Adam, about two
inches thick. This is a perfect way to represent spiritual path
Small–tattoos –04.jpg
Small tattoos for guys on the lower side of the chest, one inch from mamma and on the left side a drawing that shows a simple representation of an
elephant. A great tattoo that symbolizes dignity, strength and pride.
Small tattoo ideas can be applied on the left inner arm and turns cycling into body arts! adorable and lovely black bicycle design pointing direction on
the left; about two inches thick for travel lovers.
Small tattoo for men, a classic flying bald eagle one inch from clavicle, drawn entirely using black ink with simple white horizontal lines at the wings
apart from

Gastrocnemius Exercise
According to HГ©bert–Losier et al. (2009) there are no consistent evaluation purpose, test parameters, outcome measurements, normative values, or
reliability and validity are currently documented for the calf–raise tests. However, the calf–raise test still commonly used on the sports & exercise
medicine settings and involves concentric–eccentric actions of the plantar–flexors in unipedal stance, with the total number of calf–raises completed
documented as the primary outcome measure (HГ©bert–Losier, Schneiders, et al., 2009).
Anatomy
The triceps surae muscle–tendon unit is unique in that it combines the function of two muscles, soleus and gastrocnemius, through a shared
aponeurosis in series with a common tendon(HГ©bert–Losier, Schneiders, et al., 2009). The gastrocnemius is bi–articular muscles and is responsible
for plantar–flexion associated with inversion–supination and knee–flexion (bi–articular), an the muscle is composed of 50% type I fibres and type IIa
/b the percentage of type II in gastrocnemius lateral head is larger in comparison to the gastrocnemius medial head. Therefore, the gastrocnemius is
shortened by knee flexion but has improved leverage for ankle function when the knee is extended. ... Show more content on Helpwriting.net ...
The soleus only crosses the ankle joint and is mechanically unaffected by knee

Sciatic Nerve Lab Report
In FSNB group sciatic nerve is blocked first. The operator stand on the side that is to be blocked, facing the patient with the ultrasound machine across
the other side of the patient.The patient was put in the supine position, the hip was abducted, externally rotated, and the knee flexed then exposure of
the calf and foot. With the patient in the proper position for blocking sciatic nerve by anterior approach, the doppler curved probe (SonoScapeВ®,
SSI–6000, China) was placed 10 cm distal to the inguinal crease so as to identify the sciatic nerve. After standard skin preparation, subcutaneous
anesthesia was done at the puncture site with lidocaine 1% 1 ml. A 22–gauge, 150–mm insulated b–bevel needle (Stimuplex; B–Braun,
Boulogne–Billancourt, France) connected to the nerve stimulator was inserted and directed posteriorly and laterally with a 10В°–15В° angle relative to
the vertical plane. At a depth of 5 cm, the nerve stimulator was set to deliver a current of 5.0 mA. Within a depth of 10–15 cm, the sciatic nerve was
identified via stimulation and muscular responses of one of its two components: plantar flexion or inversion of the foot for the tibial nerve (TN) and
dorsiflexion or eversion of the foot for the common peroneal nerve (CPN).If no muscular response was obtained at a depth of 15 cm or if the needle ...
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At that time, the stimulator was switched off. After a negative aspiration test, 20 ml of bupivacaine 0.25% and 10 ml of 1% lidocaine was injected, the
nerve needle tip preferably inferiorly to the nerve so that the local anesthetics elevated the nerve and separated it from the artery rather than pushed it

Descriptive Essay About Tattoos
small–tattoos–01.jpg Tattoo on the outer side of the upper arm about four inches long depicting army–like stripes approximately a quarter inch thick,
with the first stripe two inch from the crook of the arm. Four stripes of light black ink tone point upwards towards the upper arm and transform into
two dark–toned images of a bird in motion. Small–tattoos–02.jpg Tattoo design covering the entire circumference of the wrist. Shows an ocean wave on
the backside of the wrist of the right hand in grey and accented in black ink and with the front side depicting a small island with a single coconut tree
on it. Small–tattoos–03.jpg Tattoo style on the innermost part of the forearm of the left hand indicating an intricate image of Da Vinci's framed hand
of God and Adam, about two inches thick. This is a perfect way to represent spiritual path Small–tattoos –04.jpg Small tattoos for guys on the lower
side of the chest, one inch from mamma and on the left side a drawing that shows a simple representation of an elephant. A great tattoo that symbolizes
dignity, strength and pride. Small–tattoos–05.jpg Small tattoo ideas can be applied to the left inner arm and turn cycling into a body art! adorable and
lovely black bicycle design pointing to the left; about two inches thick for travel lovers. Small–tattoos–06.jpg Small tattoo for men, a classic flying bald
eagle one inch from clavicle, drawn entirely using black ink with simple white horizontal lines at the wings apart from the

Structure And Functions Of The Skeletal System
TASK 1– Skeletal system Produce an information project that can be displayed around a sports club or for athletes to give information on the different
structures and functions of the skeletal system. A. Describe the main functions of the skeletal system (P1) Functions of the Skeleton Support– the
skeleton acts as frame for the body and keeps us upright, it provides shape and is the main structural frame for the body. Protection– the skeleton
provides the protection for the vital organs in the body. For example, the rib cage protects the heart and lungs. Another example would be the cranium;
it protects the one of the most import vital organs in the body, the brain. Movement– the skeleton enables movement. It provides a large surface area for
muscle attachment. When skeletal muscles contract, they pull on bones at a joint to produce movement. Produce Blood Cells– the skeleton enables
red and white blood cells to be produced in the marrow cavities of larger bones of the body. Red blood cells make haemoglobin and transport oxygen
and carbon dioxide around the body. White blood cells help protect the body against infections. Bones such as the femur and the pelvic girdle produce
blood cells. Fat and Mineral storage– the bones in the skeleton store many minerals. The main minerals they store are calcium and phosphorus which
strengthen the bones. Leverage– the bones in the skeleton provide the attachment for muscles. The muscles attached to the bones provide the power

Patellar Reflex Case Study
Matt recently got hired for a new job that requires him to get a physical exam prior to starting work. During the exam, the physician checked the
reflexes of his lower limb to test for peripheral neuropathies, including his knee and his ankle. Explain the anatomy of the knee joint. Include bones
(and projections of bones), ligaments, tendons, cartilaginous structures, arteries, and nerves. What levels of spinal nerves would need to be intact in
order for Matt to still have a patellar (knee–jerk) reflex? Explain the mechanism of the patellar reflex. Include the muscles and nerves involved. What
would an absence of a patellar reflex or diminished patellar reflex entail? What is the clinical term for the absence/decrease of this reflex? What... Show
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The bone that is held in place by tendons and ligaments in the knee joint is the patella. The job of the tendons in the knee joint is to attach the
bones to the muscles, and the job of the ligaments is to attach different bones together. All these structures help the knees to function and move
(Knee). What helps the leg to move forward is when the patellar reflex is initiated and the tapping of the knee bends which then causes the muscles
of the quadriceps to contract. This movement is also called the "knee jerk" (Knee Jerk). If there is an issue with the nerves, there could be a
decrease or an absence that could be damaged along the chain. Hyporeflexia is what that is called. This is usually seen in individuals who have had
an injury in the spinal cord at T5 or above (Automatic). Levels S1 and S2 need to be healthy in order for Matt to have an ankle jerk reflex. To see the
contraction of the foot you would have to relax the foot and strike the tendon for it to kick. Hypothyroidism, a disorder or a disease could be an
indication of an absence of the reflex. You can assess the function of the motor and sensory pathways by doing those

Why I Chose The Skeletal System
Human anatomy is the scientific study of the human body that consists of several interacting systems. According to Wiki, "Anatomy has become a key
part of the visual arts." The skeletal system is one of the most drawn systems of human anatomy. The skeletal system is the framework of the human
body that provides support, protection, and flexibility. Hillendale Health says, "Without yourskeleton your body would collapse into a heap." I chose the
skeletal system because without it we would not be able to experience the significant parts of life. The skeletal system is all of the bones in the body
and the tissues such as tendons, ligaments, and cartilage that connect them. Bones, tendons, ligaments, and cartilage account for about twenty percent

Describe The Basic Structure Of Your Wrist
Basics structure of your wrist. The bones that make up the wrist joint are the radius, ulna and the carpal bones. The radius and the ulna are long
bones that extend from the elbow to the wrist where they meet with the carpal bones to form the wrist joint. Where the bones meet eachother they
are greeted with a special type of tissue called articuler cartillage. This cartilage provides a slippery gliding surface, that allows the bones to move
smoothly. The radius ulna and the carpals bones are all attached together by strong bands of tissue called ligaments. Blood vessles and nerves also
cross the wrist joint. The nerves allow for feeling and mouvement of the wrist while the blood vessles provide nutrients. The carpal tunnel is a small
tunnel ... Show more content on Helpwriting.net ...
The back of the hand is called the dorsal side. The half of the hand from the middle finger to the thumb is called the radial side. The other side is
called the ulnar side. There are 27 bones within the wrist and hand. The wrist itself contain 8 small bones called the carpals. The carpels join with the 2
forearm bones, radius and ulna, forming the wrist joint. Further into the palm the carpals connect to the metacarpals. There are 5 metacarpals forming
the palm of the hand. One metacarpal connect at each finger and thumb. Small bone shafts called phalanges line up to form each finger and thumb.
The main knuckle joint is formed by the connection of the phalanges and the metacarpals. These joints are called the metacarpophalangeal joints.
These joints work like a hinge when you bend and straighten your fingers. The three phalanges are separated by interphalangeal joints. These are
defined as proximal, distal and medial interphalangeal joints.The joints in the hand are covered on the inside with articular cartilage, this white shiny
material is has a rubbery consistency. The function is to absorb shock and provide an extremely smooth surface to provide motion. There is articular
cartilage everywhere when two bones are moving with each other // or

Mandrill Vs Gibbon Essay
Introduction
There are many similarities and differences in primate species.The ones I chose to focus on today was the Philippine tarsier, Mandrill and the gibbon.
What made me choose these non– human primates so interesting was the uniqueness and appearance of each primate. I plan to explain the similarities
of their teeth structure and purposes and the similarities of their diet and feeding and also the differences of their behaviors. Mandrills are extremely
colorful, perhaps more so than any other mammal.They also have extremely long canine teeth that can be used for self–defense though baring them is
typically a friendly gesture among mandrills.These are primarily terrestrial monkeys, and they move with long arms to move on the ground for fruits,
roots, ... Show more content on Helpwriting.net ...
The male mandrill has these adaptations so that he can show himself off to other mandrill and also intimidate predators. Which were the Gibbon
has the same canine fairly long but not s long as the mandrill still a enough resemblance use to scare off their enemy as well. Also they share the
same diet and like to feed on the same resources such as leaves, and insects.The Philippine tarsier share many similarities with the Gibbon they are
both arboreal which means they spend most of their time in the trees. And they both have unique functions of their bodies which helps them to
maneuver from tree to tree the Philippine tarsier tibia and fibula are fused in their lower portions, acting as a shock absorber. This is considered a
primitive trait, which can normally be seen in quadrupeds. The lower limbs are twice the length of its trunk. The Gibbons have shoulder flexors,
extensors, rotator muscles and elbow flexors with a high power or work–generating capacity and their wrist flexors have a high force–generating
capacity which allows the gibbon

Upper Body Injury Essay
In the discussion at hand few where asked to to select an upper body injury in any sport and elaborate on the subject matter. The first thing that we
need to do is define the appendicular skeleton. "The axial skeleton includes all the bones (that form bony structures) along the body's long axis. The
bones of the appendicular skeleton make up the rest of the skeleton and are so called because they are appendages of the axial skeleton. The
appendicular skeleton includes the bones of the shoulder girdle, the upper limbs, the pelvic girdle, and the lower limbs." (Publishing). The injury that I
was enlightening to highlight within the appendicular skeleton is tennis elbow or in medical terms (lateral epicondylitis. The sport that this is most
prevalent in is weight lifting. ... Show more content on Helpwriting.net ...
Anatomy of the elbow is made up of" elbow joint is a joint made up of three bones: your upper arm bone (humerus) and the two bones in your
forearm (radius and ulna). There are bony bumps at the bottom of the humerus called epicondyles. The bony bump on the outside (lateral side) of the
elbow is called the lateral epicondyle." (). The cornucopia of arrangements in the interior appendicular skeleton in the elbow area is always a
hazardous area for weightlifters therefore; it should be catered towards and looked at in detail.
Many times, people in the fitness world are all about production and results with little acknowledgement to the cause of injuries. lateral epicondylitis is
cause from the respective action in the forearm and the elbow area during the activity if weight lifting in exercises such as bench–press, triceps press
downs, and bicep curls.
Burning in the elbow area is the number one symptoms of this injury which can result in weakness of the hand and forearm

Essay Outline The Evidence For Natural Selection
Outline the evidence for natural selection
Comparative Anatomy
Different organisms that have similar basic structures, but can be used for different purposes are evidence for a common ancestor. These are called
homologous structures. An example is the pentadactyl limb, which is the basic structure found in amphibians, reptiles, birds and mammals. The basic
structure is formed of:
–One bone in the upper limb
–Two bones in the lower limb
–Five fingers of toes In bats, the limb is a wing, and does contain the finger structure, which are extended across the wings and skin stretched over.
Within a whales fin, they possess a fully formed pentadactyl limb.
Analogous structures in organisms are structures in different species that have ... Show more content on Helpwriting.net ...
As well as this, certain blood proteins are found in a number of species. When genetic code (DNA and RNA) is used by a cell, it builds amino acids in a
sequence, which forms protein. Chemical tests can determine whether one species has the similar blood proteins to another, thus showing evidence of
evolutionary relationships. Organisms with a common ancestor have a close number of amino acid sequences in common. For example, chimpanzees
and humans have no difference in their amino acid protein count in their haemoglobin – evidence for a common ancestor.
Palaeontology
Fossils provide a record of how organisms have evolved overtime, as they contain the remains of life trapped in sediment, ice or amber and preserved
for over millions of years. Transitional fossils, which provide evidence for evolutionary change, have features that show the transition of characteristics
of organisms from ancestors to descendents. An example is Archaeopteryx, which featured reptilian features, including teeth and skeleton, however,
also had feathers and a wishbone sternum (used to attach muscles for flying). The evidence of the fossil shows the evolutionary transition between
dinosaurs and

A&P Lab
Evaluate how the name of a muscle can distinguish its location, action, shape, and function. Select five different muscles to make this distinction.
Descriptive terms are used to name skeletal muscles. Some names give the location in the body. The temporalis muscle is attached to the temporal bone
in the skull. The brachialis muscle is attached to the humerus bone, but brachial refers to the main artery in the arm. Some muscles are named for their
origins and insertions, like the genioglossus muscle, for example, originates at the chin (geneion) and inserts in the tongue (glossus). Some muscles are
named for the arrangement of the fascicle groups. For example the rectus abdominus is the straight muscle that is in the adbominus.... Show more
content on Helpwriting.net ...
scapula Mandible and skin of the cheek Depresses mandible; tenses skin of neck Facial nerve Sternocleido–mastoid clavicular head attaches to sternal
end of clavicle; sternal head attaches to manubrium clavicular head attaches to sternal end of clavicle; sternal head attaches to manubrium Together,
they flex the neck; alone, one side bends head toward shoulder and turns face to opposite side Accessory nerve (N XI) and cervical spinal nerves
(C2–C3) of cervical plexus Splenius Spinous processes and ligaments connecting inferior cervical and superior thoracic vertebrae Mastoid process,
occipital bone of skull, and superior cervical vertebrae Together, the two sides extend neck; alone, each rotates and laterally flexes neck to that side
Cervical spinal nerves Scalenes Transverse and costal processes of cervical vertebrae Superior surfaces of first two ribs Elevate ribs or flex neck
Cervical spinal nerves External Coastals Inferior border of each rib Superior border of more inferior rib Elevate ribs Intercostal nerves (branches of
thoracic spinal nerves) External Oblique External and inferior borders of ribs 5–12 Linea alba and iliac crest Compresses abdomen, depresses ribs,
flexes or bends spine Intercostal, iliohypogastric, and ilioinguinal nerves Diaphragm Xiphoid process, cartilages of ribs 4–10, and anterior surfaces of
lumbar vertebrae Central tendinous sheet Contraction expands thoracic cavity, compresses abdominopelvic cavity Phrenic

Chapter 5: the Skeletal System Essay
Chapter 5: The Skeletal System
I.Introduction. The skeletal system consists of the bones, along with the cartilage and fibrous connective tissue that make up the ligaments that connect
bones to bone at joints.
A.Functions of the Skeleton.
1.The skeleton supports the body.
2.The skeleton protect soft body parts.
The skull protects the brain, the rib cage protects the heart and lungs, and the vertebrae protect the spinal cord.
3.The skeleton produces blood cells. Red bone marrow contains stem cells that produce all of the blood cells.
4.The skeleton stores mineral and fat. All bones have a matrix that contains calcium phosphate that serves as a source of calcium and phosphate ions
for the blood. Fat is stored in the ... Show more content on Helpwriting.net ...
Osteoclasts are bone–absorbing cells that breakdown bone and assist in depositing calcium and phosphate in the blood.
A.Bone Development and Growth. The term ossification refers to the formation of bone. The bones of the skeleton form during embryonic
development in two distinctive ways: intramembranous ossification and endochondral ossification.
1.Intramembranous Ossification. Flat bones, such as the bones of the skull, are examples of intramembranous bones. In intramembranous ossification,
bones develop between sheets of fibrous connective tissue. First, spongy bone forms between the sheets then calcium salts to the outside of the bone
forming compact bone surrounding the spongy bone.
2.Endochondral Ossification. Most bones of the human skeleton are formed by endochondral ossification. During endochondral ossification, bone
replaces a cartilaginous model of the bones. Chondrocytes (cartilage cells) lays down a cartilage model that is shaped like the future bones. As the
cartilage model calcifies the chondrocytes die. Osteoblasts from the periosteum secrete the organic bone matrix that undergoes calcification. The
result is an outer layer of compact bone called a bone collar which covers the diaphysis. Blood vessels bring osteoblasts into a region of the cartilage
called the primary ossification center where they produce spongy bone. The spongy bone of the diaphysis is absorbed by Osteoclasts creating the

Analysis Of Physiotherapy Assessment Of A Young Boy '...
Introduction
Physiotherapy assessment involves forming hypotheses, and thus a diagnosis, by way of questioning, observation and physical examination. It is a
requirement of the Health and Care Professions Council (HCPC) as stated in the "Standards of Proficiency: Physiotherapists" All details and
information recorded are highly confidential, so patient records must be maintained appropriately, and confidentiality of these never breached (HCPC
2013).
In the following report, I will be discussing the hypothetical assessment of a young boy 'Miguel', who suffered a supracondylar fracture. As he is
under 16, he will be accompanied by a parent/guardian who may possibly contribute to the assessment process. Consent should also be given prior to
assessment.
Subjective Assessment – History Taking
This subjective assessment forms a series of questions posed to the patient relating to their present condition/problem (Farr 2014a). Important factors
that must be taken into consideration prior to treatment, such as patient preferences, contraindications, contributing factors, medication, family medical
history, other medical conditions and previous medical investigations, are ascertained during this 'history–taking'.
The subjective assessment consists of Presenting Condition (PC), History of Presenting Condition (HPC), Past Medical History (PMH), Social
History (SH) and Drug History (DH) (Forrester–Gale 2014a).
During the PC, it is important that Miguel's pain is documented. This

The Human Skeletal Structure Of Ligaments
The Human Skeletal System The human skeletal anatomy is a mesmerising and complex structure of ligaments that attach all 206 bones together, along
with tendons that attach muscles to the bones and also cartilage. All of the components are involved with the fundamental functions that are essential
to how the human body works and reacts. The skeleton assists in protecting the body's organs, provides attachment sites for the musculature system that
allows locomotion, also other upholding the physical shape of the body, and protects vital organs such as the brain, spinal cord, and heart. Defined as
being in two parts, the axial and appendicular skeleton. The axial skeleton... Show more content on Helpwriting.net ...
Long Bones
The femur, ulna and radius, tibia and fibula, humerus and phalanges (bones of the fingers) are all long bones. The periosteum is the outer layer of the
long bone that consists of three main parts:
Epiphysis: consists of compact (cortical) bone on the outer layer and cancellous (spongy) bone located within the lower and upper areas of the inner
layer.
Diaphysis: Is the shaft and middle part of the bone that is made up of tougher also denser cortical bone.
Both diaphysis and epiphysis are separated by epiphysis cartilages that solidify when the growth of a human is totally completed.
Overall all the long bones make up the majority of a person's weight, especially the femur. The femur is the longest bone within the human body and
bares most of a person's weight and also helps to maintain balance of the skeleton.
Short Bones
Short bones are all practically equal in length and width of each other that all consist of the same structure with the outer layer being cortical bone
along with the inner layer of cancellous bone that contains red bone marrow. The bones that are identified as short bone are as follows:
Carpals: Carpals make the wrist.
Tarsal: Make up the ankle.
Flat Bones
Flat bones consist of a layer of trabecular (spongy/cancellous) bone between two thin layers of compact bone. The flat bones are of a flattened shape,
not rounded. Examples of flat bones are as follows, the skull and ribs. Flat bones do contain marrow, but are not a bone marrow

Weightlifting And Powerlifting
Weightlifting and powerlifting may sounds the same, but they are not as similar as many people think. Apart from weightlifting being an Olympic
sport and powerlifting just being a past time with multiple federations, there are many technical differences. Weightlifting and powerlifting have
different movements, require different amounts of flexibility, and the weight is held differently.Weightlifting involves more complicated movements
while powerlifting has a variety of simpler movements. In weightlifting there is the snatch and clean & jerk. In the snatch weight the is pulled all the
way over the head in one smooth movement while simultaneously dropping into an overhead squat (Smith par. 23). Then standing and dropping the
weight to the ground. In the clean weight is taken to the shoulders while dropping into a front squat (Smith par. 7–9). Then standing and jerking the
weight (bringing the weight over the head and putting one leg forward and one leg back). After the legs are pulled back into a standing position the
weight is dropped. In powerlifting there is the back squat, bench, strict curl, and deadlift. In the back squat the weight is on the back and the legs are
bent to at least 90 degrees before coming back to the standing position and putting the weight back on the rack. In the bench the lifter lays on a bench
and lifts the weight off of a rack then brings the weight down to the chest and pauses for a one second count before pushing the weight back up and
racking

Primate Behavior And Human Primates
introduction
Have you ever noticed that we love to observe primates? You may not realize it, but it is because we know how closely related we are to them. By
observing and studying contemporary primate behavior we are able to better understand our own evolution as hominins. Studying primate behavior,
especially locomotion and cooperation, has allowed us to discover the evolution of behaviors to where we are now. Locomotion and cooperation are
two main behaviors that define hominins and the evolution of humans overall. locomotion The first behavior, locomotion, is well known for hominins
because of the evolution to bipedalism. Bipedal locomotion allows for the carrying of objects, provisioning family, and efficiency of energy, among
many other reasons. Not all primates are bipedal. Chimpanzees can walk both bipedally and quadrupedally. They have been a common point of
reference for a better understanding of the evolution of bipedal locomotion in early ape–like hominins. Many studies have looked into the evolution of
walking quadrupedally to bipedally. These bipedal performances of contemporary non–human primates have given important context that can help in
reconstructing early hominin bipedalism. Many anthropologists claim that biomechanical models link locomotor performance to anatomy and have the
potential to reveal robust form function relationships, however, this is only given to the extent that locomotor performance of chimpanzees and other
species are shown to fit

Right Wrist Pain Case Studies
The claimant is a 27–year–old female who sustained an injury on 09/27/2017 when she fell on a wet floor causing a fracture in her right wrist.
X–ray of the right hand/wrist dated 09/27/2017 showed an acute fracture that involved the distal metaphysis right radius with 2mm separation. There
was a dorsal angulation of the distal segment. There was a subtle avulsion fracture involving the styloid processes of the distal ulna.
On 10/02/2017, the claimant presented with right wrist pain. She reported that the pain interferes with daily activities. She had a weakness, joint
stiffness, and joint pain. Objective findings showed swelling, deformity, tenderness, and limited range of motion of the right wrist/hand. She was
diagnosed with a pain in the right wrist and Colles' fracture of the right radius (closed fracture). A forearm cast and x–ray of the right wrist/hand were
recommended. ... Show more content on Helpwriting.net ...
It was indicated that the claimant was referred to PT due to right hand/wrist pain, muscle weakness, tightness in the right wrist and fingers, and
decreased functions. She was status post closed reduction and pinning in the right wrist with the removal of the hardware on 11/17/2017. Objective
findings showed swelling in the right wrist/forearm area and tenderness in the right medial wrist area. She rated the pain at 5/10. She had impaired
mobility, right upper extremity muscle weakness, and decreased endurance.
On 01/03/2018, the claimant presented for a follow–up for the right wrist. She complained of pain and weakness in her right wrist/hand. The associated
symptoms include joint pain, joint stiffness, weakness, pain, and decreased strength. Objective findings showed healed pin sites. There was less
swelling, deformity, tenderness, and limited range of motion. She had a full range of motion in the fingers with popping in the wrist. She lacked full
supination and pronation. Physical therapy was

Physical Therapy Case Studies
The claimant is a 31–year–old male who had an injury on 03/01/2017 while lifting a pallet, he shifted his weight and injured his left shoulder. He was
diagnosed with chronic, complete rupture of the left distal biceps tendon. He underwent Allograft reconstruction of the left distal biceps tendon on 06
/22/2017.
On 06/26/2017, the claimant presented one–week postop from biceps tendon reconstruction. His wound was healing nicely with an intact distal
neurovascular status. He was diagnosed with a strain of muscle, fascia, and tendon of the long head biceps of the left arm. He was placed in a
long–arm cast. Norco was recommended.
On 08/07/2017, the claimant presented for a physical therapy initial examination. He had left arm pain. It was noted that he would return to work the
day after the visit with restrictions of no lifting more than 10 pounds. Objective findings showed painful swelling and tenderness in the left distal
biceps tendon. Physical therapy for 2–3 times a week for 8 weeks was recommended. ... Show more content on Helpwriting.net ...
On 10/09/2017, the claimant was 4 months post reconstructive surgery. It was noted that he had been doing well. His incision was healed with a good
mass of the biceps and good excursion with a range of motion of the elbow.
On 11/06/2017, it was noted that the claimant's work would not take him back to work on light duty. Objective findings showed a full range of motion
of the elbow, wrist, and shoulder. Continued independent strengthening exercises were recommended.
On 12/06/2017, the reported occasional soreness in the elbow. The physical examination was unremarkable. An x–ray of the elbow showed a good
position of the implant and the tunnel in the proximal radius. A functional capacity evaluation was recommended to determine if he can return to his
regular

MTSS Case Study
The lower leg consists of two bones: one large bone called the Tibia and one small bone called the Fibula. The tibia is located on the anterior
component of the leg and is the common place of pain for individuals suffering Medial Tibial Stress Syndrome. Medial Tibial Stress Syndrome
(MTSS) also referred to as "Shin Splints" (SS), is the most frequent overuse injury in the lower leg in endurance running athletes and those of military
personnel (Craig, 2008). MTSS, however, specifically refers to the pain experienced on the posteromedial tibia border (inflammation of muscles,
tendons, and bone tissue around the tibia) while exercising. MTSS is the result of a repetitive action, especially in individuals with overly pronated
feet. Although, MTSS ... Show more content on Helpwriting.net ...
Because the specific etiology of MTSS is indefinable, it is difficult for health care professionals in making treatment conclusions. There are five chief
etiological theories for MTTS described in current literature: fascial traction, tight and/or fatigued plantar flexors, tibial bending, lack of shock
absorption, and excessive pronation.
Bouche and Johnson investigated fascial traction, by inserting strain gauges in cadavers to measure tension on the tibial fascial attachment at the
medial tibial crest. The authors concluded that fascial tension may play a role in the pathomechanics of MTSS, and circumferential taping did not
dampen this tension (Craig, 2009).
Milgrom et al investigated tight/fatigued plantar flexors by inserting strain gauge staples into the medial aspect of 4 subjects' midtibial diaphysis, then
measured gastrocnemius isokinetic torque before and after vigorous physical activity. The authors found a significant correlation between
gastrocnemius fatigue and an increase in bone strain. They concluded that a fatigued state of the gastrocnemius increases bone strains in the tibia well
above (26%–29%) those in rested individuals (Craig,

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