Domestication Of Dogs

Domestication Of Dogs
Dogs, "man's best friend", have been around for centuries. Chances are, you own or have thought of
owning a dog. Most people haven't stopped to think about how dogs were domesticated. Many
would think it's an easy question to answer, but it's actually more complicated than one would think.
Dogs evolved from wolves thousands of years ago. The domestication of dogs has benefited
civilization in many ways. They are companions, workers, and overall make the world a happier
place. When humans were hunter–gatherers, wolves interacted with humans, but it was mainly only
friendly wolves. Humans were successful hunters without the help of wolves, and tended to kill
wolves that crossed their paths. Friendly wolves weren't killed nearly as much as their
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The Importance Of Agriculture, Domestication, Germs And Steel
Agriculture, Domestication, Germs and Steel. Those are the reasons that the world is the way it is
currently. Everything first started with Agriculture, looking for a good land to stay or still hunting
and gathering. Animal Domestication, being able to have animals to help with crops and advancing.
Germs, Diseases started to quickly spread throughout civilizations and end up killing of half of
them. Steel, this quickly started to grow out as only certain people were allowed to make steel as
some civilizations could not.
Agriculture and Geography affect a lot of people because some of them were in this one land with
barely any animals to domesticate, barely any variety of food to grow,
There are certain geographical conditions to grow wheat and they're mostly dry lands, medium
amount of rainfall, a place that's not too cold. Wheat and Sago are very different food sources,
because Wheat has a lot more protein, long term storage, and surplus of calories. Wheat lead to
specialist in the Fertile Crescent because with wheat, they had more time to start building and
evolving their civilization. But places such as Papua New Guinea couldn't have specialist because
most of their time was spent gathering food because Sago couldn't last for a long time unlike wheat.
Agriculture connects with geography because due to where they were in the world, they could not
have certain plants or animals to be able to support them as they built a civilization due to where
they were located at.

The Evolutionary Change Under Strong Selective Pressures
Domestication is a phenomenon that has promoted significant evolutionary change under strong
selective pressures (Driscoll et al. 2009). As a result of this phenomenon, various domesticated
strains of flora and fauna have significantly contributed to the development of human civilization
(Morey 1994; Driscoll 2009). Although it was a substantial component to our progress, it was not
until the research of Dmitry K. Belyaev that we began to unravel the early stages of domestication.
Assuming that these initial stages involved selection on behavior, Belyaev conducted an
experimental study that placed strong selective pressures on tamability. Using the fox, Vulpes
vulpes, as a model, this artificial selection developed an experimental population that expressed
behavioral, morphological, and physiological characteristics of domesticated species (Belyaev
1969).
Under stressful conditions, animals have the tendency to engage in avoidance responses to promote
their chances of survival (Smith & Vale 2006; Ranabir & Reetu 2011). These avoidance responses,
including fearful and/or aggressive behavior, also tend to be the primary reactions to human
encounters. Belyaev suggested that as a consequence, social interactions in the early stages of
domestication likely depended on animals with an inhibited response to stress. Ergo, he reasoned
that selectively breeding animals expressing this behavioral response, or tamability, would likely
mirror these early stages (Belyaev 1969).
In

Cattle Domestication
The link between bovine and humans has existed for thousands of years, dating back to
Approximately 8500 years BC, after the domestications of sheep and goat. (Bos primigenius,
Helmer et al. 2005; Bollongino et al. 2012). Throughout the domestication of cattle people have
attempted to control animals to their advantage and predict their actions. This experiment tests a
theory of how cattle owners could foresee the response of the cows being handled just by the
placement of a hair part on their head. This hair part is commonly known as a whorl, and they
usually are found on the face of cattle and horses. A whorl is defined as a patch of hair that grows in
the opposite direction of the rest of the hair, and it usually turns like a wheel. The ... Show more
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The set scale we will be using was created by Temple Grandin and it is a four–point rating scale. #1
calm, no movement, #2 restless, shifting weight, #3 head throwing, squirming and occasionally
shaking the squeeze chute, #4 lunging and continuous, violent shaking of the squeeze chute
(Grandin, 1995). These actions can depend on many factors from previous handling all the way to
the weather. Which is why we will test this on different herds to have a non–biased experiment. We
will watch the cattle before and after they enter the chute to see if there is a difference in behavior.
Then, we will check the whorl to see its placement and record the data of each cow. We could also
observe exit speed from the chute as a viable way to measure the temperament as the more panicky
cattle will exit the chute more quickly after release. For this experiment to work more smoothly we
will try and use only one breed of cow, preferably Angus as it is most abundant that has similar
characteristics to each other.

Guns Germs and Steel Chapter Summary
Prologue: Yali's Question Jared Diamond has done extensive field work in New Guinea. His
indigenous New Guinean politician friend Yali asked why whites had been so successful and arrived
with so much "cargo" compared to the locals. Diamond rephrases this question: why did white
Eurasians dominate over other cultures by means of superior guns, population–destroying germs,
steel, and food–producing capability? Diamond's main thesis is that this occurred not because of
racial differences in intelligence, etc. but rather because of environmental differences. He wishes to
play down Eurocentric thinking and racist explanations because they are loathsome and wrong.
Modern Stone Age peoples "are on the average probably more intelligent, not ... Show more content
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Matyash 4 Chapter 5: History's Haves and Have–Nots On large parts of the globe, food production
did not arise or came much later due to various ecological reasons. But there were some areas that
ecologically were very suitable for food production where this production did not occur until
modern times. Diamond asks why food production sprang up independently in some areas, but not
in others. I think that he already explained the answer to this question. He said that food production
sprang up in some areas and not others for various ecological reasons. Is this not the answer to his
question? If he already gave an answer to his question, then why is he asking it? Chapter 6: To Farm
or Not to Farm The decision to continue farming or to stop it derives the factors behind the shift
from the hunter–gathering life–style to food production. Early farmers were smaller and less–well–
nourished and worked harder than the hunter–gatherers they replaced. I think that the shift was such
an advantage was: (1) there was a decline in the availability of wild foods, (2) there was an increase
in the availability of wild plants that could become domesticated, (3) there was a cumulative
development of food production technology and (4) a rise in food production equals a rise in the
population density. Chapter 7: How to

Domestication In The Neolithic
According to Brussow article, there were different findings that occurred in eastern Turkey 10,000
years ago concerning European cattles during the Neolithic period. The domestication of these cattle
lead to lactase persistence in adulthood. Also, according to evidences and data, it is questioned if the
domestication of these cattle caused the spread of viral diseases into the human population in the
Neolithic. Harald Brussow lets us know that "Scientists located the origin of domesticated sheep,
pigs and cattle in the upper Euphrates Valley of south–eastern Turkey, while goats were
domesticated in western Iran" (2779). He also states that the domestication of plants and animals
make up the Neolithic "package" because "the domestication ... Show more content on
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focused their article on their study of low prevalence of lactase persistence in South–West Europe.
They connect the way humans digest and process milk component lactose in the body with genetic
variation. The way humans digest lactose has to do with their genes. They conducted a study on
lactase prevalence of individuals from the late Neolithic and it was revealed that "these populations
had an average frequency of lactase persistence of 27%, much lower than in the modern Basque
population, which is compatible with the concept that Neolithic and post–Neolithic evolutionary
pressures by cattle domestication and consumption of dairy products led to high lactase persistence
in Southern European populations" (Plantinga & Co. 778). From the tests that was performed, they
were able to come up with the conclusion that "......nearly threefold increase of the frequency of the
lactase persistence associated allele (13910 T) from the Neolithic era to the present time" (Plantinga
& Co.

Essay on Domestication of Plants and Animals
The domestication of plants and animals lead to great change in the development and structuring of
communities, as the hunter–gatherer lifestyle was slowly replaced by permanent settlements of
farmers and villages. We can see that the communities varied greatly dependent on their local
ecology, the resources available, and the time period within which their community was based. The
road to agricultural way of life in the MIddle East is characterized by Four distinct stages. It was
during the Kebaran period, and Geometric Kebaran in which hunter–gatherers began to utilize the
plant and animal resources of the region. Architecture became a prominent feature of the Natufian
period, as communities began to transition to village life from ... Show more content on
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It is possible that a social hierarchy was created when such densely packed communities were
created, as now human interaction became all the more important, as the relationships between
neighbors, and social groups would most likely create tension in the situation. It was also during the
time of the Early neolithic in which the first clues of plant domestication began to appear. Though it
was the Pre–Pottery Neolithic B period in which domesticated crops including wheat, barley, lentil,
peas, and legumes were found. These domesticated grains showed an increase in size and durability
. Animal domestication was quick to follow, as Sheep were found to be domesticated in Turkey,
Iraw, and Iran, while the reduction in size of the animals, and the discovery of the animals outside
their habitat became common finds. Finally, it was during the Late Neolithic period in which a
reduction in the number of large villages across the Middle East began. We can see the shift toward
a way of life focused on the grazing of domesticated animals, as villages began to shrink, and the
population became once again scattered across the land. It was also during this period in which a
decline in the role of hunting for subsistence became apparant, as well as Late Neolithic societies
reliance on plants that were domesticated during the Early Neolithic periods. We can see from this
that the origin of agriculture in Europe came from the usage of Middle Eastern

Domestication Of Marijuana
It still leaves one with the question of where exactly the banana was first domesticated. Studies have
found that banana fruit was first cultivated by farmers in the Southeast Asia region, but
Archaeologists have focused their studies in an area called Kuk Valley of New Guinea around 8,000
BCE. Although it is highly probable that the domestication of the banana could have occurred in
other surrounding areas, the Kuk Valley is the first known place of domesticating the banana. As
mentioned before although it was the first place of domestication it was the cradle or foundation of
the banana we know today. Studies have also found that after the initial harvesting of the banana in
Kuk Valley the domestication of the banana and its different species ... Show more content on
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For example in colonial times the banana was used on plantation as a crop to help protect other
important crops like coffee and cacao. The banana plant had large leaves that provided the perfect
shade for these other important commodities. In the Caribbean, on the sugar plantations, the banana
crop was not only non–labor intensive but also provided easy energy, calories, and nutrients needed
to feed the slave population at the time. Though in its early stages the banana provided many uses
other than foodstuff the banana was beginning to become more common in local markets, and by the
1800s the demand and supply for the banana would shift form a local staple crop to a global
commodity. As mentioned before the banana holds more than nutrients and other uses, it plays a
large role in some countries' economies and even politics. The banana is one of the top staple fruit
crops on a global level. This being said it wouldn't be considered much of a surprise that the banana
trade also symbolizes economic imperialistic goals. For example due to its non–intensive labor the
price of the banana was relatively cheap which lead to it being high in demand. Without being aware
of it the banana opened up opportunities that would affect Latin governments at the

Human Development : By Jared Diamond
As a biologist, Jared Diamond ventures to New Guinea to study bird evolution, where he
fortuitously meets the local politician, Yali who asks how Diamond's people were able to colonize
New Guinea and attain more resources within the last 200 years than Yali's New Guinean ancestors.
Diamond did not have a simple answer to this question, as he would have to probe deeper into
accounts of many different factors. He rephrases the question, asking why human development
ensued at different rate in different continents. He theorizes that racial differences played no part in
causing the differences that occurred, eliminating the immoral and erroneous perspective. He then
juxtaposes the current lifestyles of children in America and New Guinea, and shows how westerners
spend more time with electronics and other forms of entertainment whereas the children of New
Guinea engage in more proactive tasks. Diamond also remarks how the indigenous societies are
arguably more intelligent, but their circumstances are limited. The superiority in technology,
agriculture, immunity to diseases and manufactured goods are capacitated by environment, not
genetics.
Jared Diamond begins his treatise from the very beginning. The primitive origins of human
development started in Africa seven million years ago. Human development was bound within
Africa until six million years later, when the Homo erectus migrated from Africa. After which, what
Diamond coins "The Great Leap Forward", occurs 50,000 years

Domestication Of Food
Food has played a subtle, integral role in the evolution of humans. The domestication of grains and
the use of fire to cook raw food, such as vegetables and meat, has created a new culinary paradigm
that still exists and thrives in the modern world today.
As Tom Standage writes in The Edible History of Humanity, "Maize appears to be a gift from
nature; it even comes wrapped up. But appearances can be deceptive." Despite a crop coming from
nature, it is ultimately modified by humans themselves through propagation. Maize is ". . . the result
of human propagation of a series of random genetic mutations that transformed it from a simple
grass into a bizarre, gigantic mutant that can no longer survive in the wild." Before humans began
propagating ... Show more content on Helpwriting.net ...
Such evidence includes, but is not limited to, prehistoric artifacts, modern–day observations of
primitive cultures, and data from experiments. Dr. Richard Wrangham argues homo habilis was
processing and pounding the raw meat that they butchered off of animals, and he uses prehistoric
artifacts and data from experiments to support his theory. In his interview with Paul Raeburn,
Wrangham says, ". . . we have lots of fist–sized hammer stones that they were clearly using for
something at that time, and that would seem very reasonable. Because if you pound meat, then just
like making steak tartare, just like making ground beef, it makes it much easier to chew and –
actually, as we have seen with tests with pythons – it reduces the metabolic costs that the eater must
pay for digesting the food." On the other hand, Dr. Travis Pickering uses his observations of
primitive cultures of a Namibian tribe known as the "real people" to support his theory that humans
could have hunted with simple weapons. Pickering says, "When you're trying to reconstruct early
human foraging, the only way to do it is to come out in the real world and watch people do it." As
the narrator of Did Cooking Make Us Human explains, "For Travis, the day's chase has shown that
our ancestors could well have been successful using very basic weapons to hunt down their meat.
{They killed this porcupine with a spear . . . . Spear is

Animal Domestication Of Animals
Alongside the evolution of humans, many animal species became domesticated sometimes for a
purpose and sometimes by accident. Archaeological evidence has been found that determined that
dogs (Canis familiaris) were the first domesticated species. Bones of ancient wolves found in
glaciers show morphological differences to the wild wolves, showing the first signs of domestication
(Moore, 1995). Scientists have not come to an agreement about exactly when or where dogs were
domesticated, but claims have been made for the appearance of tamed dogs anywhere from 30,000
to 15,000 years ago (Larson and Bradley, 2014).
It is often thought that animals learn problem–solving abilities from humans. Since the
domestication of the horse (Equus caballus), horses have become reliant on humans for interactions;
horses look to humans to complete tasks for them. In a study done by Lesimple et al., forty–six
horses were tested to assess the individual cognitive functions of domesticated horses. The goal of
this experiment was to see if horses can still be self–sufficient, or if the domestication of the horse
has made them too dependent on humans. Each horse was given a box containing it's grain in it for
dinner. They were timed to see how long it would take for the horse to open the box and reactions of
the horse were recorded (2012).
Equus caballus is the horse as we know it today. The fossil records for the evolution of the horse
dates back to approximately sixty–five million years ago. The

What Is The Oasis Hypothesis
Over 12,000 years ago, humans lived as hunters and gathers. They relied heavily on hunting and
collecting food for survival. However, at the end of the Pleistocene, some human group began to
produce food rather than collecting it. In this remarkable transition, the domestication of plants and
animals also began to take place. This sparked the agricultural revolution, which would lead to a
new age called the Neolithic Age. The transition from hunter and gathers to sedentary farmers has
baffled the scientific community. Although there is no definite answer as to why the transition
occurred, there are four main plausible theories. The first theory is called the Oasis hypothesis. It
states that the only livable places were oases. This lead to

Differences Between Domesticated And Wild Animals
There are notable differences between domesticated and wild animals. They are more obvious when
compared between different breeds of the same species. For most domesticated species, the
variations within an organism are usually descended from a single wild species. Variation arises
from natural selection, and refers to variation both within and between species. Darwin did not
believe that all domesticated species arises from a common wild ancestor, however, modern genetics
disproves this.
Research shows that all domesticated dogs arise from their wild ancestor, the wolves. Similar trends
are found in other domesticated animals like cats, horses, cows, and birds. Specifically, I will be
analyzing the trends in domestication of fowl and poultry. Fowl includes two orders of birds:
landfowl (chicken, quail, pheasant) and waterfowl (duck, goose, swan). Fowl typically refers to wild
birds. Poultry indicates birds that are domesticated and raised for meat or eggs. By analyzing the
behavior, evolution species variation, and domestication of birds, we can determine the traits
selected for different species. Through domestication, many breeds of birds have evolved with
alterations that could be seen as adaptations to the environment.
Behavior of Wild Fowl It is widely known that the domestication of an organism involves numerous
changes: genetically, physically, socially, mentally. An interesting occurrence to note is reduction in
brain size from wild to domestic animals. As

The Domestication of Canines
We are inseparable; they are more than tame animals. They have become a part of humanity that
have and will shape our species. Dogs have been an essential part of the book of humanity well
before the first settlements and human survival might not have been possible without dogs. How did
dogs go from a wiled animal, to the loving spices that we share almost every moment of our lives
with? We share every thing with them; our lives, our homes, our money (for their food , medical
care and up keep) beds, food, compassion, and love. They are treated just as well as our own
children. Many people including myself share almost everything with our dogs. But how does this
story begin, where has it taken us throughout history, and today, what were we able to accomplish?
Prehistoric humans lived in a time where there was little food, safety, or certainty, following groups
of animals as a food source, and seeking the safety of caves to avoid the dangers from the world at
night. We were in a period where death was more common than living. At the time, our ancestors
were living in incredibility small social groups. The population of prehistoric humans at the time
was only in the tens of thousands. There were other species of large primates under the genus
"Homo" (hominids), and the competition was rough. We were at the time a poorly equipped species,
lacking speed, strength, fur, claws, teeth, and other smart biological features. The few things we had
going for us were our high

The Mysterious History Behind Humanity's Love For Dogs
If a survey, about what domesticated animal is good for future pet owners, was conducted today, I
can bet that most pet owners would say that they prefer domesticated dogs as a pet. Dogs have been
man's best friend since the dawn of homosapiens, approxitmately 15,000 years ago. If humans and
dogs have overtime created this bond, then how was that connection created and how strong is it? In
Melissa Chan's article "The Mysterious History Behind Humanity's Love for Dogs" from the August
25, 2016 issue of TIME Magazine, she successfully implements the rhetoric of logos, and pathos
throughout her article to solve the mystery of the bond between humans and dogs.
Within the beginning sentences of Chan's article, she successfully uses logos to show the longevity
of the bond between dogs and humans by stating, "Dogs were the first animals to be domesticated,
with evidence suggesting they were ... Show more content on Helpwriting.net ...
Stating that the signs of domestication of dogs began 15,000 years ago is a good starting piece of
information that supports the idea of logos in the article, but Chan continues

Domestic Animals and the Land Ethic: A Response to J....
Domestic Animals and the Land Ethic: A Response to J. Baird Callicott Preface Both "Animal
Liberation and Environmental Ethics: Bad Marriage, Quick Divorce" by Mark Sagoff and "All
Animals Are Equal" by Peter Singer seem to ignore a fundamental defining characteristic of
animals, namely their level of domestication. These two essays' assumptions and exclusions inspired
me to think more about domestication. Partially through the process of brainstorming and outlining
my arguments, I read "Animal Liberation: A Triangular Affair" by J. Baird Callicott, which at the
very least dealt with domestication, but I found that his version of the land ethic dealt with wild
animals better than with domesticated animals.
Abstract ... Show more content on Helpwriting.net ...
Pre–historically, there was a natural order of life where species and ecosystems operated on
competition, adaptation, and natural selection, which caused evolution on multiple scales. In many
cases, these species or systems co–evolved, that is, were symbiotically related through competition,
parasitism, mutualism, or predation. It's important to note that individuals' characteristics were
selected by natural conditions and by other species. However, these actions as a whole can be
considered natural selection, a more abstract generalization surely, but observed nonetheless. Human
hunting fell into this class of relationships (however technologically advanced it became, which is
another matter entirely). Humans hunted much like other predators, whom we have no doubt learned
from over a long time scale. So when a human chased down a deer and killed it for food, this was
still natural selection, but humans didn't remain content to hunt and gather food. At the evolutionary
point when humans started to domesticate animals, things all changed. Domestication: A New
Science
Humans started a process of domestication sometime in our evolutionary history, not only of
animals, but also of plants and the landscape. This process took these animals out of the control of
nature to a lesser or greater extent. Before going any further, I should probably make clear what I
mean by domestication or artificial selection (in addition

How Did Plant Domestication Lead To Major Differences In...
How did plant domestication lead to major differences in society? Plant domestication leads to a
major difference in society because it permits the members of that society to reproduce, form
permanent societies, and create a bureaucratic society ( also gives the ability to tax). For example, "
by collecting huge quantities of wild cereals in a short time when the seeds were ripe,and storing
them for use as food through the rest of the year, some hunting–gathering people of the Fertile
Crescent had already settled down in permanent villages even before they began to cultivate plants.)
( pg 131) , According to Diamond, in a hunter gatherer society the tribes were often on the move,
and this required mothers to carry their young children. The mothers had to wait until the child was
old enough to walk so she could have another baby. However, domesticated plants help to create a
sedentary society where people can reproduce with ease, form permanent communities, and fund a
political government through ... Show more content on Helpwriting.net ...
For example,he makes comments such " that is, in mental ability, New Guineans are probably
genetically superior to Westerners, and they surely are superior in escaping the devastating
developmental disadvantages under which most children in industrialized societies now grow up",
and " why did the New Guineans wind up technologically primitive despite, despite what I believe
to be their superior intelligence?" and finally, " in short, Europe's colonization of Africa had nothing
to do with differences between European and African people themselves, as white racists assume." (
pg 385) This statement is hypocritical because Diamond himself states the New Guineans have
superior intelligence compared to Westerners, which to some may be considered a racist statement.
To some it may appear as if Diamond is formulating a politically correct theory that excuses people
from owning up to their

Guns Germs And Steel Thesis
When reading the title of Jared Diamond's, "Guns, Germs, and Steels," the readers must initially
think how do these three connect? After starting the first few chapters they will realize that Diamond
is referring to the proximate and ultimate factors in that lead to the advancement of society. When
Diamond talks about proximate and ultimate factors, he is explaining the cause of European
dominance in the world. The proximate factors are the one that directly led to the European
dominance and the ultimate factors are the ones that let to proximate factors. I believe that this book
is referring to the Homo sapiens revolutionizing through the years, through the Neolithic Revolution
through agriculture and industrialization. From the beginning of the book, Diamond focuses on
answering Yali's question. Yali is a New Guinean, who out of curiosity would ask Diamond
questions, one of which was hard for Diamond to answer. That question was, "Why is it that you
white people developed so much ... Show more content on Helpwriting.net ...
This chapter focuses on the meeting of the two societies and discusses the causes of one having a
greater dominance over the other. The Europeans led to dominance and beat with factors such as
horses, guns, steel weapons, ships, diseases, and politics. Referring to the title, these guns, germs,
and steels that the Europeans possessed helped them overcome and defeat the Incas, however it is
because of the ultimate factors they had. The Europeans unlike the Incas had a lot of domesticated
plants and animals, and it could be considered an agricultural revolution. They also lived in a better
area, which helped them develop the proximate factors. Raising plants and animals were the most
important factors of the civilizational differences of the past and present. Food production,
industries, and cities arose. Food production had led to the industrialization and the "cargoes"

Domestication Of Foxes
Since the 1950's Russian scientists Dmitri Belyaev and Lyudmila Trut have run an experiment on
the selective breeding of foxes. Each and every generation the foxes was cautiously observed.
Searching for only the most amiable among them, the scientists hoped to engineer a fox that didn't
just tolerate human contact, but also craved it. The animals were organized by how friendly they
were, then bred with similarly classified foxes. The scientists repeated this process on thousands of
foxes across decades, slowly working closer and closer to their final goal: domestication. During the
species's change to becoming companions, the foxes' "friendly gene came attached to some other
physical genes that made the foxes look like other domestic animals: ... Show more content on
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Bonobos have been observed as generally kind and gentle, unlike their Chimpanzee relatives. Some
theories suggest this difference is due to the self domestication of the bonobos. The benefits of being
cooperative instead of violent are that bonobos do not have to compete for resources, instead they
share. Females no longer had to fear sexual assault from males, so they could instead coexist and
use teamwork. Self domestication doesn't just stop with bonobos however, island–dwelling animals
have also been observed performing self domestication. In those situations, creatures like Central
American spiny rats have undergone the process because individualism with very little resources is
nearly impossible to perform, so "sharing is caring" becomes the law of the land. Some animals may
not quite be self domesticating, but they do display behavior like the "Tonkean macaques [who] are
so exceptionally agreeable"(Keim). Since domestication is now becoming a part of mother nature's
process of evolution, it becomes difficult to argue that humans domesticating animals is unnatural.
Some animals are evolving to be domesticated on their own in order to cope with the encroachment
of civilization on their habitats, so humans helping to speed evolution along could allow the animals
to protect themselves better in the face of human development. An example of an animal prime for
this man–made boost is

Inequalities In European Culture
Inequality has been an issue from the dawn of time. All throughout history we can see prime
examples of this. World war two and the german invasion, The Spanish and the Incas, and the most
well known example, today. But few people have ever asked why it's always been this way. Europe
had geography on it's side, giving them agricultural advantages, helping them to domesticate
animals (and in turn, building resistance to disease) leading to a surplus of food for specialists to
invent and experiment. Finally, that led to the decimation of other cultures, and the appropriation of
their resources. Geography affects climate which in turn controls what crops can grow in an area and
if or how they feed, power, and ultimately drive a community. Papua ... Show more content on
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Steel was the turning point for Europe, setting their destiny in stone, and securing their chance at
world domination. Europe had this beautiful collection of resources. Their most notable was their
surplus of food and domesticated animals that gave them time. Time that was used by specialists.
Focusing on the Spanish who, thanks to their latitude, could create roaring hot fires and with a
supply of iron, their specialists could create steel. But looking at the Incas, they had the time and
climate, however, they were lacking in iron. Thus, steel was not created in the Incan empire. So with
steel, the Spanish soared ahead, creating tools, weapons, vessels for travel overseas, and the plow,
which allowed for even more time and in turn, more specialists. Because the Inca didn't have steel,
they had to rely on stone tools and their single domesticated animal, the llama. Without steel, we
wouldn't be anywhere near where we are today. Steel allowed for civilizations to sail, farm, cut
down armies, and grow in great

Domestication Of Foxes Essay
Josh Gelman
10/2/12
Science Research Paper
Domestication of foxes in Russia In the world people have been domesticating animals for
amusement, comfort, and for them to be mans best friend. Now a new mans best friend comes to
thought; to domesticate foxes. In Russia a Soviet geneticist Dmitry K. Belyaev started the fast pace
domestication of foxes. Up to 50,000 foxes used through time people are getting close to the
domestication of foxes, although the process was very detailed; with genetic science, to identify how
phenotypes change from experiments, and how the fox's will change their behavior. Out of a small
town in 1954 in Siberia Dmitry K Belyaev set out to isolate the genes of dogs that were easy to
train. He decided he wanted to work ... Show more content on Helpwriting.net ...
Their body size, fur color, fur length, and if the fur was straight or curly was all altered. Some lost
pigmentation in some areas of their body. Many physical traits changed for them by domestication.
Although some people get domestication confused, domestication is the change in a genetic level.
The actual definition is "is the process whereby a population of living organisms is changed at the
genetic level, through generations of selective breeding, to accentuate traits that ultimately benefit
the interests of humans." Taming is different then domestication by a long shot. Taming means to
train a wild animal not to kill the human. Also by taming them, the fox doesn't have a strong
affection and willingness to do anything to comfort the human. The program also tests willingness
to obedience. For the owner of the fox to have a great relationship with his companion, the fox must
learn simple obedience. Simple calls will be tested on the foxes in Russia: come, sit, stay, down, and
settle. All domesticated foxes will go through the process by hand gestures. Then the scientists will
take notes on how the animals do. If the kits are raised and treated like domesticated dog puppies
and pass this test, then the scientist will concur that the genes are pertinent to domestication and are
present in their

In Praise of Jared Diamond's Guns, Germs, and Steel Essay
In Praise of Jared Diamond's Guns, Germs, and Steel
Jared Diamond's bestseller Guns, Germs, and Steel (GG&S) is an attempt to explain why some parts
of the world are currently powerful and prosperous while others are poor. Diamond is both a
physiologist and a linguist who spends a good deal of his time living with hunter gathers in Papua
New Guinea. As a researcher and as a human being, he is convinced that all people have the same
potential. Hunter gatherers are just as intelligent, resourceful, and diligent as anybody else. Yet
material "success" isn't equally distributed across the globe. Civilization sprung up in relatively few
places and spread in a defined pattern. I should emphasize that Diamond doesn't equate material ...
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Diamond argues that civilization arose from regions that were susceptible the domestication of both
plants and large mammals to plow fields. This combination vastly increased food production, which
in turn supported larger populations. From there, it's the standard political economy story about the
positive feedback loop of prosperity and social complexity favoring the evolution of more complex
forms of social organization, specialization, increased technical innovation, etc. This is the Guns and
Steel part of the story.
Diamond's account has an interesting twist, though. Most epidemic diseases are zoonotic, that is,
they are incubated in domestic animals. Crowding facilitates the spread of disease. Peoples who
spent thousands of years living near each other and their animals developed resistance to many
communicable diseases. Groups who weren't subject to these pressures did not develop the same
resistance. When Europeans came to the Americas after centuries of urban life, their diseases
decimated the indigenous populations. The guns and steel also facilitated the conquest, but Diamond
thinks the germs were the key factor.
Some critics have misinterpreted several key aspects of Diamond's argument. One critic writes:
Hey! No large domestic animals, so there's your excuse for a failure in the Americas. But there was
a domestic mammal throughout the two continents:

White Men As A Source Of Inequality Essay
"Why do the white men have so much cargo and we new guineans have so little?" –Yali. When jared
diamond was in Papua New Guinea a man named Yali asked him a question "Why do the white men
have so much cargo and we new guineans have so little?" So this caused him to look in why the
world was unequal. It boiled down to geography was the biggest source of inequality which led to
four big categories for inequality they are Crops/Agricultural, Animal Domestication, Germs, and
the manufacturing of steel and other metals.
The first thing to jump start in equality was different crops and agriculture in other parts of the
world. In the Fertile Crescent there was wheat but in Papua New Guinea they have a plant called
sago that the natives have to chop down and cut into the core of the plant this where they harvest the
pulp and mix it with water so it turns into a paste that the people can then eat but it only stores for a
couple of days, has little yield in calories, contains no protein, and can take up to ... Show more
All of the stuff stated before may just seem like nonsense but it all ties the thesis statement, it shows
that geography was the source of most inequality in the world by letting certain places advance and
others not. Like the people of Papua New Guinea even in the present day are living like they are in
the stone age because they never had spare time to advance in tools or technology or structures this
all took place because all their time was taken up by constantly have to harvest food such as sago.
Although the people of Eurasia had more time then they knew what to do with they could just sit
back while their wheat grew and advance their houses, tools, and technology they got a very easy
start to move up on the hierarchy of needs and they were able to move up quite

The Zebr An Ideal Domestication Of Animals
corn. Other animals, depend largely on eating other vulnerable animals to ensure their survival,
which would cost humans to have to catch animals for the animal, making the domestication process
slower and less sustaining. Many animals are too finicky about their diet, and only eat certain types
of plants or foods that may be harder for humans to retain.
A disregard or a disposition for humans, is another obstacle in the way of domestication of certain
animals. Many animals, are inherently hostile towards the human being, and will attack, bite, avoid,
or kill if necessary a human. An example of such an animal, is the zebra. The zebra would be seen as
an ideal domesticated animal, like a horse. However, these nervous creatures, can be hostile,

Guns, Germs, And Steel : The Fates Of Human Societies
In the book Guns, Germs, and Steel: The Fates of Human Societies, by Jared Diamond, discusses in
detail how material success was brought to some societies more easily than others. Diamond
believes that geographic location was a key role in the success of these societal structures, however,
it is also thought that a society 's failure could be attributed to the geography as well. Along with
geography, food production, immunity, animal domestication, and the production and use of steel
were all tied together to reach societal success.
During the Neolithic Revolution, as civilizations changed from hunters and gatherers to farmers, a
social stability was created. Due to geography and the great natural advantage of the land, the
domestication of animals and development of agriculture led to great changes in society. In the
geographical area of Eurasia, the land was spread far from east to west which allowed for trading
and sharing of crops, animals, and ideas. In the Americas, due to the more north to south layout with
climate zones and geographical boundaries, it was hard to trade and to share ideas and such. This led
to the Eurasians diverse and dense population to be more immune to the germs that over time, led to
the wipeout of the Americas populations. In the beginning of the book, Diamond presents a question
from a politician and friend, Yali. The question asked why Europeans had the ability to conquer
other societies around the world. Throughout his book, Diamond goes

Domestication Of Domesticated Dogs
The domestication of dogs is one of the oldest and possibly most important accomplishments as a
species. This world changing event affected not only the two species involved, but the environment
and all other species that would come into contact with the bonded pair. Yet, as important and
historic as the event was, it has been difficult for researchers to determine the moment in time and
space when domestication occurred. Domesticated dogs can be described as two groups: pure–
breeds that comprise most modern dogs, and free–ranging village dogs, the latter of which have
specific morphological traits unique to the region they originated (Shannon et al., 2015). Through
the use of morphometric study, early research suggested the origin location ... Show more content on
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While modern morphometric analyses have had greater confidence in early dog identification, the
conundrum of multiple origin points has made it difficult to postulate where the origin point is
located using this type of analysis alone (Larson et al., 2012). Genetic studies have been more
accurate in identifying the origin point and time frame, but have often contradicted each other
(Larson et al., 2012). Determining the differences found between village dogs and wolf populations
is the first step in evaluating data from genetic studies (Shannon et al., 2015). The process of genetic
evaluation makes it possible to identify wolf/dog differences far better than morphometric analysis
(Druzhkova et al., 2013). For example, after evaluating the haplotype of remains found in the Altai
mountains of Russia, it was found that they were more closely related to modern dogs and
prehistoric New World canids than contemporary wolves, suggesting that the Altai were one of the
breeds that underwent early domestication (Druzhkova et al., 2013). Conversely, SNP comparison
has determined that Middle Eastern wolves are the source of a large volume of genetic information
in domesticated dogs (VonHoldt et al., 2010). Correspondence has been found between genetic and
phenotypic

Brian Hare's The Genius Of Dogs
After reading Brian Hare's The Genius of Dogs, a misconception I previously had was that humans
domesticated dogs. I believed that thousands of years ago wolves were brought into the houses of
humans and taken on hunting trips and over time they became less aggressive. In fact dogs
domesticated themselves. Hare discusses many topics that went against my previous thoughts
including dogs understanding of connections, the aspect of fetch, and the play bow, but I have
chosen to focus on how dogs domesticated themselves by scavenging through human trash. Brian
Hare's studies on dog cognition and the process of domestication began his sophomore year of
college when it was proposed to him that the difference separating humans from other animals was
our ability to understand communicative intentions. Hare, however, believed this notion was false.
He thought back to his parents garage where his dog, Oreo, was able to follow where he pointed and
retrieve tennis balls. After conducting a communicative test, Hare concluded that dogs were not only
better than chimpanzees at the same test, but that dogs communicative skills are very similar to that
of an infant child. This finding opened up Hare's career and would later send him to Russia, Oregon
and Congo to study the ... Show more content on Helpwriting.net ...
I previously believed that humans had domesticated dogs by taking wolf pups and raising them with
their families. Over time I had thought that wolves naturally became friendly and evolved into dogs
down the line. However, this process would not even be domestication, in fact this would be known
as taming. As Hare states domestication is a process in which "genetic modifications resulting in
behavioral, morphological and physical changes" occur, these changes need to be "passed down to
the next generation." When looking at Hare's experiment with foxes, the foxes he worked with had
the traits of dogs but were tamed not

Domestication Of Animals, The Bantu Migrations
Continuity and change helps us understand what has changed or remained the same over the course
of history. It allows us to examine certain patterns or cultural influences and how they have either
faded from history or still remain significant today. Domestication of animals, the Bantu Migrations,
and the rise of Islam are key elements that will be discussed. Domestication is a very useful skill
that has remained the same for many years. Animals can be used for meat, milk, wool, etc. They are
also used as farming tools and transportation. Certain animals much better suited to domestication
than others; Jared Diamond calls this the "anna Karenina principle' (Class Lecture).
Horses are strong, fast animals with a variety of traits making them ... Show more content on
Helpwriting.net ...
47).
Ban Zhao is another significant individual who help shape modern concepts. She was born in the
first century, AD, during the Later Han Dynasty (Gregory p. 123).
She is significant in Chinese history because of her writings and teachings of the "Admonitions for
Women" using a Confucian approach to define appropriate behavior (Gregory p. 123).
She objected that many families taught their sons to read, but not their daughters and would go on to
become an advocate of the education of women. The Admonitions for Women became one of the
most commonly used texts for the education of Chinese women (McKay et al, p. 166).
If Confucius and Mencius were trying to create the superior man (junzi) then Ban Zhao was trying
to create the female version of that (Gregory p. 123). As defined by the Merriam–Webster
Dictionary, feminism is "the theory of the political, economic, and social equality of the sexes." By
this definition, Ban Zhao was a feminist in her teachings and ideas which will be applied for many
years into modern civilization.
Progress and

Abuse Of Animal Domestication
ow are animals in today's world abused and domesticated by humans? Animal domestication
benefits most countries because it helps them farm, grow food, and get materials. In Syria, Asia, and
Europe pigs were utilized more in settled farming communities than in nomadic groups because they
are difficult to move for long distance. One reason animals are domesticated is for their hides and
their fur, which provides materials for shelter. Hides are used in teepees as well, while hair is used
for plaster. Early men relied on bones and hides for tools.
People domesticate animals for a number of reasons, buying and selling them so they can help us
with thing we can do our self but don't want to work hard for it. People use animals to examine them
... Show more content on Helpwriting.net ...
Build more animal shelters so animals without home won't be left on the streets or killed because the
shelters are overcrowded lower the prices of how much it cost to neuter a animal to slow down the
population rate of dogs and cats. Having only one circus that travels across the U.S. and raise money
so they can take care of the animals they have, for science only examine bodies of animals that died
of natural causes and more. There might be a bunch of trial and error but there's always a solution to
a problem no matter how impossible it seems.
So In Conclusion, Take care of all animals even though it might just be a cat, tiger, or bear humans
are just humans so what makes people any different from them besides the talking thing, there are
ways to making money in the world just figure it out. Just leave our Big wild animals Alone if
people are going to use them for their own personal use take proper care of them, just because
treating animals the way they would want to be treated. Also, if everyone just stop talking about
what's wrong try fixing it because there are no excuses to why people treat animal they way they do
and there are always to fix

Afro-Eurasia Dbq On Human Interaction
Intense human interaction benefited society because humans found ways to take advantage of the
environment for better survival, exchange ideas between empires, and strengthen relationships
between themselves to create unified empires.
Humans took advantage of the environment through domestication and tools to make their lives
easier. In the Old World humans domesticated animals such as dogs, horses, cattle, sheep, pigs,
donkeys, goats, and some fowls (Document E). The domestication of these animals allowed humans
in Afro–Eurasia to have access to work animals. Using these domesticated animals gave humans in
the Old World the ability to work faster and move heavy loads. For example, the domestication of
horses humans were able to travel over ... Show more content on Helpwriting.net ...
Marco Polo describes the relationships between the people in the Yuan–Dynasty China by
noting,"...that you would take the people who live in the same street to be all one family."(Document
D) The respectful attitude the people showed to one another they were able to conduct honest trade
deals. Their demeanor also prevented the people from fighting among themselves, unlike the
Crusaders. Since the people were not working against each other but with each other they could
work together to support their empire. By the people working together the empire stays strong. The
Black Death changed the structure of the feudalism because," Those who survived benefited from an
extreme labor shortage...Lords had to make conditions better and more attractive or risk leaving
their land untended..." The spread of the Bubonic plague across Europe killed millions in short
amount of time. Before the Bubonic plague there there was a plethora of peasants to work for the
lords. This made it easy for the lords to take advantage of the peasants because if they decided not to
obey they could easily be replaced. Before the plague lords had complete control over the peasants,
so the peasants lived in squalor conditions. After the Bubonic Plague the deaths of millions
significantly altered the feudalism system because the number of people alive and still able to work
for the lords was limited. Now the peasants had the upper hand

Panama Domestication
Studying the domestication of plants and animals in the area between Mesoamerica and Andean
South America, particularly in Panama, presents important insights regarding the capacity of early
human civilizations in the region to develop methods that could help them fill specific needs. The
domestication of plants and animals in this region presents an important development that provided
them the opportunity to build upon their traditional hunting and gathering capabilities. Despite
success at the domestication of plants, the domestication of animals was limited by the availability
of animals that could provide an effective source of labor without needing a specific return
investment. As dependence upon staple crops began to grow, a diversity ... Show more content on
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This landscape was generally limited by the capabilities of the domesticated plants and animals that
were available. For this reason, archaeological studies have discovered that "generalized foraging
adaptation that incorporated natural plant products as the basis of the calories and supplemented this
vegetative base with animal protein obtained by hunting wild game" (Storey 2011, p. 5). This
demonstrates the importance of combining traditional foraging and hunting with the domestication
of plants and animals in order to maintain the necessary supply of produce for the societies of the
time. Because of this, the plants were considered important due to specific purposes that they had in
mind. In the tropical regions of Panama, this was the most efficient means of

Technology vs Organic Essay example
Humanity's timeline illustrates the past, present and future of human beings; commencing nearly
200,000 years ago when Homo sapiens first diverged from its ancestors (Evans,1998). For the next
188,000 years humans were content to forge and live within the constructs of a hunter–gatherer
societal organization. Approximately 12,000 years ago agricultural systems began appearing in
various places around the world. An astonishingly short period of time later the Agricultural
Revolution transformed human ecology, social organization, demography, culture, and religion
(Fagan: 2007). Man wholeheartedly embraced the sweeping changes bought on by agriculture and
domestication, which definitely proved key to the long run success of agriculture and ... Show more
The pronounced change from hunting and gathering to agriculture and domestication can be
simplistically designated the Agricultural or Neolithic Revolution (Pringle:1998). The catalytic
developments of the Neolithic Revolution mark a major turning point in the history of humankind.
The resulting animal and plant domestication established the foundation on which modern
civilization was built. Agriculture is a uniquely human activity and is perhaps the first activity for
which humans developed technology. Technology, understood as the use of farming tools and
techniques, is an indispensable component in agriculture. In the most general sense, technology
permits humans to increase the capture and efficient utilization of solar radiation that drives primary
plant production that is the basis of the human food and fiber chain (Porter, Rasmusen: 2009). The
steadfast characterization of human nature can be viewed as a historical constant, while the
prevailing woes and dilemmas facing humanity can be viewed as a contemporary variable. Similarly
to an algebraic equation, clever manipulation of the variable and constant portion can lead to
discovering the value of the variable or as in the case of humanity; it can provide valuable insight on
complex problems based on the past experiences of people who are innately

Domestication Of Cats Research Paper
The Domestication of Cats The threshold of "Life" describes the topic of evolution as a necessary
process that has developed over time. This process has given us proof that our planet has had a past
and is awaiting a future. This threshold encompasses the physical composition and development of
organisms, and how each aspect of their genetic codes influence what their functions are. Each part
of an organism serves a purpose. Over time, their genetic makeup changes and improves in order to
help them become better suited for their environments. An example of organismal development can
be seen in felines. As humans domesticated cats thousands of years ago, it has been proven that they
have undergone many changes to make them more environmentally

The Importance Of The Neolithic Revolution
The Neolithic Revolution was an event that began in 10,000 BCE and lasted for thousands of years.
Throughout this time period, ancestral humans were transitioning from a hunter–gather way of life
to a society in which agriculture was prominent. While geography and plant domestication were
crucial, local animal types were less pivotal, yet still important to the Neolithic Revolution. To
begin, geography was critical to the Neolithic Revolution. First, it is shown in a chart from Jared
Diamond's Guns, Germs, and Steel, that the domestication of plants and animals was heavily reliant
on the civilization's geographic location. For instance, Southwest Asians were began domestication
in 8000 B.C.E, while civilizations in the eastern United States didn't begin to domesticize until 2500
B.C.E. People from the United States began to domesticize fifty–five thousand years after the
Southwest Asians because of their lack of resources. Asia's geography provided plants and animals
that were more than ready to be domesticated; therefore, without geographic advantages,
domestication takes a much longer time to begin. Additionally, an excerpt from D. B. Grigg's The
Agricultural Systems of the World provides further evidence that plant and animal domestication
occurs much later without geographic advantages by finding that the domestication of cereal and
animals first began in "a broad region stretching from Greece and Crete in the west to the foothills
of the Hindu Kush south of the

Beast To Best Friend Research Paper
Beast to Best Friend What makes a dog different from a wolf and what makes a housecat not a
wildcat? Through thousands of years of change and adaptation, a wolf transformed into a floppy–
eared, curled tailed, slobbery, barking canine and a wildcat shrank down and curled up into a lap for
warmth. However, questions still remain. When did this charge start? Who started it? Domestication
is a very controversial topic and scientists still do not know for certain where domestication began.
To find out where domestication started, scientists and archeologists spread out to find the remains
of one of the first animals to be domesticated. The wolf, or later to be, the dog. There are two likely
scenarios for how wolves came into contact with humans and began domestication. One scenario is
that a group of hunter–gatherers scared a wolf that had pups away from her den. Then, a brave and
curious pup approached the hunter–gatherers. The group then decided to take the pup back to their
village and raise it. The second scenario is that a group of hunter–gatherers killed a mother wolf and
the pups, needing nourishment, came out of their den and eventually made their way to the village.
There, children may have ... Show more content on Helpwriting.net ...
Domesticating cats was a difficult task to do since controlling their breeding was almost impossible
to succeed in. Even today cats are not nearly as domesticated as dogs are. They have retained much
of their wild instincts. When released into the wild after being raised by humans, cats usually have
survived longer than dogs. (Page 30–31) However, cats have changed and evolved from their
wildcat ancestors just as dogs changed and evolved from their wolf ancestors. Domestic housecats
meow and knead their owners as kittens and adults while wildcats only meow and knead as kittens.
This behavior change may be a side effect of domestication. (Page

Neolithic Revolution: The Inevitable Boost Of Civilization
The Neolithic Revolution was a major change in the way people lived in 10,000 BCE. The
transformation from hunting and gathering to agriculture led to stable settlement, the establishment
of social classes, and inevitable boost of civilization.
The Neolithic Revolution began with farming. The people domesticated animals and plants. Animal
domestication might have started by instead of killing animals, they started to round them up. They
could then use them how they always did for their skin and for food, but now they also benefited by
using their eggs and milk. Plant domestication might have happened by them realizing that drop
seeds in dirt leads to new plant growing in the following year.
The Paleolithic people were nomadic. They used to move around in groups to gather food to live off
of. The men hunted, they found and killed animals, and the women and children went looking for
berries, nuts, grains, and fruits. After the Neolithic revolution, their lives became agriculture based.
They now lived in permanent settlements and they had their own farms where they grew their own
crops, such as wheat, beans, corn, etc. ... Show more content on Helpwriting.net ...
After the Neolithic Revolution they lived in permanent settlements so the villages developed. The
villages had 200 to 300 people living in them.
Because they kept moving around, Paleolithic people lived in caves, huts, and tents that were made
of animal skin. Since the Neolithic people settled permanently they made their houses out of mud
bricks. This also effected their economy. The Paleolithic people kept moving around so there was no
such thing as private property. Because of the Neolithic revelation, they now had the concept of
private property, ownership of land, livestock, and

Extinction Of Megafauna
Same ecological extinction happened when humans migrated to America 16,000 years ago. When
the northeastern Siberia and northwestern Alaska were connected due to low sea level, Homo
sapiens migrated to Alaska. When the glaciers melted after 2000 years since their arrival in Alaska,
people were able to travel to rest of the United States and eventually to South America. On their
path to South America, humans led to extinction of 34 out of 48 genera of large mammals in North
America and 50 out of 60 genera in South America (Harari, 2015). Barnosky et al. (2016) also states
that there has been sufficient evidence to claim that lower 48 United States faced a positive
correlation between a decline in megafauna population and in a decline in diversity ... Show more
With agriculture came domestication. Domestication is defined as humans changing the
environment and the ecosystems within the environment in order to make the Earth safer for humans
and to gain more beneficial and productive goods and services (Kareiva et al., 2007). Domestication
can be categorized to two big branches: domestication of plants and domestication of animals.
Humans facilitated domestication of plants through agricultural practices. Through artificial
selection, humans chose domesticate plants with traits that are most advantageous for humans'
survival, usually those that yield the most food (Young, 2016). When these traits are selected
repeatedly, domesticated crops resulted in differing both physiologically and morphologically from
its ancestor species. Domestication suggests enlargement of plant structure. Bigger plant structure
prompts an increase in abundance and likelihood of herbivores that may feed off of these
domesticated crops. Increase in seed size also negatively correlates with toughness of seed coat.
This relationship indicates that more parasites are able to prey on these weak domesticated crops
(Chen, 2015). Shang et al. (2014) also establish a specific example and write that humans have
purposefully domesticated cucumbers without the bitter taste, which protected the species from
herbivores. Without the bitter taste, the cucumber species is now defenseless against herbivores

Domestication Of Cats Essay
Cats have been around for a long time, they have been worshipped, praised, and cared for like
family. Originally, it didn't start that way since unlike dogs they have not been domesticated yet nor
were they ever domesticated since ancient times. It all started as a mutual friendship or a symbiosis
relationship where both benefit from it. Depending where once origin lies it can be an alternative
where cats were treated or depicted in legends and stories. In the end, it can be ambiguous that cats
never were ruled by humans but more that cats ruled over humans, and they still do so today.
In the beginning of human civilization, where people began to settle down and begin agriculture as
population grew, and such as the crops grew so did the problems. Diseases and rodents were
becoming more common and capable of spreading in fatal rates because of the rapidly densing
population. Cats approached civilizations, being lured by the gain they could have from rodents that
thrived in the population, being predicted that cats could have saved humanity to some extent and
prevented epidemics. Cats remained with the humans just for their own personal need and people
never complained about their appearance since cats were regarded as pest control. This let crops
from being eaten or being contaminated by rodents. ... Show more content on Helpwriting.net ...
The generosity of the people lead the cats to slowly pacify with humans, the egyptian let them live
with their families and were regarded highly enough that accidental or intended death of a cat would
cause the person who killed it to be executed. The cats being mummified in death was also very
common in ancient egypt as

Essential Elements Of Ancient Civilization
Have you ever thought about your ancestors and their clothes, culture, language, jobs, or even to
which ancient civilization they belonged? Before ancient civilizations were established though, life
was all about being a hunter–gatherer. Imagine your greatest grandfather living a tough life where he
had to move around all the time in a small group and hunt whatever he could find for food. Although
that lifestyle lasted for thousands of years, early humans eventually began forming villages and
communities, later known as civilizations. Nevertheless, these civilizations could not have formed
our world today without three essential elements; domestication, surplus of food and resources, and
specialization of labor.
One of the most essential ... Show more content on Helpwriting.net ...
A surplus of food was always a necessity in ancient civilizations because it provided extra food and
resources in case of anything unexpected such as bad weather or natural disasters. For example,
ancient Egyptians would always have to endure the annual flooding of the Nile River, so it was vital
to have extra stocks of food to make a living during the event.
The surplus of crops was a very important element of civilization, but once there's a surplus, who is
in charge of controlling it and distributing it? That's where the third most essential element of
civilization comes in; specialization of labor. Believe it or not, not everyone was a framer in early
villages. Otherwise, life would be quite boring and would lack a variety of different jobs that are
required in order to sustain and suffice everyone's needs. Therefore, jobs were divided among
citizens an everyone contributed to society by working according to what they were best at. Jobs
included farmers, craftsmen, priests, scribes, builders, and some civilizations even had doctors!
Their jobs were kind of similar to our jobs today. In some civilizations women were in very high
working positions. They mainly worked as priestesses who helped organize religious ceremonies or
as housekeepers. However, if we go back to the beginning and ask ourselves, if there was a surplus
of food, who would control it? In fact, who controls the whole civilization? As far back as to

Domestication Of Dogs

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